TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

HIMALAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CHYASAL, LALITPUR

CASE STUDY ON
Telecommunication System in Nepal

Submitted By:
Drishya Phuel (HCE076BCT015)

Nita Rai (HCE076BCT023)

Poornima Marasini (HCE076BCT024)

Raksha Khadka (HCE076BCT031)

Sinigdha Thakur (HCE076BCT039)

Smile Shrestha (HCE076BCT040)

Submitted To:
Mr. Hari Aryal (Lecturer, Instrumentation II)

Department of Computer and Electronics

20 August, 2022
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are obliged to all the personnel for the opportunity of developing our skills and
effort through this case study. We would like to express our gratitude to the
Department of Computer Engineering for providing this opportunity to develop our
analytical skills and gain technical knowledge through experience in the practical
field.

We are overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge our depth to

all those who have helped us to put these ideas, well above the level of simplicity and
into something concrete.

First of all, we would like to express our deep gratitude and sincere appreciation to
our course teacher Er. Hari Aryal lecture of Instrumentation-II. They provided us
continuous inspiration and encouragement on doing the case study. Without their
guidance this study would never have been completed.

Similarly, we would like to convey our sincere and heartfelt thanks to HOD Er.
Ashok GM and DHODs Er. Devendra kathayat for his advice and support in the
Case-study and giving us permission for visiting in “NEPAL TELECOM”.

We would like to thank Telecom Engineer Prasanna Man Raj Banshi of Nepal
Telecom who helped a lot in gathering different information, collecting informative
data and guiding us from time to time in this Case-study, despite his busy schedules.
He gave us information about the overall working mechanism of the Mobile
communication system.
 ABSTRACT
The case study depicts the Telecommunication system in Nepal as observed in
Telecom Training Center. The paper is broken down into different sections discussing
the background of the Telecommunication system in Nepal, objectives of the case
study, process of mobile communication, functions of different components and GSM
architecture. Different functional units, components constituted a system and
combinations of those systems made up a supersystem. Before constructing any
system an Architectural overviewing of the plan should be carried out.
Telecommunication system in Nepal relies on the Global System for Mobile
Telecommunications also referred to as GSM architecture. Nepal relies on wired and
wireless communication systems. Each generation of network provision is divided as
per network standards by Nepal Telecom. Since Nepal Telecom was founded, there
has been massive improvement and evolution annually regarding the services it
provides to the nation. However, there are certain areas of priority that overshadow
minor necessities of safety, security against data and property invasion. Hence, a
recommendation system seemed necessary which has been included in the case study
paper.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND
For our case study we visited the Telecom Training Center which is located in
Babarmahal, Kathmandu, Nepal. It is a training center of Nepal Telecom, the mission
of this training center is to develop highly competent human resources necessary for
smooth operation, maintenance and expansion of telecommunication service
networks.
Nepal Telecom is a progressive, customer-spirited and consumer-responsive entity
committed to provide nationwide reliable telecommunication service to serve as an
impetus to the social, political and economic development of the country.

1.2 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this case study are given below:

● To analyze the existing instrumentation system used in Telecommunication.

● To analyze the different processes that are taking place manually or the
shortcomings of the existing instrumentation system.
● To propose a new system to overcome the shortcomings of the existing
system.

1.3 TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM:

Telecommunications systems include wired and wireless local and wide area
networks and hardware and software providing the capabilities for systems to
communicate with each other or with users. The set of telecommunications systems
supporting most federal government agencies includes network infrastructure and
other technical solution components owned by commercial telecommunications
service providers and managed on behalf of the government. Dependencies on
telecommunications systems vendors raise special contingency planning issues for
system owners that the ISCP should address, such as whether the same or a separate
vendor will be responsible for providing alternate telecommunications services if the
primary service becomes unavailable.

The services provided by Telecom Training Center are providing telecommunication

services such as 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G. The “G” stands for Generation. When connected
to the internet, the speed of your internet depends upon the signal strength that has
been shown in alphabets like 2G, 3G, 4G and so on. Each Generation is defined as a
set of telephone network standards, which detail the technological implementation of
a particular mobile phone system. The speed increases and the technology used to
 achieve that speed also changes. For example: 1G offers 2.4 kbps, 2G offers 64 Kbps
and is based on GSM, 3G offers 144 kbps-2 mbps whereas 4G offers 100 Mbps - 1
Gbps and is based on LTE technology.

