Compound word: When two or more words combine to form a new word,

the new word is called compound word.

Sun + Flower = Sunflower
Pan + Cake = Pancake
Bus + driver = Bus driver
Brother-in-law
Countable nouns: Those things which we can count.
For example:

Pens
How many ________ are there?
There are 200 kilometers distance from Helmand to Kandahar

Uncountable nouns: Those things which we cannot count.

For example: Air, Water, Milk, Rice, Salt, Sugar, Coldness, Hotness, Yogurt,
Blood, Hair, Soil, Rain, Oil, Sand

How much________ is there?

There are ___________.

Tea Team
Glue Ampoule
Light Group
Boredom Country
Height District
Width Town
Happiness Camel
Prepositions (place): Those words which show the
relationship between words.
For example: In, On, Under, Over, Beside, at, in
front.

There is rice in the plate.

There are 16 students in the class.
The students are below the ceiling.
The ceiling is above the students.
The cooler is in front of the board.
Palwasha is beside Rozia.
The blanket is over the patient.

There is/was/will be a book in the shelf.

There are/were/will be books in the shelf.
There is a phone on my table.
There was a phone on my table.
There will be a phone on my table.
There are phones on my table.
There were phones on my table.
There will be phones on my table.
Kind of sentences: 5
1. Declarative: Information, Statement, declaration

2. Imperative: Order, Request, Advice

3. Interrogative Question

4. Exclamatory Feelings

5. Optative Wish, Curse

Adjective: Those words which

show the quality of something or
someone.

For example: Big, Small, Fat, Thin, Young, Old,

Cold, Hot, Nice, Beautiful, Hideous, Red, Blue,
Black, White, Lazy, Active. Fast
To have verbs: These words show
possession or ownership.
I have a book.
They had a car.
We have to be verbs for all tenses.
Past: Had
I had a pen
We had books
You had chairs
They had a team
He had a car
She had a doll
It had a remote
Ahmad had a business
People had a leader
Present: Have/Has
(Have=I, We, You, They P.N)
(Has=He, She, It S.N)
I have a Mercedes
We have a truck
You have a bicycle
They have an aero plane
Taliban have a government
He has Apple
She has a house
It has air pods
Naveed has a phone

Future: Will have/shall have

(Will have=All)
(Shall have= I, We)
I will have a job
We will have good education
You will have knowledge
They will have class
He will have a garden
She will have a farm
It will have a lock
Ahmad will have computer
Palestinians will have a good future

Action verbs: Those words which show

action.
For example: Go, Come, Open, Pray, Speak, Write,
Listen, Wear, Clean, Wet, Close
Carry, Move, Fly, Catch, Run, Type, Cut, Yawn, Lie,
Sleep, Dream.
He wakes up at 6 and gets up at 6:30

Phrasal Verbs: More than one words

which show an action.
For example: Wake up, Get up, Pick up, Take off, Put
on, Stand up, Speak up, Try on, Take care, Put down,
Put up, Zonk out.

Parts of speech: The classification of words

based on their function
There are nine parts of speech
 1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adjective
5. Preposition
6. Conjunction
7. Interjection
8. Article
9. Adverb

Noun: A name used for a person,

place or thing.
For example: Zakir, Japan, Jabal al
Tariq.
I cut a cake
Khalid goes to Kandahar
Bismillah writes Bismillah.
She wears coat.
I thank him.
We offer prayer there.
They play Chess.
I play football.
I talk to him.
I like it.
They play cricket with them

Pronoun: It is a word used in place of a

noun for ease.
I
We
You
This
That
They
She
He
It

Verb: Verbs are words which show

action, state, time, possession and more.
Examples:
Action: Go, Eat, Sit, Stand, Drink
State: Is, was, were, are, will be
Time: is, was, will, were
Possession: Have, Has, will have

Adjective: Adjective is a word which

describes a noun or pronoun.
Examples
Ahmad was happy.
She is angry.
Tall tree was cut.
That is an expensive phone

Preposition: Preposition are words which

show the relationship between words.

Kamran is in the class.

We are under the ceiling
They go to Kandahar
He wakes up at 6:00
He is worried about exams
Of
Beside
Behind
At
For
About
Over
Below
Across from
I work in Kandahar
They work for the company

Conjunction: Conjunctions are words

which join words or sentences.
Examples:
Because After
And When
But Although
If Despite

He will pass if he works hard.

