Activity 3

Object To assemble ahousehold circuit, comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and power
SOurce.
Apparatus Three bulbs (20 W, 50 W& 100 W), three (On /Of) switches, flexible connecting wire with red and
black plastic covering, afuse wire, atwo pin plug, main clectric board with two pin socket and main
switch.
Diagram
S,

P.Mains

B B
L

Fig. 3.1 :3 bulb circuit

Household circuit functions on main suply 220 V, 50 Hz and current rattings of 5A for domestic
Theory
supply for normal appliances, bulbs fluorescent tubes, fans etc.
Power supply : 15A for heavy load appliances, refrigerator, air conditioner, geuser hot plates etc.
Total power consu nption 'P' at any time,
P P,+P,+P, +....
where P,, Pa, P, .....e.powers drawn by appliances
Atapotential 'V", the current I drawn from the mains is
P
P =VI
ieI
for Pin watt and Vin volt, I will be in amperes.
Nomally, to protect theppliances from darmage when unduly high currents are drawn, fuse of4itle
higher rating, 10 to 20% higher than the current normally drawn are connected in series with set of
appliances.
Remember that in household circuits, all appliances are connected in PARALLEL with a switch
connected in series with each appliance in supply LIVE line.
Also for further safety, a suitable value MAINS FUSE is connected in series with supply source. Note
that fuse is asafety device, never use afuse ofmuch higher rating than the one recommended.
Procedure 0) Connect one end of the bulb holder to the red flexible wire through a switch S in series.
Connect the other end ofthe bulb holder to the black flexible wire.
(i1) Connect the three bulb switch combination in parallel, red wire ends at one point and the
black wire end at the other point.
(0i) Take two long flexible wires to serve as lead wire, one wire is red and the other is black.

(iv) Connect the red wire end to the red wire L, It will serve as a live lead.
(v) Connect the black wire ends to the black wire L,. It will serve as neutral lead.
(vi) Put the fuse wire Fin live lead L
(vii) Connect aplug (two pin plug) Pat the end ofthetwo leads.,
o (vii) Insert the plug in atwo pin socket þrovided in the main electric board (inserting ime upper pin
for L, in upper hole ofthe socket and the lower ping for L, in lower hole ofthe socket).
Testing Make the switches on one by one. Then put them offone by one.
Observation The bulbs glow when theswitch is made on. It stops glowing when the switch is put of.
 Activity 4
law circuit)
(say Ohm's
Objeet To assemble the components ofa given clectrical circuit
Apparatus A voitimeter and an ammeter of appropnate range, a
batterY, a rheostat, one way key, an unknown
resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper. Rheostat
Diagram Battery K One way key
Rheostat

Resistance coil
R
Battery

Fig. 4.1 : Circuit Diagram Voltmeter Voltmeter

Fig. 4.2 : Arrangement Diagram

Procedure () Connect the items as shown in Fig. 4.2
(ü) For measuring current, anmeter should be connected in series with the components.
(iii) For measuring potential drop, voltmeter should be connected in parallel with the resistance
coilor wire.
Conclusion Assembly of all the conponents in clectric circuit is complate.
 Activity 6
Object To draW a diagram of a gIven open circuit
ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the compohentscoprising
of lcust a battery, resistor, rheostat, key
that are not connected in proper order aid
circuit and also the circuit diagram. coTet
Apparatus A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat, one way
key, unknown
resistance wire or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper
Diagram An open circuit (not connected circuit) is given:
Resistance coil

Battery

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Fig. 6.1 : Open Circuit Diagram (Components not connected in proper order).
Theory (a) Functional electrieal circuit: Acircuit is functional only when all the components of the
circuit areconnected in proper order, assuming that all circuit components are in working
condition and key is closed.
(b) Open electrical cireuit : An open circuit means that there is a break in some part of the
circuit. The break may be deliberate suchas key is in open position or three is a fault such as
broken wire or burnt or loose connection.
Procedure Draw the circuit 6.1 in copy.
Write various components &mark those which are not conncted in proper order.
(3) Draw the correct circuit diagra
(4) Now close the key and check up whether the corrected circuit is now functional.
Rheostat
One way key f

Resistance coil
Battery ww

Ammeter Voltmeter
Fig. 6.2 :Arrangement Diagram
Result The connected circuit assembled using components in proper order is found functional on checking.
Precautions (1) Range of Voltmeter and Ammeter should be chosen.
(2) Beforemaking connections, the cnds of the connecting wires should be cleaned by rubbing
with (sand paper).
Apparatus Aim

Activity 8

Multimeter, items.
such
To
identify

Battery, diode, a

climinator, an
LED,
a
reversingtransistor,

key, an
IC,
above a
resistor
mixed
and
collection a
capacitor
of
items. from
a
mixed

collection

of
 ire 1000 uF
047 uF
-Ringr
(a) CARBON RESISTOR Paper
Mica Electrolytic
(b)Capacitors

