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Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence by machines. Key developments include Alan Turing publishing a seminal paper on AI in 1950, and John McCarthy coining the term "artificial intelligence" in 1956. Modern examples include chatbots, speech recognition, and virtual assistants. AI has many applications and advantages, such as providing smart speakers, facial recognition, and medical diagnosis. However, AI also faces disadvantages like potential job losses and an inability to experience emotions.

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Q1: write a short note on artificial intelligence.

Ans: it is the study of intelligent machines which are capable of same kind of function which
are characterized by human thoughts.
Or
AI is the simulation of human intelligence processed by machines. It include language
processing, speech recognition, machine vision etc.

Discovery of AI: In 1950 English Mathematician Alan Turing published a paper entitled
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence” which opened the doors to the field that would be
called AI. This was years before the community adopted the term Artificial Intelligence as
coined by John McCarthy in 1956 at the Dartmouth conference, Massachusetts institute of
technology.

Example: the most recent discoveries were chat gpt, natural language generation, speech
recognition, virtual agents etc.
Subsets of AI: machine learning, deep learning
Uses of ai: financial institutions, scientists, psychologist, medical practitioner, design engineers,
planning authorities, and security services uses AI.
Advantages of ai:

 Provide smart speakers and digital assessment like chatgpt, lexa, sirri, google assistant
etc.
 It provide facial recognition to unlock your phone with recognizing face
 Deep learning revolutionized service like google translator.
 Doctors diagnose and assess diseases in patients through ai
 Digital tutor at home like chatgpt which can answer to any question.
Disadvantage of ai:

 Job losses
 High cost
 No original creativity
 Human errors: although ai can remove human error but it can still exist in it
 Contain no emotions: a chatgpt learning students can get answers but he or she would
be unable to get emotional support
 Ai is the main cause that make the human lazy.
Q: write short note on fiber optics.
Answer:
FIBER OPTICS: the use of thin flexible fibers of glass or other transparent solids to transmit light
signals, chiefly for telecommunications or for internal inspection of the body.

Basic structure of fiber optics: it is consists of 4 layers

1. Core made up of glass

2. Cladding made up glass or plastic it’s a
reflective layers
3. Coating cover for protective purpose
4. Jacket to bundle all fibers in one cable
Types of fiber optics:

1. Single mode: designed to carry single signal at a time.

2. Multi-mode: designed to carry more than one signal at a time.

Working of optical fiber:

In optical fiber transmitter turns the information into light and send it to the core the light
beam travels down the core of the cable. The core is the middle of the cable and the glass
structure. The cladding is another layer of glass wrapped around the core. Cladding is there to
keep the light signals inside the core. At the end of the optical fiber receiver receives the signal
and converts the light beam back into the information signal.

Uses of optical fiber:

 Telecommunication : used for the purpose of transmitting and receiving messages

 Medical industry: they are used for medical purpose specially when there is need to
see inside human body these thin wires are sent inside in an empty area.
 Used for lightening purpose specially in lasers
 Used as hydrophones for SONAR and seismic waves.