The services provided by Telecom Training Center are providing telecommunication

services such as:

● 2G - frequency ranges from 900 to 1800 MHz (only for calling)

● 3G - frequency range is 2100 MHz (for calling and data)
● 4G - frequency range is 1800 MHz (high speed data and calling)
● 5G - frequency range is 2600 MHz (high speed data and low latency)

2. PROCESS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION

2.1 GSM TECHNOLOGY

GSM(Global System for Mobile Communication) is a widely used technology in
mobile communication. It is used to transmit mobile data as well as voice services
from fundamental to the complex. It is operated at 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz,
and 1900MHz frequency bands.It uses TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access)
technique for communication purpose.In TDMA, the same frequency can be used
by multiple users by the division cellular channel into different time slots. It can
easily adapt to data transmission and voice communication and can carry 64kbps to
120Mbps of data rate.

In GSM, the geographical area is divided into hexagonal cells whose size depends
upon the power of the transmitter and load on the transmitter (number of end-users).
At the center of the cell, there is a base station consisting of a transceiver and an
antenna.

2.2 GSM ARCHITECTURE

 Fig: GSM Architecture

2.3 FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS

A. Mobile Station(MS): It is the mobile phone which consists of the transceiver,

the display, and the processor. It consists of the following entities.
a. Mobile Equipment(ME): It is a portable, vehicle mounted and hand
held device uniquely identified by IMEI(International Mobile
Equipment Identity).
b. Subscriber Identity Module(SIM):The SIM (Subscriber Identity
Module) card includes the data which gives the user identity toward
the network. It also includes IMSI(International Mobile Subscriber
Identity) through which the mobile user could change mobiles by
moving the SIM from one mobile to another.
B. Base Station Subsystem(BSS): It has two important components. They are
BTS and BSC. There can be multiple BTS in a single BSS but only a single
BSC which controls those multiple BTS.
a. Base Transceiver Station(BTS): This facilitates the wireless
communication between UE(User Equipment) and the network. MS is
 connected to BTS through radio air. BTS sends and receives signals
from mobiles and converts them to digital signals that it passes on the
network to route to other terminals in the network or to the Internet.It
consists of Transreceiver(TRX), Power Amplifier, Multiplexers,
Antennas, Alarm Extension System and so on.
b. Base Station Controller(BSC): BSC converses with the Base
Transceiver Stations over Abis interface. Abis interface allows the
exchange of radio transmission related information. BSC can be
considered as a local exchange of a person’s area which has multiple
towers and multiple towers have BTS. BSC controls BTS. In some
scenarios, many MS get connected to the single BTS due to which
high traffic occurs in that particular BTS such that the single BTS
cannot handle such traffic. BSC then takes a small amount of traffic
from that particular BTS and gives that traffic to the next BTS. Thus,
BSC handles, manages and coordinates all the BTS which are
connected to it.
C. Network Switching Subsystem(NSS): It is the component of a GSM system
that carries out call out and mobility management functions for mobile phones
roaming on the network of base stations.
a. Mobile Switching Center(MSC): MSC is associated with
communication switching functions such as call setup, call release and
routing. BSC gets connected to MSC via A interface. It controls a
single or multiple BSS connected to it. It cannot control BSS by itself
and hence HLR, VLR, AUC and EIR are connected to it.
b. Home Local Register(HLR): HLR stores the permanent information
of a particular subscriber. If a person purchases the SIM card of a
certain company, inserts that SIM card on his phone and starts using it,
then he becomes a subscriber to that company. Under permanent
information, name, address, gender ,email id and so on are stored. It
 also stores the subscription which an individual purchases so that the
GSM network is capable of connecting the calls to the related base
station for the mobile switch..
c. Visitor Location Register(VLR): If a person out of the HLR
endeavors accessing data through his mobile, the VLR of that
particular place contacts the HLR and asks whether the person has
purchased subscriptions or not so that data could be provided. HLR
then checks under the permanent information and responds to HLR.
VLR temporarily stores that information so that VLR shouldn't have to
contact HLR time and again.
d. Authentication Center(AUC): A SIM card which the subscriber uses
has a security key in it such that the copy of that key would be stored
by AUC. If a subscriber has to use any of the services, he can
authenticate himself and the authentication center protects the network
operator from fraud.
e. Equipment Identity Register(EIR): It is a database which stores
valid mobiles with their IMEI numbers. It also has a black list which
stores the stolen mobiles and marks the IMEI of the number of such
phones as invalid.
f. Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN): A PSTN lets users
make landline telephone calls to one another. A PSTN is made up of
switches at centralized points on a network that function as nodes to
enable communication between two points on the network.
g. Integrated Services Digital network(ISDN): It can integrate speech
and data on the same lines, which were not available in the classic
telephone system.
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