He is a doctor and Ahmad is a doctor too.
Would you like green tea or black tea?
Pen and bag are at home
He was happy but he is tired now
Ahmad is a doctor because he tried
Interjection: Those words which expresses
strong feelings.
Wow!
Uff!
Ouch!

Article: Articles are words which

determine nouns.
A, An and The
A start consonants = a pen
An start vowel = An Orange
A/An: One Common
The : specific
Adverb: Adverbs are words which
describe a verb, Adjective or another
adverb.
Examples:
Slowly Fast
Carefully Tomorrow
Frequently There
Here Very
Too

They are going fast.

He is very tall.
He is less fat.
They are driving extremely slowly.
We are going to school
Ahmad writes fast.
He and Kamran are in Kabul.
This car is very slow.
Wow! The building is very big.
I use a good pen.
Khalid is sitting under the ceiling.
They are watching a cricket match.
Be going to: It is used for pre-
planned future action

She will to speak Spanish

She is will to speak Spanish
Will she speak Spanish?
Won’t she speak Spanish?
Why will he speak Spanish?
Why won’t he speak Spanish?

Day 1
Week 7
Month 30
Year 365
Decade 3650
Century 36500
Millennium 365000

I am a doctor.
Ahmad has pens.
Qasim talks to him.
She cooks food.
They are driving a car.
Taliban are making our country.
Cyprus is a beautiful country.

Verbs have 4 forms

1 Base form/first form
2 Past from/second form
3 Past participle/third form
4 Present participle/fourth form/ing

1 Pres sim/Past sim/future sim

2 Past sim (only in positive or some
interrogative sentenes?
3 Pa Per/Pre per/Futu per
4 In all continuous tenses
1 2 3 4(1+ing)
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking
Think Thought Thought Thinking
Cut Cut Cut Cutting
Hit Hit Hit Hitting
Come Came Come Coming

Close Closed Closed Closing

Eat Ate Eaten Eating
See Saw Seen Seeing
Open Opened Opened Opening
Write Wrote Written Writing
Miss Missed Missed Missing
Cross Crossed Crossed Crossing
Offer Offered Offered Offering
Turn Turned Turned Turning

Play Played Played Playing

Close Closed Closed Closing
Open Opened Opened Opening
Cook Cooked Cooked Cooking

Regular verbs: Those verbs which end in

“ed” in second and third form.

Irregular verbs: Those verbs which

don’t end in “ed” in their second and third
form.

I cut a cake yesterday.

I cut a cake on every Friday.
Tense
Simple/Repeated
Continuous
Perfect

Cardinal Numbers: Those numbers which we

use to count something.
Seventeen 17 pens
Thirty 30 Students

Preposition: Preposition is a word

which shows the relationship between
words.
For example: In, On, Under, Over, Above,
of, infront of……………..

His pen is in the bag.

 The pen is on the table.
My brother is in Sharja
The fan is above the students.
I am knocking on the door.
I go to Kandahar
I fly from Takhar to Helmand.
He travels in the US.
I eat rice in 2019
Who do you work for?

In Week, Month, Year, Morning, Evening

At Fix time 3:48 8:00 o clock
On Days

Conjuction: Conjunction is a word

which joins words or sentences.
For example: But, If, When, and, or, even if,
because, after
I study a lot but I fail in exam.
I am a teacher and you are
students
Would you like tea or coffee?
I have pens and markers.

Time:
1: Easy method
Hour + minutes (number)
What time is it?
The time is……….
01:30
02:25
3:10
1:11
8:88
9:15
12:12
3:35
4:45
5:55
6:65
09:05
7:45
5:40
8:38
10:20
12:00 o clock
Am: ante meridian 12:00 night – 11:59
Pm: post meridian 12:00 Noon – 11:59

2: Difficult method
Minutes + Hours
Past: bala 1-30
To: kam 31-59
15: Quarter: Pao
30: Half: Nim

04:20
3:40
1:30
6:05
7:08
8:53
9:55
10: 50
11:35
08: 15
2:45
1: 29
2: 03
8:09
9:42
6: 17
9:59
1:58
1:20 3:33 1:11
3:56 4:44 2:22
6:41 1:55 5:51
4:37 3:22 8:38
1:01 9:09 11:11
12:59 7:00 12:12

Wow! This fire work is so big.