pnp or
npn

LED
(c) DIODES

123 456 78

(e) INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Fig. 8.1 :Some of the commonly available
electronic components.
Theory For identification, appearancc and working of
each item will have to be considered
A diode is a two terminal device. It
gonducts when forward biased and does not conduct
when reverse biased. It does not emit Iight while
(ii) ALED(iht emiting diode) is also a two
conducting.
terminal device. It also conducts when forward
biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits
(ii) A transistor is a three terminal
light while conducting.
device. The terminals represent emitter (E), base (B) and
collector (C)
(iv) An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi terminal
device in form of a clip.
(v) Aresistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either
(In fact there is no forward or reverse forward biased or reverse biased
bias for a resistor). It conducts even when
with A.C. voltage. operated
(vi) Acapacitor is also a two terminal
device. It does not
reverse biased (Hence it does not conduct with D.C. conduct when either forward biased or
voltage) However it conducts with A.C.
voltage.
Procedure (i) If theitem has four or more terminals and has
from ofa chip, it is an IC (Inte grated circuit).
(ii) If the item has three terminals, it is
transistor.
(ii) If the itenm has two terminals, it may be
diode, aLED, aresistor or acapacitor.
To differentiateproceed as ahead:
Make a series circuit with battery eliminator,
set in milliamperes. Switch on the battery
reversing key, the item and the multimeter with range
pointer.
eliminator and watch the movement of the multimeter
(i) If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one
way and does not move when reversed and
there is no light ernission, the item is diode i.e.
there only unidirectional flow of curent and
is
emits no light.
 reversed and
voltage is applied in one way and does notmove when
(ii) If pointermoves when Le. there is unidirectional flow of current
&& emits
emission, the item is a LED
there is light
light. a
one way and also when reversed, the item is
(iii) If pointer moves when voltagc is applied in
resistor.
in one way
(iv) If pointer show fullscale deflcction and decays to zero when voltage is applied
and also when reversed, the item is a capacitor.
Observations
No. of
obs.
Number of legs Device

More than 3 1C
2. Three Transistor
3. Two Capacitor, Diode or resistor
No. of
obs, Number of legs Device
1.
Unidirectional emits no light Diode
Unidirectional emits light LED
2 Both directions (steady) Resistor
3
Initialy high but decays to zero Capacitor
 11
Activity
Object To observe the
polarisation of lightusing two
Twopolaroid picces, ofliglt (say, an polaroids.
Apparatus asourcc
Diagram clectric bulb, or sunlight).
Tourmaline crystal
Unpolarised light Polarised light Polarised 1ight

Axis
(Parallel axis of P&P)
Polariser P;
Analyser
Unpolarised light)
No light

Axis
(Crossed position of P, and P:
axis of P,1 toaxis of P)
Fig. 11.1:(a) Ifpolaroid P, is placed parallel to P,then the plane
polarised light passes through P, also.
(b) No light passes ifthe two polaroids are crossed i.e. axis ofP, is
Theory If another polaroid piece is placed in the path of the plane
perpendicular to that of P,
polarised light so that the two polaroid
pieces are in cross position (i.e., axes of the two polaroid pieces are pependicular to each other)
no light will then
come out of the second polaroid piece. If theaxes of the two polaroids are parallel to
each
other then the polarised light produced by the first polaroid is able to pass through the
polaroid. The second polaroid P, is called analyser and the first polaroid P, is called polariser. gecond
Procedure&: Take the polaroid piece P,and look towards the lighted bulb in your room through it. You are
Observation able to see the lighted bulb with decreased intensity.
(ii) Now takethe other polaroid picce P, and put itover the first polaroid P, and now look at the
lighted bulb through the combined system and rotate one polaroid with respect to the other
and observe what happens.
You willI find that:
i) In one position (Fig. 11.1 (a)) when the axis of two polaroids P, and P, are
parallel to each
other, the bulb is seen maxinum bright.

(i5) In another position [Fig. 11.1 (b)]when the axis of polaroid P, is

polaroid P, no light is seen.
perpendicular to axis of
Conclusion The above activity shows that polaroid pieces produce plane (or linearly
polarised light). This
polarised light does not pass through another polaroid when it is placed erossed with (i.e. at 90°)
respect to the first polaroid.
 Activity 12
Object To observe diffractionoflight due to a thin slit between sharp edges ofrazor blades.
Apparatus Microscope slidcs (two). two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a scrccn and source of imonochromatic
hght (laser pencil), black paper.
Theory When light is allowed to pass through fine openings or around sharp obstacles like edge of razor
blades such that size of opening or sharpness of cdges is of the order of wavelength of light, it bends
around cormers. Bending of light around sharp obstacles or corners is termed as diffraction. The angle
ofdiffraction for different orders (n) of diffraction is given as
dsin - n
Diagram

Glass Plate

Black paper

Fig. 12.1Athin slit made by using twO razor blades, black paper and glass
Procedure plate.
() Making offine slit using razor blades.
(i) Place two razor blades with their sharp edges facing each other and
other such that there is small gap of the order of fraction of millimeter.extrenely
Fig. 12.1
close to each
(i) Paste the blades using cello-tape leaving no gap between paper and glass plate.
(iv) Cut the smallslit in between the sharp edges ofblades.
(v) Place the slit about 0.5n from a wall and a source of light with a slit in front
ofit at a distance
ofabout 20 cm from the slit.
Observe the light falling on the wall.
(vi) It willbe observed that instead of having a bright slit like light
on the wall, the light spreads
and on either side of slit secondary maxima i.e. slits with lower
Conclusion intensity are seen.
When light waves are made to be incident on very fine openings (slit) they bend and
the phenomena of diflraction of light. spread showing
Precautions ) Black paper should be pasted such that there is no air gap between the glass plate and
paper.
(i1) The slit should be made as thin as possible.
(ii) Instead of using ordinary electric bulb light, laser torch light will give better effect on the
Screen.