Ae % © Powdrial dexivah ves ie eae ter $:R"—» R be a function, amd a= (A),---,an) ER”. We say thak the partial darivalive G $ ob te poink aeR” wort the ith variable exists if the following Limit exist te FG] ps athe MW) = FGI 149) GF : ; heR \hen gueh Umit exists, use call it the pawtial dermivakive of f ak te amd denote this Unit by pone aE R™ wet the i-th vewioble , © on aL on (0; 4)@). Nok. that @® can be unsitten an UH F(athe;) —F@) , Wee a tohne e = Crrndy 10) iS te ith unit coordineke veckor, The, ith place,Remonk. We conidor a funtion g:R—>R by IO) = F@p oy Kye An) i-th pee, Then “the derivative of 9 ab the point ase — (when exists) is same an the Parkial dovsivalive of fF ab the prin a=@,- poner’ Wort the i-th vewoble. Theb is, # vG)-2%@. Trerafive the porahial demivahive is Lis tthe dewivolive of f went te i-th vewriable keping ether Variables 99 contomb-.a remy & = e%sing = Seman aré ln) af * ee ee toy: 2 ee -e =-e ina 2 Bromple tek £: R7—>R be difined by fCev) = sin xy. of and OE m7 cprey BF = Kcos xy. ~ 7” 9 sa y Mixed (pantiol) derivatives bak Ff: RFR be a funchion tohese. all pomhiol darsivalives exists in an open sek WiCRa .. When 2E ee aE, BF oy Wn ome all funehonw from VU to R, Suppose their panbial denivobives ane aan exis in U. In oth undo, y a exish for jeter Vohin ewish, the val aleraivalives a @) ame. colled mixed part devaivotives, They ame often denoted by oF d. (0; F Dx 2%; = J ei ). Question. Suppose Did; §) smd D; (Dis) both exists. Are they same 2?Fwy) = eosin 5 Sj 3s - etsny s 26 = esy, BE ees PE x By 9 > Snag cos y- os BE LeeTTheemm (Porthial derivatives commube, undere the continuity of did; »S fer f: RX —>R be a funolion, Suppose ol the powstiol deraivahives A at , aE | OF axictg om an open sek UCR™ Wy OK HOH BH; Bx; y and ave conknuow) on U- Then 5 PIF Lak xe (ein ste) € Ube ambitvrony (bur fixed) and \ = (Gren penne rt) be a Small vedbr with hk #0. im ee We conridem te empression $ Caper tant nny GAR VAD) FG a tigthy or yD ro) F(R ayn Rha BPM 1%) tt Epes Me) = 9 (xn) — 9) , whore — 9G) = Frey Xp ERE) ~ FG % 1 Hp--0%) = 9'(s,) z for some numben 5, Lieg between 2G and HTH F [Romgaee 9 To Gas anv] i 3 Pag for seme § es bebween aj ad BHR —®or 5 we A Zz the other howd, the same expression equals = $s thsee9 Aja) = Hr 4H IG). — Capea Mea Ig thy) 5| + PGi) ™) TPG) PS)» shane BED © Fer jehs- 1 Bo Be) = FG rtm 1 a PCy) > for some. number t, lies behoeen % and 1G +k ae [ Bose ty) — FE Gym i \. J Bith = | 2 = Germ ar] hk , for some t, lies behwean xj and i a We follow fram (A) and tel 24 i exer Sy oe Es, ax sorts g New, making hy k 90 (tuk hye FO) » exe gob oe red ee Crm Grer%e) = ee Cet or ares oo Hm) arg a OF and . Here we howe used the continuity of both 5 31 may This completes the proof.A counten example. Here we give an example of a funehon $ for whi Ea ae Dxdy |e sa ay lec) | ao . Cin teas he a Prten ee anal eee ape nek eontinuovs ak GA) Yy Gy), @’FODd, sry Consider -the function $v) = @¥) = @0). Fr thy example, tse howe a (ery) (By w) - 279 CP) ot + Arty 9 _ * Yeo #60) @r* eeoraA 2 etry) (A Sat) = ay Go) xn AaPy? = ay? leper) ey — Thus, im pawstieulow, 4 ee ee Cry) # (0,0) °8 leer)Tee 10) FW2) Alo, frm the definihin of the gran fen fae hove = = tb F&F, 0) ~ 60) Ko) h hoo re Z e ite os Fo, = -f@0) _ Fle Pee or be es Rr OO Sk og © (ec. ven oe Gas ney nn Hs At Eo ae ee oe ak Gx), we = Ape 8 ppl aydx| Coy) #0) awe ee te Bley 6 SR2e~ Divectional ctemvanves. Divectional dersivahives one gentanlizahion of portial denivahives Recall thar partial dersivahives ame dorivahives in -the dineehion of- covrmbircte axek. Pivechional derivatives ame dersivehives in the ineotin of some fixed vector. ean n Leb f: UPR be ag fanehon defined on om oper er UCR >, he. YAll=4, Then the dinechonal denivahve of A Fak the pointe a in the dlivechion of A is ae? peat BR as iu ho h her When enith 5 the Limit is dancted by (BD £)(0) , ond coiled te divredional dersivahive of fF ab te Port a i the dinechin A, Exomple Whee A= e; = @, nby or Dy then the dineehiona! dovivahve. i-th place Of fF at the point a in te dimechion @; is given by $ fs f(a+he) - £@ ODE) = 0 Hwa) 6) ep ey Ze, Thenefue, dineehonal dorsivahive in the diseehion 2; ts simply te, pomfial demivabive wert the i-th coordinate,Preposihion. The dineekional derrivahives cam be ebtnired fam pawhial dori OG = CNG +A on vod f A on. El» Ft A, (under the hypothesis thar i pee dorsivabives BE Galo = .): PE ronnie UW) ard ut Vitor AP RuRNG Heyl chive tol < < Cuy--y On) (Ay --+An) f(atna) -f@) = F(R HHA py Oth An) — F@iy---1an) = FG thAly A29--1An) — Fy --1 an) 4 $(astha,, aythAy 1%) — F@+hA,, Ags ---1 2) + FQ thay 2 AnthAn) — f(athAys- Beth Ags» 20) eA AAFEM) = FO) Flthay on rons ag) = FQ) h h 4 FOHA,» athA,s--7%) — F ithA,, A2>--9%) h FQ HAL 9-7 Oy thAn) — FHA 1 Ayr thAnd 9 99) h mA3F (by » 4 9--1n) +42t (thay, bas») BP esi BE Gta saith vf tohene b, lies betiocen a and ath bo a and a, +hA, 4 » » a, awd atha, Ue -f@ ae — Fe) _ es Bo ie 2G) as Sem +Ay-2£@) = (NO). A. This completes the prowef. Note. Note thar use hove to alumys conaiden divectional derivehves in athe dineetion of an unit veel, If gome non-unit vechor is given , then first make it unit and find the dinechinal derivahve on tthak unit dinechonFemple tee f: RP R be dopined by Foy) — 2+? , fr Gord ER™ Find the dinechinal denivabive of f at the poink (11,3) in te dinecion of A= (1,2), wl”, Finst note that the diveshin vedey A is net unit (became All = VB), The unit ir ; s . unit veer in the same divechion is given by A. - Ge-#)- Now, icra | ag ae) ee alurays consider divechional | an ? sles 3) | dewivarive in the divechion | | | of an unit vector pe Re ee = 2% : ; Ba ee. 2 a Thuy, the wequined dinecKonal derivative is given bY Ms #) G3) = @ SR Sey’ laa? A ope = (-2,27): (#8) - - $455 Se .ian oi a We have seen thak tthe dinectinal derivahve of a funckion £ OF the point a in the direction of an unit veckr A is giver by | weDre +A (the dot product of (Df)(@) and A). Henee. lepel ~ fom al < Jose PAL = fore (tats) “ONO < Lore The equality held (0m the mopimel value of (BNE) is obtained ee (OS)E) om A hove the same dintthin. in tueh a cane, Wo jdinchional dorsivetive i equal to the neve of torent = ff GE. HN