Objectives

At the completion of this course,

you will be able to:

• Understand Lighting design basics

• Recognize principles for efficient
lighting design
• Strengthens and enhances any
space through creative, yet
functional, lighting plans.
• Understand the layers approach
Outlines

Introduction
Fundamentals & terminologies
Light Sources
Natural light
Luminaires
Basics of lighting design Layers
Approches
Lighting applications
Computers and Lighting Design
Developing Skills Beyond the
Basics
Being a lighting designer
Introduction

Professional lighting design

offers opportunities to
reduce consumption while
maintaining comfort and
style.

A lighting design practice

integrates the arts, sciences
and business of illumination
design and implementation
far beyond concerns of
visibility and horizontal foot
candles."
1. Determine how much light is
needed
2. Use efficient luminaires
designed to satisfy these
criteria.
3. Use lighting controls to
automate the amount,
distribution, and scheduling
for the luminaires.
4. Lastly, commission the lighting
system to ensure proper
operation and maintain the
system through periodic audits
and maintenance.
A professional lighting designer:

1. Meets the needs of the people

who use the space.
2. Selects cost-effective and
energy-efficient products most
appropriate for the project.
3. Creates an innovative lighting
solution that achieves the
perfect balance of function and
aesthetics.
4. Solves the unique lighting
challenges of a wide range of
interior and exterior
environments.
5. Strengthens and enhances any
space through creative, yet
functional, lighting plans.
 Fundamentals & terminologies

1) Luminous flux (Ø): it is the

amount of light emitted in all
directions from the light
source.
• Measuring unit: lumen (lm)

2) Illuminance (E): it is the

amount of light falling on a
certain area.
• Measuring unit (SI): lux (lm/m2)
Fundamentals & terminologies

3) Luminous intensity (I):

The amount of light emitted
in a certain direction.
• Measuring unit: candela
(lumen/stradian)

• As the solid angle decrease the

luminous intensity increase.
50 w, 1450 lm, beam
angle=60 gives I=1430 cd
50 w, 1450 lm, beam
angle=10 gives I=16,000 cd
Fundamentals & terminologies

4) Luminance (L): The amount of

light reflected from a specific
area or what the eye can see
due to the difference in lighting
levels.
• Measuring unit: cd/m2
• Some common luminance:
Sun=1,600,000,000
Moon=2500
Pc or TV=50-500
Incandescent
lamp=100,000
Fluorescent=10,000
Cloudy day light=10,000
Fundamentals & terminologies

5) Uniformity: As lux level is nearly

equal or do not vary, therefore
uniformity increase. And so it refers
to the difference in illuminance.

• When (U) smaller than or equal 0.5,

human eye doesn’t recognize any
variation in illumination levels.

• Some places where only 0.2

uniformity is sufficient:
Corridors
Restaurant
Hotels
Shops
Museums
 Fundamentals & terminologies

6) Contrast: it is the
difference in
luminance levels in a certain place
and not on W.P or it is the
luminance level of a certain object
compared to another one.

• IESNA recommendations for contrast:

A. 1:3 or 3:1 between paper
and pc screen.
B. 1:3 or 3:1 between working
place and near place.
C. 1:10 or 10:1 between
working place and far
surfaces.
 Fundamentals & terminologies

• SLL and SASO recommendations for

illuminance:
A. Illuminance level at walls = 50-
60 % of that at W.P
B. Illuminance level at ceiling =
30-90 % of that at W.P
7) Glare: A
very high difference in
luminance level between two
different surfaces that makes human
feels uncomforted or disable to see.
A. Disability glare
B. Discomfort glare
Direct
glare.
Reflected
glare.
 Fundamentals & terminologies

8) Unified glare ratio (UGR): Used to know

limits of glare for indoor lighting.
• For dark ceilings we have to use
certain luminaries that reduces glare
to avoid high UGR, this case doesn’t
happen with bright ceilings even if the
fixture doesn’t eliminate glare.

• Factors affecting UGR:

1. Walls colors
2. Ceiling color
3. Fixture luminance
4. Direction of vision

• UGR common values: 16,19,22,25 and

28
 Fundamentals & terminologies

9) Beam angle: double the angle

between the max. Luminous
intensity and half the max Luminous
intensity or or the angle between
the two beams representing half
max Luminous intensity.

• It mainly affects accent lighting,

where the beam angle is chosen
according to the dimension of the
object that needs to be illuminated.

Smaller than 10 degrees : narrow spot

10-20 degrees : spot
21-30 degrees: flood
31-40 degrees: wide flood
Bigger than 40 degrees: very wide
flood
 Fundamentals & terminologies

What quality of light do I need?

• Color temperature in Kelvin (K)
indicates the “warmth” or
“coolness” of a light source.