Uff! Tomorrow I have to go to
school
Great! Sunday is off.
Maasha’Allah! The weather is
nice.
Really! Is the border closed?
Exclamation mark

Article:
Article is a word which
determines a noun.
A 1 common consonant sound

An 1 common Vowel sound

The particular

A pen
An apple
The pen was expensive
A teacher is coming
The water was salty
Particular names
Wazhma
Japan

Wow! That building is very big.

We live in Lashkergah.
We are students and you are a
teacher.
Karachi is very hot.
Vestock is extremely cold.
She is cooking food in the
kitchen.
I am a teacher.
Ahmad’s father lives in
Baluchistan.
They are cricketers.

Close-ended questions:
Those questions which we can
answer with yes or No.
Are you a nurse?
Is this your car?
Do you have keys?

Open-ended questions:
Those questions which we
cannot answer with Yes or Not
WH-interrogative
WH-words
Who Who are you?
Whose Whose book is this?
Why Why are you a teacher?
Which Which player is he?
When When do you sleep?
Whom Whom do you speak to?
Where Where do you work?
What What is you job?
How How is your health?
Adverb: Adverb is a word which
describes a verb, an adjective or
another adverb.
I speak English slowly.
You are slightly happy.
I drive too fast.
Auxiliary verb:
It is a word which shows time,
tense and more of a sentence.

It helps us in forming the

negative and interrogative forms
of a sentence
I go to school
I do not go to school
Do I go to school?
Did you go to school?
She was writing her homework

Quantifiers: Those words which

tells us the quantity of something
or someone.

A few countable (There are a few apples)

Few countable (There are few apple)
A little uncountable (There is a little water)
Little uncountable (There is little water)
Some countable/uncountable (positive)
There are some apples
There is some tea.
Any countable/uncountable (Negative)
There are not any apples.
There is not any tea.
Any countable/uncountable (interrogative)
Are there any apples?
Is there any tea?

Contractions:
When words are combined and shortened, it
is called contraction.
Positive
They are = They‘re
We are = We’re
You are = You’re
I am = I’m
He is = He’s
She is = She’s
It is = It’s
Future = ‘ll be
They will be = They’ll be
He will be = He’ll
Present
Negative
I am not = I’m not
We are not = We’re not = We aren’t
You are not = You’re not = You aren’t
They are not = They’re not = They aren’t
He is not = He’s not = He isn’t
She is not = She’s not = She isn’t
It is not = It’s not = It isn’t

Past
Negative
I was not = I wasn’t
We were not = We weren’t
You were not = We weren’t
They were not = They weren’t
He was not = He wasn’t
She was not = She wasn’t
It was not = It wasn’t
Future:
Negative
I will not be = I’ll not be = I won’t be
We will not be = We’ll not be = We won’t be
You will not be = You’ll not be = You won’t be
They will not be = They’ll not be = They won’t be
He will not be = He’ll not be = He won’t be
She will not be = She’ll not be = She won’t be
It will not be = It’ll not be = It won’t be

Parts of a sentence
There are 2 parts in a sentence
1. Subject
2. Predicate
1. Subject: The part of a sentence which we
talk about in a sentence.
Subject: The noun or pronoun which we talk
about in a sentence.
Ahmad buys a company.
She sells her phone.
2. Predicate: The part of a sentence which
talks about the subject.
Object: The receiver of an action is called
object (Noun/Pronoun).
I have a pen.(Complement)
We were in the restaurant.
I smile.
I run.
We eat fish.
I clean the room.
I am a student.
We open the gate.
She cooks food.
I eat a cake.
I sleep.
I drink water

We drink water.
I work in a hospital.
My phone’s charger is very new.
My uncle lives in Australia.
Nurse works in a clinic.
Ahmad is a doctor.
His brother writes homework.
The phone’s case is black.
I like spring season.
They play cricket.
People are very happy.
This car is fast.
Summer is very hot in Nimroz.
Our class is big.
This shop is closed.
Your marker is on the table.
He is a taxi driver.
I am a teacher.
They are students.
Kamran is in Kandahar.
English is international language.
Afghanistan is in the heart of Asia.
Q: What is your name?
A: My name is Abu Khalid.
Q: What is your father’s name?
A: My father’s name is abu abu Khalid.
Q: Where are you from?
A: I am from Saudi Arabia.
Q: What is your job?
A: I am a father.
Q: Where do you live?
A: I live in Safian.
Q: How old are you?
A: I am 35 years old.
Q: What is your religion?
A: I am a
Muslim/Christian/Jew/Hindu/Buddhist.
Q: What is your qualification?
A: I am a post graduate.
Q: What is your favorite color?
A: My favorite color is blue.
Yellow Black
Brown White
Blue Orange
Green Purple
Pink Grey
Sky blue Violet
Silver Gold
Red
Auxiliary verb: Those verbs which expresses
time, tense, modality, helps us to make
negative and interrogative sentences and
more.
I was writing homework.
I was not writing homework.
Was I writing homework?
We are washing the clothes.
She goes to school.
She does not go to school.
Does she go to school?

