Lecture # 6 (Ex:4.1- 4.

3+Logarithms+Inequalities)
Quadratic Equation
An equation which can be written as ax 2  bx  c  0 , where a,b,c  R and a  0 ,
is called a quadratic equation in variable x .
The quadratic equation is also known as second degree polynomial in x .
Solution of Quadratic Equation
The values of variable x , which satisfy the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 are
called solutions or roots of the equation.
Techniques for Solving Quadratic Equation
There are three basic techniques for solving a quadratic equation:
(i) by Factorization (ii) by Completing Squares (iii) by Quadratic Formula
b  b 2  4ac
x is called Quadratic Formula
2a
Note: b 2  4ac is called numerical difference of the roots of the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 .
Irrational and complex roots of quadratic equation occur in pairs. i.e. 2  3 , 1  2i etc.
Exponential Equation
Equation, in which the variable occurs in exponent, is called exponential equation.
For example, 4 x  2 and 2 x  2  x  6  20  0 are exponential equations.
Reciprocal Equation
1
An equation which remains unchanged when x is replaced by , is called a reciprocal equation.
x
1 1
For example x 4  3x 3  4 x 2  3x  1  0 and x 2  x  4    0 are reciprocal equations.
x x2
Radical Equation
Equation involving radical expressions of the variables is called radical equation.
For example, 2 x  8  x  5  7  0 is a radical equation.
Extraneous Roots
A radical equation has some solutions which do not satisfy the equation, such solutions
are called extraneous roots.
Logarithmic Function
If x  a y , then y  log a x where a  0, a  1 is called logarithmic function of x.
Its domain is  0,   and range is set of real numbers.
(i) If a  10 , then log10 x is called common logarithm of x.
(ii) If a  e , then log e x is called natural logarithm of x.
(iii) log e x is also denoted as ln x .
(iv) log a a  1 and log a 1  0 .
   if a  1
(v) log a 0  
  if 0  a  1
Laws of Logarithm
 x
(i) log a  xy   log a x  log a y (ii) log a    log a x  log a y
 y
(iii)  
log a x m  m log a x (iv) log a x  log a y iff x  y
log a m m
(v) log n m  (vi) log a n a m 
log a n n
(vii) log n x y  log x y n (viii) log a b  log b c  log a c
1
(ix) log b a  or log b a  log a b  1 (x) a log a x  x
log a b
Properties of Inequalities (Order Properties)
1. Trichotomy Property
a , b R either a  b or a  b or a  b
2. Transitive Property a , b, c  R
(i) a  b  b  c  a  c (ii) a  b  b  c  a  c
3. Additive Properties a , b R
(i) a  b  a  c  b  c (ii) a  b  a  c  b  c
(iii) a  b  c  d  a  c  b  d (iv) a  b  c  d  a  c  b  d
4. Multiplicative Properties
(a) a , b, c  R and c  0
(i) a  b  ac  bc (ii) a  b  ac  bc
(b) a , b, c  R and c  0
(i) a  b  ac  bc (ii) a  b  ac  bc
(c) a , b, c, d  R and a , b, c, d all are positive
(i) a  b  c  d  ac  bd (ii) a  b  c  d  ac  bd
5. a  b  a b  a  b
6. x2  a2   a  x  a
7. x 2  a 2  x  a or x  a
8.  x  a  x  b   0  a xb for a  b
9.  x  a  x  b   0  x  a or x  b for a  b

MCQs
1. The solution set of the equation 3 x 2  2  2 x  1 is:
(A) 1,3 (B) 1, 4 (C) 2, 4 (D) 3, 4

Option A satisfies the equation.

 2 2
2. The number of the roots of the equation x   1 is:
x 1 x 1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) Infinite many
2 2
x  1  x  1 , but equation is not defined for x = 1, so no solution.
x 1 x 1
2
3. The solution set of the equation 32 x 7 x  7
 9 is:
 1  5  1  5
(A) 1,  (B) 1,  (C) 1,   (D) 1,  
 2  2  2  2
2 5
32 x 7 x  7
 32  2 x2  7 x  7  2  2 x2  7 x  5  0  x  1,
2
2 2
4. If 0  x   and 81sin x  81cos x  30 , then x is equal to:
(A)  / 6 (B)  / 2 (C)  / 4 (D) 3 / 4

1 3
For x   / 6 , 814  814  3  27  30
2 1 1
5. The set of real numbers that can never be the roots of   is:
x9 x3 x4
3  3 
(A)  ,3 (B) 3, 4,5 (C)  ,5,9 (D) 3, 4,9
2  2 

Given equation is undefined for the values of x in option D.

6. The numerical difference of the roots of x 2  3 x  5  0 is:

(A) 29 (B) 3 2 (C) 2 29 (D) None of these

 3  4 1 5   9  20  29
2
Numerical difference of roots  b 2  4 ac 

3 2
7. If one root of the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 is , then other root is:
3 2
3 2
(A) (B) 5  2 6 (C) 5  2 6 (D) Both A & C
3 2

3 2 3 2 3 2 2 6 3 2
   5  2 6 other root is 5  2 6 or
3 2 3 2 32 3 2

4x 2 4x
8.  means x is equal to:
25  x 8 x 3
(A) x  1 (B) x  3 (C) x  5 (D) x  7

4x 2 4x
5 x
 x 3
 22 x 5 x  24 x 3 x 9  3 x  5  x  9  2 x  14  x  7
2 8
 log 4
9. 7 49 is equal to:
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 16 (D) 49
2
log
 7 2
 2 log 7 2
7log 49 4
7 7 2


log 5 x 2  4 x  5 
10. The real roots of the equation 5  x  1 are:
(A) 1& 2 (B) 2 & 3 (C) 3& 4 (D) 4 & 5


log5 x 2  4 x  5 
5  x 1  x 2  4 x  5  x 1  x 2  5 x  6  0  x  2 ,3

11. If x  log b a , y  log c b , z  log a c then x y z 

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) abc (D) 1/abc

log a log b log c

x y z  log b a  log c b  log a c    1
log b log c log a

12. log a 2 x  3  0 means x is equal to:

(A) x  0 (B) x  1 (C) x  2 (D) x  1 or x  2

Verify by options. Option D verifies.

log a 2 x  3  0  2 x  3  a 0  1  2 x  3  1  2 x  3  1  x  1 or x  2

13. If log  log 2 log 7 x    0 then:

(A) x   (B) x  2 (C) x  7 (D) x  49

log  log 2 log 7 x    0  log 2 log 7 x    0  1  log 7 x  2 1  2  x  7 2  49

1 2x
14. Solution of the inequality 2   1 , x  R is:
3
(A) 1  x  3.5 (B) 1  x  3 (C) x  1or x  3.5 (D) x  3.5
1 2x 7
2   1   6  1  2 x  3   7  2 x  2   x  1   1  x  3 .5
3 2
15. Find the values of x for which  x  6   x :
2

(A) 4  x  9 (B) 4  x  5 (C) x  4 or x  9 (D) 4  x  9

 x  6   x  x 2  12 x  36  x  0  x 2  13x  36  0
2

  x  4  x  9   0  x  4 or x  9