• CRI (1-100 scale) is a measurement

of how “true” colors appear under
a particular light source using the
standard incandescent light bulb
as the standard at 100.
Fundamentals & terminologies
Fundamentals & terminologies
Fundamentals & terminologies
Fundamentals & terminologies

The color rendering index (CRI) is

a measure from 0 to 100 of how
faithfully the light source
illuminates colors when
compared to an incandescent
source.

A source with a low color

rendering index will tend to
make colors look unnatural.
 Fundamentals & terminologies

• lighting power density (LPD)

Watts per unit area.
Maximum lighting power density
can be based on building type and
footprint, or the individual spaces
within a building.

• Lighting energy codes and

standards
Light sources
 How Light Works

• Producing a photon

-Electrons circle the nucleus

in fixed orbits.
- energize an atom, you can
move its electrons to higher
orbitals.
-electron in a higher-than-
normal orbit falls back to its
normal orbit.
-During the fall from high
energy to normal energy,
the electron emits a photon
-- a packet of energy
 Light sources

• Incandescent Lamps

Appealing
Warm, attractive color (2600-
2900K)
Dimmable
Wide variety
Not energy efficient
2) Halogen Lamps

• Modification of
incandescent
• Crisp warm, attractive color
(2800-3100K)
• Dimmable with restriction
• Wide variety
• Longer life, slightly more
energy efficient
• Disadvantage is high heat
 Light sources

• Linear Fluorescent

•sealed glass tube with a

heating cathode at each end.
• inside of the glass tube is
coated with a phosphor
powder
•voltage across the
electrodes , electrons
migrate through the gas
•mercury evaporates
•Collision with mercury
atoms
 Light sources

• Linear Fluorescent

•Starting circuit
 Light sources

• Linear Fluorescent

T-12 “fat tubes” no longer a good

choice
Use T-8 lamps for most residential
uses
Consider T-5 and T-2 lamps for
under cabinet fixtures.
4) Compact Fluorescent

• 7,9, and 13 watt twin tubes

(“PL” lamps) for step lights, low
level lighting
• Triple tube, Circuline and 2D
lamps 18-58 watts for general
lighting
4) High pressure mercury
• Recommended Fluorescent Lamps for
Common Use

Desired Lamp Color Lamp Color Designation

• Warm 2700K •“827”
•“830”or “930”
• Warm 3000K
•“835”
• Neutral 3500K
•“841”
• Cool 4100K
•“850”or “950”
• Cold 5000K
4) Natural lighting

1) Direct illumination (sunny day with no clouds)

2) Indirect illumination (cloudy day)
3) Direct /ind. illumination (not too much clouds)
• Shadow
• Uniformity
• Glare
• Illumination
• Color temp.
• Rendering
 Direct illumination Indirect illumination
properties: properties:
• High shadows. • No shadows
• Low uniformity. • High uniformity
• High sun (direct) glare. • No sun glare
• Good modeling for 3D • No modeling for 3D
objects. objects.
LUMINAIRES

Residential Lighting
• Decorative and
Traditional Lighting
• Architectural Lighting
• Utility Lighting
• Outdoor Decorative
Lighting
• Outdoor Utility Lighting
• Landscape Lighting
LUMINAIRES

Commercial Lighting
• Fluorescent Lighting
• Linear Lighting
• Architectural Lighting
• Utility Lighting
• Outdoor Lighting
• Outdoor Specialty
Lighting
• Landscape Lighting
LUMINAIRES

Industrial Lighting
• Fluorescent
• High Bay
• Low Bay
• Special Environments
LUMINAIRES

Retail Lighting
• Track lighting
• Special recessed
• Themed Lighting
• Valance lighting
LUMINAIRES

Specialty Lighting
• Task lights
• Exit signs and emergency
lighting
• Health care lighting
• Façade lighting
LUMINAIRES

Basic requirements :
• Provide electrical
conection to lamb
• Physically protect lamp
• Control light distribution
LUMINAIRES

Construction:
1. Housing
2. Front cover
3. Light control
• Reflectors
• Lenses and refractors
• Diffusers
• Screening devices
• Filters
4. Wires & connection
block
LUMINAIRES

Specular Reflectors:
1. Parabolic reflector
• Spotlights
• Floodlights
2. Combined spherical and
parabolic
3. Elliptical reflector
LUMINAIRES

Diffuse Reflectors:
• Scatter light in all directions
• No beam control
• Used in broad indoor task area
LUMINAIRES

Refractors:
• Directional control
• Approximately equal
Luminance from all directions
• Used in indoor parking
• Opal diffusers were introduced
to reduce brightness
LUMINAIRES