Main verb: The verb which shows an action or

state in a sentence.
She is my sister.
She talks to my sister.
She will be working in the hospital.
Wow.
Uff
Akh
Alawai! This cable hurts.

Sub + verb + noun

We are Muslims.
Sub + verb + Object
I drink water.
Sub + verb + adjective
She is keen.
Sub + verb + adverb
I walk happily
We write beautifully
They speak loudly.

Positive
He is a doctor.
Negative
He is not a doctor
Interrogative
Is he a doctor?
Negative Interrogative
Is not he a doctor?
WH-Interrogative
 Why is he a doctor?
WH-Negative Interrogative
Why is not he a doctor?
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Sub + aux. v + verb + Obj/comp Positive

I am speaking English.
I was an engineer.
Sub + aux. v + not + verb + obj/comp Negative
I am not speaking English.
Aux. v + Sub + verb + Obj/comp + ? Interrogative
Am I speaking English ?
Aux. v + Sub + verb + Obj/comp + ? Interrogative
Aux. v + Sub + verb + Obj/comp + ? Interrogative
Aux. v + Sub + verb + Obj/comp + ? Interrogative
Synonym: Those words which have different
spelling but similar meaning.
Big/Large Dark/Dim Small/Tiny

Antonym: Those words which have opposite

meaning.
Day Night Hot Cold Big Small

Homonyms: Those words which have similar

spelling or have similar pronunciation but
different meaning.
Light Light Break Break Bear Bear
bear bear
Homophones: Those words which have
similar sounds but different spelling.
Week
Weak
Right
Write
Waste
Waist
Homograph: Those words which have similar
spelling but different sounds.
Live
Live
Lead
Lead
Close
Close

Adverbs of Manner: Those adverbs which

show the manner of an action.
Those adverbs which show how an action
takes place.

Slowly Quickly
Fast Gradually
Carefully Eventually
Carelessly Voluntarily
Honestly Sincerely
Adverbs of time: Those adverbs which show
the time of an action or state.
Those adverbs which show when something
happens.
Today Now
Tomorrow Then
Yesterday Later
Over morrow Before
Whenever Soon
Since For
Till
Adverb of degree: Those adverbs which show
the intensity of adjective or an adverb.
For examples:
Little
Slightly Kindergarten/Nursery
A little
Somewhat
Moderately
Quite
Very
Too
Extremely

Modal auxiliary verbs: Those auxiliary verbs

which show order, possibility, ability, request,
suggestion, permission and more.

Can You can leave.

May It may rain today.
Should
Must
Will
Could
Will
Will you write my homework?
We will conquer Palestine
We will go to Jannah.
We will not go to Jahannam.
I will go to Makkah.
She will go to center.
He will write homework.
I will learn English.
She will work in Hospital’s farm
I will drink water
I will eat food.
I will live in Madina
I will cook food.
I will meet with my friend.
I will be a dressmaker.
He will go to Masjid.
Be (is/are/am) Going to

Sub + Be + going to + verb1 + Obj.

I am going to go to Cyprus.
Argentina going to play France.
He is going to iron clothes.
I going to wash clothes
I am going to write homework
They are going to wash cups
She is going to clean the room
He is going to drive a car.
She is going to close the door.
He is going to walk in the beach.
She is going to wash carpets.
She is going to eat food.
She is going to clean the whiteboard,
He is going to make the bicycle
I = am
He/She/It/1 name = Is
We/You/They/2 names = are

They speak English.

I study Lesson.
This is green.
That is away.
You are a student
Our brother is a driver in Kandahar
She washes the plate
He works in a shop

Tense: Tense is derived from a Latin word “Tempus”

Which means time, age or period.

Tense defines the time of a verb.

Past
Past simple tense
Past continuous tense
Past perfect tense
Past perfect continuous

Present
Present simple
Present continuous
Present prefect
Present perfect continuous

Future
Future simple
Future continuous
Future perfect
Future perfect continuous

4
Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect continuous