Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology

Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar, 751024

School of Civil Engineering

M. Tech Programme
Specialization: Geotechnical Engineering

Subject Code : Computational Lab CE 6497

Lab report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree

Submitted by

AMOUGOU Christian Cedric

Roll No : 2243005

Under the supervision of : Dr. Satyajeet Nanda

Professor, School of Civil Engineering

Academic Year 2022 – 2023

CONTENTS

I. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE ................................................................................................ 1

I.1 Aim of the experiment .................................................................................................................................. 1

I.1.1 Theory ........................................................................................................................................................ 1

I.1.2 Procedure ................................................................................................................................................... 1

I.1.3 Excel calculation ........................................................................................................................................ 2

I.1.4 Conclusion Soil Sample-1 ......................................................................................................................... 3

I.1.5 Conclusion Soil Sample-2 ......................................................................................................................... 4

I.1.6 Conclusion Soil Sample-3 ......................................................................................................................... 5

II. SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 5

II.1 Aim of the experiment: ............................................................................................................................... 5

II.1.2 Theory ....................................................................................................................................................... 5

II.1.3 Analysis ..................................................................................................................................................... 5

II.1.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 6

III. BEARING CAPACITY TEST ...................................................................................................................... 6

III.1 Aim of the experiment............................................................................................................................... 6

III.2 Theory ........................................................................................................................................................ 6

III.3 Procedure ................................................................................................................................................... 6

III.4 Excel calculation ........................................................................................................................................ 7

III.4 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 7

IV. FINED ELEMENT ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 8

IV.1 Create a new project ................................................................................................................................. 8

IV.2 Define the soil stratigraphy ....................................................................................................................... 8

IV.3 Create and assign material data sets ........................................................................................................ 8

IV.4 Define the footing....................................................................................................................................... 8

IV.5 Generate the mesh ..................................................................................................................................... 9

IV.6 Define and perform the calculation ....................................................................................................... 10

IV.6.1 Footing ................................................................................................................................................... 10

IV.6.2 Execute the calculation ......................................................................................................................... 10

REFERENCE ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
I. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE
I.1 Aim of the experiment
To determine the Grain Size Distribution of Soil sample by dry sieving in Excel.
I.1.1 Theory
In order to classify a soil for engineering purposes, one needs to know the distribution of
grains size is gaven soil mass. Sieve analysis is a method used to determine the grain size
distribution of soils. Soils having particles larger than 0.075mm size are termed as coarse-
grained soil. In these solid more than 50% of the total mass is larger than 75 microns. Coarse
grained soils may consist of boulder, cobble, gravel and sand. We can plot the distribution of
soil particles sizes as percentage of soil finer particle size and obtain following quantities to
help us classify the soil. The formula and table below give values the gradation characteristics
of soil about grains size.
𝐷
➢ Coefficient of uniformity (Cu) = 𝐷60 (1)
10
2
𝐷30
➢ Coefficient of curvature (Cc) = 𝐷 (2)
60 ∗𝐷10
where, D30 is particle size for which 30% of soil is finer
D60 is particle size for which 60% of soil is finer
D10 is particle size for which 10% of soil is finer

Table 1 : Gradation characteristics of soil

SOIL TYPE SOIL GRADATION CU CC
Gravel Well Graded >4 1<Cc<3
Gravel Poorly Graded Not meeting the above requirement
Sand Well Graded >6 1<Cc<3
Sand Poorly Graded Not meeting the above requirement

Source : The codal provisions given in IS 2720-1985 (Part-IV) followed to conduct the sieve
analysis in laboratory
I.1.2 Procedure
1) Sieve sets are already ready in which the soil sample is passed
2) Retain soil mass is already given in the table
% 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
3) Percentage of sieve is calculated as : 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (3)

4) The cumulative percentage retained is calculated

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 5) Finally, percentage finer is calculated (=100-% retained)
I.1.3 Excel calculation
For this calculation with Excel, we are used three samples of soil, those calculs are done
follow.
Table 2 : Excel calculation of sample 1
Sieve Size in Retain mass Percentage Cumulative% % Finer
mm of Soil in gm Wt.Retained Sample Retained
4,75 99 55 55 45
2,36 49,5 27,5 82,5 17,5
1,18 18,17 10,09444444 92,59444444 7,4056
0,6 5,52 3,066666667 95,66111111 4,3389
0,425 2,5 1,388888889 97,05 2,95
0,3 2,11 1,172222222 98,22222222 1,7778
0,15 2,6 1,444444444 99,66666667 0,3333
0,075 0,4 0,222222222 99,88888889 0,1111
0,002 0,2 0,111111111 100 0
Total =180

Source : Own work

Soil Sample-1
100
Percentage finer by weight

90
80
70
60 𝐷60
50
40
Série2
30 𝐷30

20
10 𝐷10

0
1.7 3.4
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10
Particle size , mm

Figure 1: Curve of soil sample 1 (Own work)

D10 = 1,7 Cu = 0
D30 = 3.4 With Cc = 0
D60 = 0

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I.1.4 Conclusion Soil Sample-1
From the experiment we got Cu =0 and Cc =0 hence the soil sample can be classified as
poorly graded sand.

Table 2 : Excel calculation of sample 2

Sieve Size in Retain mass Percentage Cumulative% % Finer
mm of Soil in gm Wt.Retained Sample Retained
4,75 45 22,5 11,25 88,75
2,36 39,73 19,865 31,115 68,885
1,18 44,65 22,325 53,44 46,56
0,6 13 6,5 59,94 40,06
0,425 9,88 4,94 64,88 35,12
0,3 12 6 70,88 29,12
0,15 29,14 14,57 85,45 14,55
0,075 5,5 2,75 88,2 11,8
0,002 1 0,5 88,7 11,3
Total 200

Source : Own work

Soil Sample-2
100
90
Percentage finer by weight

80
70
60 𝐷60

50
40 Série1
30 𝐷30

20
10 𝐷10
0
0.32 1.09
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10
Particle size , mm

Figure 2: Curve of soil sample 2 (Own work)

D10 = 0 Cu = 0
D30 = 0.32 With Cc = 0
D60 = 1.09

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I.1.5 Conclusion Soil Sample-2
From the experiment we got Cu =0 and Cc =0 hence the soil sample can be classified as
poorly graded sand.

Table 3 : Excel calculation of sample 3

Sieve Size in Retain mass Percentage Cumulative % Finer
mm of Soil in gm Wt.Retained % Retained
Sample
4,75 0 0 0 100
2,36 16,1 3,22 3,22 96,78
1,18 12,48 2,496 5,716 94,284
0,6 15,28 3,056 8,772 91,228
0,425 13,72 2,744 11,516 88,484
0,3 24,16 4,832 16,348 83,652
0,15 81,16 16,232 32,58 67,42
0,075 38,8 7,76 40,34 59,66
0,002 298,3 59,66 100 0
Total 500

Source : Own work

Soil Sample-3
100
Percentage finer by weight

90
80
70
60 𝐷60
50
40 Série1
30 𝐷30
20
10 𝐷10
0
0.0018 0.012 0.078
0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10
Particle size , mm

Figure 3: Curve of soil sample 3 (Own work)

D10 = 0.0018 Cu = 43.33
D30 = 0.012 With Cc = 1.025
D60 = 0.078

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I.1.6 Conclusion Soil Sample-3
From the experiment we got Cu =43.3 and Cc =1,025 hence the soil sample can be
classified as Well Graded sand.

II. SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS

II.1 Aim of the experiment:

To determine the slope stability of the soil strata using Bishop’s Method of slices in
HYRCAN Software.
II.1.2 Theory

The stability of a slope is very importance in Geotechnical Engineering applications. A

slope movement can lead to severe issues including infrastructure damage or/and casualties.
The stability of the slopes depends on several parameters like soil characteristics, strength and
stiffness parameters, loading and environmental conditions like intensity and duration of the
rainfall, and other factors like vegetation on the slope. Potential stability or instability is
determined in terms of Factor of Safety by slope stability analysis. The method used for
calculating the Factor of Safety (FOS) is Bishop’s method of slices. The factor of safety
against global failure (FSG) is expressed as the ratio of the resisting and driving forces, which
act tangent to the potential failure plane:

𝜮 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔
FSG= 𝜮 𝑫𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 (4)

Bishop’s slip circle involves dividing a free body into several vertical slices and assumes
that the inter-slice shear forces are zero, which in turn makes the forces acting on the base of
each slice become determinate.
II.1.3 Analysis

c= 10 kPa, ɣ=17 KN/m3, ϕ=10° Layer 1

c= 15 kPa, ɣ=18KN/m3, ϕ=12°

Layer 2

c= 55 kPa, ɣ=119 KN/m3, ϕ=13° Layer 3

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 a b

Figure 3: Slip circle with the slices and FoS (a), slip circle showing the failure surfaces (b)

II.1.4 Conclusion
The design of our soil layer showing that, we could made for that case, thus the area of
stability would be to area color in our slip with used for the safety factor calculation which is
1.013

III. BEARING CAPACITY TEST

III.1 Aim of the experiment
To determine the bearing capacity of the given soil sample in excel sheet.
III.2 Theory
Bearing capacity is the maximum stress or pressure that a footing can sustain without
failure of the soil or rock that is supporting the footing. Bearing capacity is a function of the
shear strength of the soil material or rock mass, but it also depends on the size and shape of
the footing, the thickness of soil or rock adjacent to above the base of the footing. Where
there is insufficient bearing capacity, the ground can be improved or alternatively the load can
be spread over a larger area such that the applied stress to the soil is reduced to an acceptable
value less than the bearing capacity.

III.3 Procedure
With the given  find Nc, Nq and N and calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of the
given sample.
qult = cNc + qNq+0.5γBNγ (For General Shear failure) (5)
q ult = Ultimate Bearing Capacity
c = Cohesion: 30 kPa

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ɣ = Density of soil: 19 KN/m2
q = Overburden stress at the base of footing: 30 kPa
B = Width of footing: 2 m
III.4 Excel calculation

Table 4 : Excel calculation of ultimate bearing capacity

Nc Nq Nɣ CNc qNq 0,5ɣBNɣ qult (kN/m2) ø

5,14 1 0 154,2 30 0 184,2 0
6,19 1,37 0,45 185,7 41,1 8,55 235,35 5
8,35 2,47 1,22 250,5 74,1 23,18 347,78 10
10,98 3,94 2,65 329,4 118,2 50,35 497,95 15
14,83 6,4 5,39 444,9 192 102,41 739,31 20
20,72 10,66 10,88 621,6 319,8 206,72 1148,12 25
30,14 18,4 22,4 904,2 552 425,6 1881,8 30
46,12 33,3 48,03 1383,6 999 912,57 3295,17 35
75,31 64,2 109,41 2259,3 1926 2078,79 6264,09 40
138,88 134,88 271,76 4166,4 4046,4 5163,44 13376,24 45
266,89 319,07 762,89 8006,7 9572,1 14494,91 32073,71 50

Source : Own work

qult(kN/m2) for ø
40000

30000
qult(kN/m2)

20000

10000

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

ø Série1

Figure 5: Curve of ultimate bearing capacity (Own work)

III.4 Conclusion
This curve of ultimate bearing capacity increases the exponential of way about qult and ø

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IV. FINED ELEMENT ANALYSIS

PLAXIS 2D is a finite element package that has been developed specifically for the
analysis of deformation, stability and flow in geotechnical engineering projects.
IV.1 Create a new project
✓ Start PLAXIS 2D by double clicking the icon of the Input program,
✓ Click Start a new project and, enter Title box and type Settlement of a circular
footing in the Comments box,
✓ Click the Next button at the bottom or click the Model tab,
✓ The Model properties are shown: Model (axisymmetry) and contour group set the
model dimensions to xmin = 0, xmax = 5, ymin = 0 and ymax = 4,
✓ Keep the default units in the Constants tabsheet and Click the OK to confirm the
settings.
IV.2 Define the soil stratigraphy

✓ Click the Create borehole button,

✓ Click at x = 0 in the drawing area to locate the borehole,
✓ Add a soil layer by clicking the Add button in the Modify soil layers window,
✓ Set the top boundary of the soil layer at y = 4 and keep the bottom boundary at y = 0
m,
✓ Set the Head to 2.0 m.

IV.3 Create and assign material data sets

✓ Open the Material sets window by clicking the Materials button in the Modify soil
layers,
✓ Click the New button at the lower side of the Material sets window,
✓ A new window will appear with these tabsheets: General inter (γunsat =17 kN/m3 and
γsat = 20 kN/m3), Parameters ( E' =13.00E3kN/m2, G= 500kN/m2, Eoed = 0.3 kN/m2,
C'ref= 1.00 kN/m2 and φ'=30°), Groundwater, Thermal, Interfaces and Initial,
✓ Click OK in the Material sets window to close the database and Click OK to close the
Modify soil layers window.

IV.4 Define the footing

✓ Click the Structures tab to proceed with the input of structural elements in the
Structures mode,

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 ✓ Click the Create prescribed displacement button in the side toolbar,
✓ Select the Create line displacement option in the expanded menu,
✓ Drawing area move the cursor to point (0 4) and click the left mouse, move along the
upper boundary of the soil to point (1 4) and click the left mouse button again. And Click
the right mouse button to stop drawing,
✓ In the Selection explorer set the x-component of the prescribed displacement
(Displacementx : to Fixed, Displacementy : rescribed , distribution : uniform, -0.05 m to
uy,start,ref), the geometry of the model is complete.

IV.5 Generate the mesh

✓ Proceed to the Mesh mode by clicking the corresponding tab,
✓ Click the Generate mesh button in the side toolbar and we have element distribution
(The Medium), then Click OK to start the mesh generation,
✓ Click the View mesh button then you have the result below and Click on the Close tab
to close the Output program and go back to the Mesh mode of the Input program.

Figure 6: Generated mesh in the Output window (Own work)

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IV.6 Define and perform the calculation
✓ Click the Staged construction tab to proceed with the definition of calculation phases,
✓ Click the Edit phase button or double click the phase in the Phases explorer and
click OK to close the Phases window,
✓ In the Model explorer expand the Model conditions subtree then Expand the
Deformations subtree take (BoundaryXMin and BoundaryXMax are normally fixed,
BoundaryYMin is fully fixed and BoundaryYMax is free),
✓ Expand the Water subtree (BoreholeWaterLevel_1).

Next, the calculation phase for the footing settlement is defined like following:
IV.6.1 Footing
✓ Click the Add phase button in the Phases explorer and Double click Phase_1 to open
the Phases window,
✓ Click OK to close the Phases window and click the Staged construction tab to enter
the corresponding mode,
✓ At right-click the prescribed displacement and have Activate in the drawing area.

IV.6.2 Execute the calculation

✓ Click the Calculate button to start the calculation process,
✓ Click the View calculation results button in the side toolbar,
✓ Select the menu Deformations > Total displacements > |uy|,
✓ Click the menu Stresses > Principal effective stresses > Effective principal stresses
and we have the result below.

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Figure 7: Deformations Uy (Own work)

Figure 8: Principal effective stresses (Own work)

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REFERENCE

✓ Arora K.R., (2008) Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (GEOTECHNICAL

INGINEERING), Seventh edition,
✓ PLAXIS 2D - Tutorial Manual (2021) Bentley Advancing infrastructure, Edition
V22.00.

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