Screening devices:
• Control and direct light
1. Non-Focusing louvers
2. Focusing louvers:
• Blades have a mirror
Finish
• High , dark mirrored
5) Basics of lighting Design and
layers approach
1. Ambient lighting
2. Accent lighting
3. Play of brilliance
5) Basics of lighting Design and
layers approach
1. Ambient lighting
2. Accent lighting
3. Play of brilliance
1. Ambient lighting
1) Direct
• Directed direct lighting. (fixtures with reflectors, like
louver)
• Diffused direct lighting. (fixtures with diffusers, like
opal and prismatic)
2) Indirect
3) Direct/ indirect
• Properties of directed • Properties of diffused
direct lighting. direct lighting.
1. High efficiency for 1. High efficiency for
energy usage. energy usage but
lower than the
2. Low ceiling brightness. previous type.
3. Higher glare than that 2. Higher ceiling
of indirect lighting. brightness.
4. Doesn’t depend on 3. Lower glare.
walls and ceiling 4. Depends on walls and
colors. ceiling colors.
5. Higher shadows and 5. Low and smooth
hence lower shadows.
uniformity.
•Properties of indirect lighting.
1. Low efficiency for energy usage.
2. High ceiling brightness “room seems higher if we are using wall
recessed ceiling washers or larger in space in case of using wall
washers”

3. No glare at all for

correct design
4. Mainly depends on
walls and ceiling
colors.
5. No shadows and
hence high
uniformity.
• Properties of direct/indirect lighting.

1. Intermediate efficiency for energy usage.

2. High ceiling brightness.
3. Low glare.
4. Depends on walls and ceiling colors but not as
much as indirect lighting.
5. Smooth shadows.
How to select a suitable illumination type for a
certain application?

• By knowing the “AAA” factors:

a) Activity
b) Architecture
c) Atmosphere
1) Activity
• Let’s take an example to illustrate what we meant by
activity:

a) At bathrooms or in
front of mirrors any
shadow makes us feel
uncomfortable, se we
need indirect lighting to
eliminate this shadows.
b) While, in museums we need direct lighting (accent)
that increases shadows and makes modeling for 3D
objects.
• Also working plans are
determined according to the
activity, where at corridors
W.P (0-0.1) m while at offices
(0.75-0.8) m and that at
basketballs or tennis courts it
may reach 1 m.
2) Architecture

• In some places like mosques

and churches, ceiling and walls
may represent a piece of art
that need to be illuminated to
make the architectural design
appear. These could be done by
using wall recessed ceiling
washers, wall washers or even
accent lighting.
3) Atmosphere

a) Knowing the desired atmosphere helps the designer

to choose the correct type of illumination. Where, if
it is required to make the room appears higher, we
have to illuminate the ceiling while if we are trying
to make it larger and bigger, the walls must be
illuminated.
b) In some places like corridors shadows are a
secondary issue that is not going to affect people.
c) Human eyes always recognize vertical surfaces first.
So, if it is required to makes any place seems
brighter, we have to consider the vertical
illumination.
2. Accent lighting

a) A very important type of lighting especially when

we are trying to attract concentration and attention
of audience. Where more important objects must
be highly illuminated compare to the surrounding
area’s in order to attract attention.

a) Accent lighting should be at least 5 times that of

general lighting and may reach 10 or 25 times in
certain applications.
3. Play of brilliance

a) The fixture itself may represent a decorative part.

b) Architecture details produce decorative lighting.
c) Projectors that produce decorative lights.
EFFICIENT LIGHTING STRATEGIES
LIGHTING APPLICATIONS

Outdoor lighting
LIGHTING APPLICATIONS

RETAIL LIGHTING
LIGHTING APPLICATIONS

Healthcare lighting
LIGHTING APPLICATIONS

Hotel lighting
LIGHTING APPLICATIONS

Industry lighting
LIGHTING APPLICATIONS

Home lighting
LIGHTING APPLICATIONS

Petrol stations lighting

LIGHTING APPLICATIONS

AirField lighting
LIGHTING APPLICATIONS

Off-grid lighting
LIGHTING APPLICATIONS

Office lighting
LIGHTING APPLICATIONS

Schools lighting
 Professional Tools

Skills Needed for Lighting Designers Today

 Drafting

• Technology
• Skills
• Lighting Production
 Technology

• AutoCAD is the standard of the industry

• Revit wants to be the new standard
• Many lighting designers get by using AutoCAD
LT or other software
 Skills

• Must be able to:

• Receive AutoCAD drawings from architects
• Create AutoCAD drawings from scratch (interior
designers and other projects with lesser
documentation)
• Manage layers
• Manage x-refs
• Print and plot
• Create PDF drawings
 Skills

• In the future you should be able to:

– Receive Revit drawings from architects
– Create Revit drawings in full BIM mode
– Manage complex 3-D layers and x-refs
– Render
– Print and plot
– Create PDF drawings
 Lighting Production
• Lighting Plans
• Controls Plans
• Sections
• Details
• Schedules and Legends
 Lighting Plans

• Base plan
• Reflected ceiling plan
• Furniture plan
Plans
Lighting Plans
Lighting Circuits