1

1 Atoms and ions are made from small particles called

3 electrons, neutrons and protons.

(a) Complete the table.

particle relative charge relative mass

1
electron –1
1840

neutron

proton

[2]

(b) Information about atoms and ions, A, B and C, is shown in the table.

Complete the table.

atom number of number of number of

symbol
or ion electrons neutrons protons

A 18 20 Ca2+
42
20

B 18 35 Cl
17

C 18 16 16

[6]

[Total: 8]
 2
2 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical conductivities of six substances, D,
E, F, G, H and I.

melting point boiling point conducts electricity conducts electricity

substance
/ °C / °C when solid when liquid
D 1083 2567 yes yes
E –117 79 no no
F 3550 4827 no no
G 119 445 no no
H –210 –196 no no
I 801 1413 no yes

(a) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is:

(i) a liquid at 25 °C [1]

(ii) a gas at 25 °C [1]

(iii) a solid consisting of simple molecules at 25 °C. [1]

(b) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is a metal. Give a reason for your choice.

substance ..................................................................................................................................

reason ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which has a macromolecular structure. Give two
reasons for your choice.

substance ..................................................................................................................................

reason 1 .....................................................................................................................................

reason 2 .....................................................................................................................................
[3]

(d) Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is an ionic solid. Give a reason for your choice.

substance ..................................................................................................................................

reason ........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 10]
3 Aluminium is extracted from its ore by electrolysis.
P
A
(a) Name the ore of aluminium which consists mainlyG of aluminium oxide.
E
. [1]
5

(b) State what is meant by the term electrolysis.

....................................................................................................................................................

. [2]

(c) Electrolysis is carried out on aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite.

(i) Give two reasons why the electrolysis is carried out on aluminium oxide dissolved in molten
cryolite instead of electrolysing molten aluminium oxide only.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the negative electrode.

. [2]

(iii) The positive electrodes are made of carbon.

Explain why the positive carbon electrodes are replaced regularly.

.............................................................................................................................................

. [2]
(d) Aluminium is more reactive than copper.

When aluminium is added to aqueous copper(II) sulfate, no immediate reaction is seen. Explain

why.

. [1]

(e) Aluminium reacts with oxygen to form an amphoteric oxide.

 (i) State what is meant by the term amphoteric.
P
.............................................................................................................................................
A
G
. E [1]

(ii) 1 aqueous sodium hydroxide forms a salt

The reaction between aluminium oxide and
– 0 other product is water.
containing the negative ion Al2O The
2
only

Write a chemical equation for the reaction between aluminium oxide and aqueous sodium
hydroxide.

. [2]

(f) Gallium is in the same group as aluminium and forms similar compounds.

Predict the formulae of:

gallium(III) chloride ...................................................................................................................

gallium(III) sulfate. ....................................................................................................................

[2]

[Total: 15]
4 This question is about compounds of phosphorus.P
A
(a) Gaseous phosphorus(V) chloride decomposes G into gaseous phosphorus(III) chloride and
gaseous chlorine. E

When the three gases are present in a closed5 container the system reaches equilibrium.

PCl 5(g) PCl 3(g) + Cl 2(g)

(i) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.

effect on the rate of effect on the equilibrium

the forward reaction yield (PCl 3(g) and Cl 2(g))

increasing the temperature increases

decreasing the pressure

adding a catalyst no change

[4]

(ii) The table shows that when the temperature increases, the equilibrium yields of PCl 3(g) and
Cl 2(g) increase.

State what conclusion can be made from this.

. [1]

(b) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl 3. Show outer shell electrons only.

[2]
(c) Phosphorus oxychloride has the formula POClP 3.
A
G the reaction between phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl
Phosphorus oxychloride is the only product of
5, and phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10. E

Write a chemical equation for the reaction between

1 phosphorus(V) chloride and phosphorus(V)
oxide. 0

. [2]

(d) Compound X has the following composition by mass.

H, 3.66%; P, 37.80%; O, 58.54%

Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

empirical formula = [2]

(e) Compound Y has the empirical formula H3PO4 and a relative molecular mass of 98.

