Expected Return: Formula, How It Works, Limitations,

Example

What Is Expected Return?

The expected return is the profit or loss that an investor anticipates on an investment that
has known historical rates of return (RoR). It is calculated by multiplying potential
outcomes by the chances of them occurring and then totaling these results.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

• The expected return is the amount of profit or loss an investor can anticipate
receiving on an investment.
• An expected return is calculated by multiplying potential outcomes by the odds of
them occurring and then totaling these results.
• Expected returns cannot be guaranteed.
• The expected return for a portfolio containing multiple investments is the weighted
average of the expected return of each of the investments.

Expected Return

Understanding Expected Return

Expected return calculations are a key piece of both business operations and financial
theory, including in the well-known models of the modern portfolio theory (MPT) or
the Black-Scholes options pricing model. For example, if an investment has a 50% chance
of gaining 20% and a 50% chance of losing 10%, the expected return would be 5% = (50%
x 20% + 50% x -10% = 5%).

The expected return is a tool used to determine whether an investment has a positive or
negative average net outcome. The sum is calculated as the expected value (EV) of an
investment given its potential returns in different scenarios, as illustrated by the following
formula:
Expected Return = Σ (Returni x Probabilityi)

where "i" indicates each known return and its respective probability in the series

The expected return is usually based on historical data and is therefore not guaranteed into
the future; however, it does often set reasonable expectations. Therefore, the expected
return figure can be thought of as a long-term weighted average of historical returns.

In the formulation above, for instance, the 5% expected return may never be realized in
the future, as the investment is inherently subject to systematic and unsystematic risks.
Systematic risk is the danger to a market sector or the entire market, whereas unsystematic
risk applies to a specific company or industry.

Calculating Expected Return

When considering individual investments or portfolios, a more formal equation for the
expected return of a financial investment is:

Expected return = risk free premium + Beta (expected market return - risk free
premium). Investopedia
where:

• ra = expected return;
• rf = the risk-free rate of return;
• β = the investment's beta; and
• rm =the expected market return

In essence, this formula states that the expected return in excess of the risk-free rate of
return depends on the investment's beta, or relative volatility compared to the broader
market.

The expected return and standard deviation are two statistical measures that can be used
to analyze a portfolio. The expected return of a portfolio is the anticipated amount of
returns that a portfolio may generate, making it the mean (average) of the portfolio's
possible return distribution. The standard deviation of a portfolio, on the other hand,
measures the amount that the returns deviate from its mean, making it a proxy for the
portfolio's risk.

The expected return is not absolute, as it is a projection and not a realized return.

Limitations of the Expected Return

To make investment decisions solely on expected return calculations can be quite naïve
and dangerous. Before making any investment decisions, one should always review the
risk characteristics of investment opportunities to determine if the investments align with
their portfolio goals.

For example, assume two hypothetical investments exist. Their annual performance results
for the last five years are:

• Investment A: 12%, 2%, 25%, -9%, and 10%

• Investment B: 7%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 6%

Both of these investments have expected returns of exactly 8%. However, when analyzing
the risk of each, as defined by the standard deviation, investment A is approximately five
times riskier than investment B. That is, investment A has a standard deviation of 11.26%
and investment B has a standard deviation of 2.28%. Standard deviation is a common
statistical metric used by analysts to measure an investment's historical volatility, or risk.

In addition to expected returns, investors should also consider the likelihood of that return.
After all, one can find instances where certain lotteries offer a positive expected
return, despite the very low chances of realizing that return.

Pros
• Gauges the performance of an asset
• Weighs different scenarios

Cons
• Doesn't take risk into account
 • Based largely on historic data

Expected Return Example

The expected return does not just apply to a single security or asset. It can also be
expanded to analyze a portfolio containing many investments. If the expected return for
each investment is known, the portfolio's overall expected return is a weighted average of
the expected returns of its components.

For example, let's assume we have an investor interested in the tech sector. Their portfolio
contains the following stocks:

• Alphabet Inc., (GOOG): $500,000 invested and an expected return of 15%

• Apple Inc. (AAPL): $200,000 invested and an expected return of 6%
• Amazon.com Inc. (AMZN): $300,000 invested and an expected return of 9%

With a total portfolio value of $1 million the weights of Alphabet, Apple, and Amazon in
the portfolio are 50%, 20%, and 30%, respectively.

Thus, the expected return of the total portfolio is:

• (50% x 15%) + (20% x 6%) + (30% x 9%) = 11.4%

How Is Expected Return Used in Finance?

Expected return calculations are a key piece of both business operations and financial
theory, including in the well-known models of modern portfolio theory (MPT) or the
Black-Scholes options pricing model. It is a tool used to determine whether an investment
has a positive or negative average net outcome. The calculation is usually based on
historical data and therefore cannot be guaranteed for future results, however, it can set
reasonable expectations.

What Are Historical Returns?

Historical returns are the past performance of a security or index, such as the S&P 500.
Analysts review historical return data when trying to predict future returns or to estimate
how a security might react to a particular economic situation, such as a drop in consumer
spending. Historical returns can also be useful when estimating where future points of data
may fall in terms of standard deviations.

How Does Expected Return Differ From Standard Deviation?

Expected return and standard deviation are two statistical measures that can be used to
analyze a portfolio. The expected return of a portfolio is the anticipated amount of returns
that a portfolio may generate, making it the mean (average) of the portfolio's possible
return distribution. Standard deviation of a portfolio, on the other hand, measures the
amount that the returns deviate from its mean, making it a proxy for the portfolio's risk.

The Bottom Line

Expected return is an estimate of the average return that an investment or portfolio

investments should generate over a certain period of time. In general, riskier assets or
securities demand a higher expected return to compensate for the additional risk. Expected
return is not a guarantee, but rather a prediction based on historical data and other relevant
factors. It can be used by investors to compare different investment options and make
informed decisions about their portfolios, and is a key input for various financial models
such as modern portfolio theory (MPT) and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM).