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L05 Topic1C Multimedia Element Video

This document discusses key concepts of digital video including: 1) Video is a series of frames containing pictures and sound played at a certain frame rate measured in frames per second. 2) Common broadcast video standards include NTSC, PAL, SECAM, and HDTV which vary in lines, refresh rates, and aspect ratios. 3) Characteristics that define digital video include frame rate, frame size, color resolution, and audio settings. These factors impact the quality and file size of the video.

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RAYCHEAL VERONICA TONG
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57 views33 pages

L05 Topic1C Multimedia Element Video

This document discusses key concepts of digital video including: 1) Video is a series of frames containing pictures and sound played at a certain frame rate measured in frames per second. 2) Common broadcast video standards include NTSC, PAL, SECAM, and HDTV which vary in lines, refresh rates, and aspect ratios. 3) Characteristics that define digital video include frame rate, frame size, color resolution, and audio settings. These factors impact the quality and file size of the video.

Uploaded by

RAYCHEAL VERONICA TONG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PMF0101 MULTIMEDIA FUNDAMENTALS

TOPIC 1C
MULTIMEDIA ELEMENTS
LECTURE 5: TIME DEPENDENT | VIDEO
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
• Understand basic principles of analog & digital
video
• Able to consider factors to be considered when
creating digital video
DEFINITION VIDEO

Video is the technology of


electronically capturing, processing,
and transmitting a sequence of still
images representing scenes in motion
VIDEO CONCEPT
• Series of frames containing pictures & sound
played at a certain rate
• Measured by the number of frames played in one
second (fps) → FRAME RATES

https://www.mediacollege.com/video/frame-rate/
VIDEO CONCEPT
• Series of frames containing pictures & sound
played at a certain rate
• Measured by the number of frames played in one
second (fps)
• Places the highest performance demand on a
computer - the most expensive to produce
BROADCAST VIDEO STANDARDS
• Used to transmit video signal
• Common broadcast and video standards:
• NTSC (National Television Standards Committee)
• PAL (Phase Alternate Line)
• SECAM (Sequential Color with Memory)
• HDTV (High Definition Television)
NTSC
• Format used in United States & Japan
• Consists of 525 scan lines drawn on a screen every
1/30th second in one single frame
• It uses 30 fps
• Has 4:3 aspect ratios (640 x 480) for the viewing
area
NTSC
• Using technique - interlacing
• Consist of 2 passes (field)
• scan and drawn in even lines
• scan and drawn in odd lines
• Each pass is drawn every 1/60th of a second (60 Hz)

1/30 = 1/60 + 1/60


PAL
• Format used in United Kingdom, much of Europe
and Commonwealth countries (Malaysia)
• Consist of 625 lines drawn every 1/25th second
• It uses 25 fps and interlaced at 50 Hz
SECAM
• Format used in French, Russia and few other
countries
• It has 625 scan lines and interlace at 50 Hz
HDTV
• Consist of 1,125 scan lines drawn at 1/60th of a
second
• It is played at 60 fps
• Has 16:9 aspect ratios (920x1080 or 1280x720) for
the viewing area
NTSC PAL SECAM HDTV

ORIGINAL North and south Australia, most French, Russia,


LOCATION America, japan, of western eastern
Taiwan, etc Europe, Europe,etc.
commonwealth
countries, etc

SCAN LINES 525 625 625 1125

SCAN TYPE INTERLACED INTERLACED INTERLACED PROGRESSIVE

REFRESH 60 50 50 120 - 240


RATE (Hz)

FPS 30 25 25 60

SCREEN 4.:3, 16:9, etc.. 4.:3, 16:9, etc.. 4.:3, 16:9, etc.. 16:9. etc ..
RATIO
VIDEO CAPTURING
• Process of converting analog video to digital video
and saved into video files
• Requirements:
• Video capture card
• Hardware demanding process - fast CPU, high capacity
VIDEO PLAYBACK
• TV sets displays video through the process called
interlacing scan
• For computer monitor, it uses a process called
progressive scan (non-interlaced video)
• Computer display each frame one line at a time from top
to bottom
• The entire frame is displayed 30 times in one second
INTERLACED VS.
NON-INTERLACED

Progressive-scan video
describes a frame with
Interlaced video describes a one pass of sequential
frame with two passes of scan lines.
alternating scan lines
INTERLACED VS. NON-INTERLACED

images from http://easyhdtv.blogspot.com


CHARACTERISTICS OF VIDEO

Colour Audio
Frame Rate Frame Size
Resolution Setting
CHARACTERISTICS OF VIDEO
• Frame Rate
• Number of images displayed in specified amount
of time - frames per second (fps)
• The higher the frame rate the smoother is the
motion
CHARACTERISTICS OF VIDEO

https://ipvm.com/reports/frame-rate-surveillance-guide
CHARACTERISTICS OF VIDEO

Images from https://ipvm.com/reports/training-frame-rates-for-ip-cameras


CHARACTERISTICS OF VIDEO
Frame rates
• < 10 fps - continuous movement can be barely
seen
• 16 fps - silent movie effect (but looks choppy)
• 24 fps - standard use in cinema, most common
• 30 fps - live TV broadcast / Tv shows
• 60 fps - 4K videos, more detailed and realistic look,
game capture
• 120 fps - use for slow-motion video, capture video
game play (rapid movements)
• >120 fps - high-speed camera, seldom use
CHARACTERISTICS OF VIDEO
• Frame Size
• The height & the width of each individual frame
• Most common frame size
• 640 by 480
• 320 by 240
• 240 by 180
• 160 by 120
CHARACTERISTICS OF VIDEO
• Color Resolution
• Determines the number of colors displayed on the
screen at one time
• Color resolution range:
• 1 bit (2 colors)
• 8 bit (256 colors)
• 16 bit (65,535 colors)
• 24 bit (16.7 million colors)
CHARACTERISTICS OF VIDEO
• Audio Setting
• Refer to the audio characteristics:
• sampling rate
• sound resolution
• channel
FILE FORMAT FOR VIDEO
Microsoft AVI (.avi extension)
• Used for windows and non-windows system
• Codec: Cinepak, Indeo, RLE etc

Apple QuickTime (.mov extension)


• on Macintosh and Windows (QuickTime)
FILE FORMAT FOR VIDEO
MPEG (.mpg extension)
• common video file that uses a digital video format
standardized by the Moving Picture Experts Group
(MPEG)
• incorporate Mpeg-1, Mpeg-2 and video
compression.
MPEG Standard
MPEG Standards
• MPEG-1 : coding progressive video at 1.2 Mbps
(VCD)
• MPEG-2 : coding interlaced images at transmission
rates above 4 million bits per second
• MPEG-4 : compression methods for low-bandwidth
video and audio encoding
Explaining Digital Video: Formats, Codecs & Containers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4NXxY4maYc
Shooting Video
Equipments:
• camcorders, mobile devices, professional
equipments
Platform:
• avoid shaky camera work (use tripod /stable
platform), electronic image stabiliser / steady-cam
Use external microphone
Aspect ratio (4:3 / 16:9)

Images from https://www.movophoto.com/blogs/movo-photo-blog/how-to-use-lavalier-microphones-tips-tricks-and-more and


https://pixabay.com/photos/tv-camera-video-movie-cinema-3753021/
Chroma Keys
Color for background to become transparent
Cost effective

Image from https://img.movavi.com/online-help/videoeditor/9/images/drex_using_the_chroma_key_effect_custom.png


End of Lecture

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