Deduce the molecular formula of compound Y.

molecular formula = [1]

[Total: 12]
5 This question is about sulfuric acid, H2SO4, and salts
P that can be made from sulfuric acid.
A
(a) Sulfuric acid is manufactured by the Contact
G process.
E
stage 1 Molten sulfur burns in air to produce sulfur dioxide.
5
stage 2 Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide, SO 3.

stage 3 Sulfur trioxide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum, H2S2O7.

stage 4 Oleum is converted into sulfuric acid.

(i) The equation for the reaction in stage 2 is shown.

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

State the temperature and pressure used in stage 2. Name

the catalyst used in stage 2.

temperature °C

pressure atm

catalyst ...............................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in stage 3.

. [1]

(iii) Name the substance that reacts with oleum in stage 4.

. [1]

(b) Name the black solid that is produced when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to sugar,
C H O .
12 22 11

. [1]
(c) Dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous potassium hydroxide
P are used to make aqueous potassium
sulfate. A
G
H2SO4 + 2KOH → E K2SO4 + 2H2O

The method includes use of the following apparatus.

1
0

dilute sulfuric acid

conical flask

25.0 cm3 of aqueous

potassium hydroxide

(i) Calculate the volume of 0.0625 mol / dm3 dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4, that completely reacts
with 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol / dm3 potassium hydroxide, KOH, to produce aqueous potassium
sulfate.

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the number of moles of KOH in 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol / dm3 KOH.

= mol

● Deduce the number of moles of H2SO4 that react with KOH.

= mol
 ● Calculate the volume of H2SO4 required.
P
A
G
E

volume = cm3
[3]

(ii) The experiment is repeated using the same volume and concentration of potassium hydroxide
and the same concentration of dilute sulfuric acid. In this second experiment, the product is
aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate, KHSO4.

H2SO4 + KOH → KHSO4 + H2O

Use your answer to (c)(i) and the equation to deduce the volume of H2SO4 required.

volume = .............................. cm3 [1]

(d) Aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate, KHSO4(aq), contains the ions K+(aq), H+(aq) and SO 2–
(aq). 4

Describe the observations in the following tests.

(i) A flame test is carried out on aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate.

. [1]

(ii) Solid copper(II) carbonate is added to aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate.

.............................................................................................................................................

. [2]

(iii) An acidic solution containing aqueous barium ions, Ba2+(aq), is added to aqueous potassium
hydrogensulfate.

. [1]

(e) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in (d)(iii).

Include state symbols.

. [3]

[Total: 17]
6 (a) Chloroethene (CH2=CHCl ) can be manufactured
P from 1,2-dichloroethane (CH2Cl CH2Cl ).
A
The equation can be represented as shown.G
E

1
0

(i) Some bond energies are given.

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol
C–C 350
C=C 610
C–Cl 340
C–H 410
H–Cl 430

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change, in kJ / mol, of the
reaction.

Use the following steps.

● Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.

energy = kJ

● Calculate the energy released when bonds form.

energy = kJ
 ● Calculate the energy change of the reaction.
P
A
G
E

energy change of the reaction = kJ / mol

[3]

(ii) Deduce whether the energy change for this reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

Give a reason for your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

. [1]

(b) Part of a synthetic polymer is shown.

(i) State the number of monomer units that are needed to make the part of the polymer shown.

. [1]

(ii) Name and draw the structure of the monomer used to make this polymer. Show all of the
atoms and all of the bonds.

name .....................................................

structure

[3]

(iii) State the empirical formula of the polymer.

. [1]
(c) Proteins are natural polymers. P
A
Proteins are broken down into amino acids. The
G process is similar to how complex carbohydrates
are broken down to give simple sugars. E

(i) Name the type of reaction in which proteins

1 are broken down into amino acids.
0
. [1]

(ii) Name two types of substance that are used to break down proteins into amino acids.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) Amino acids are colourless.

A sample containing a mixture of amino acids is separated. Each amino acid is detected
and identified.

● Name the process used to separate the amino acids.

.............................................................................................................................................

● Name the type of substance used to detect the amino acids.

.............................................................................................................................................

● Give the symbol of the value used to determine the identity of each amino acid after
separation and detection.

.............................................................................................................................................
[3]

(d) Proteins are natural polymers. Proteins contain amide linkages.

Synthetic polyamides also contain amide linkages.

(i) Name a synthetic polyamide.

. [1]

(ii) Identify the two functional groups present in the monomers used to produce synthetic
polyamides.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 18]
P
A
G
E