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180 views11 pages6 T1 Carrier System
This document discusses the T1 carrier system. It describes how T1 uses time-division multiplexing (TDM) to transmit 24 channels of digitized voice data at 1.544 Mbps. Each channel is sampled at 8,000 samples/second and encoded with an 8-bit codeword. This results in frames of 193 bits (24 channels x 8 bits/sample + 1 framing bit) transmitted every 125 microseconds. Framing bits are used to synchronize the channels and detect errors. Signaling bits are also included to transmit dialing and phone line status information. Regenerative repeaters are used every 6,000 feet to reamplify and reshape the signal for long-distance transmission.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
180 views11 pages6 T1 Carrier System
This document discusses the T1 carrier system. It describes how T1 uses time-division multiplexing (TDM) to transmit 24 channels of digitized voice data at 1.544 Mbps. Each channel is sampled at 8,000 samples/second and encoded with an 8-bit codeword. This results in frames of 193 bits (24 channels x 8 bits/sample + 1 framing bit) transmitted every 125 microseconds. Framing bits are used to synchronize the channels and detect errors. Signaling bits are also included to transmit dialing and phone line status information. Regenerative repeaters are used every 6,000 feet to reamplify and reshape the signal for long-distance transmission.
Uploaded by
Mohamed ShabanaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
/ 11
Dr.
Ali Muqaibel
ver 3.2
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 1
Introduction
The T1 Carrier System
◦ Framing
◦ Signaling
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 2
24 Channels Coder (Quantize and Encode)
(TDM-PAM) 8 binary pulses (Binary Codeword).
Multiplexing is
not mechanical
Regenerative repeaters
/6000 feet
(1828.8m)
@ the receiver: decode binary pulses
into samples, demultiplex, LPF.
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 3
The 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒𝟒 𝑴𝒃𝒊𝒕/𝒔 of the T1 system is called Digital Signal Level 1 (DS1)….DS2,
DS3,DS4 also exist.
T1(N. America & Japan )
By CCITT a different system of 30 Channels PCM (𝟐. 𝟎𝟒𝟖 𝑴𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒔/𝒔) is used in Europe
and others
CCITT= Consultative Committee on
International Telephony and
Telegraphy (now ITU: International
Telecommunication Union )
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 4
Frame: A segment containing one code-word
(corresponding to one sample) from each of the 24
channels.
◦ # 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 24 × 8 = 192 + a framing bit (in order to
separate information bits correctly)=193 bits/frame
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 1
◦ 8000 => = 125 𝜇𝑠
𝑠 8000
𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝜇𝑠
◦ 193 ÷ 125 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟒𝟒 𝑴𝒃𝒊𝒕/𝒔
𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒
Framing bits: Chosen so that a sequence of framing bits, one at the beginning of each
frame, forms a special pattern that is unlikely to be formed in speech signal.
0.4 to 0.6𝑚𝑠 to detect synchronization loss, 50 𝑚𝑠 to reframe. Super Frame
100011011100
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 5
Signaling: bits corresponding to dialing pulses & telephone on-
hook/ off-hook.
What is the signaling
data rate?
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 6
Five television signals (video and audio) with a bandwidth of 4.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧 each,
are to be transmitted by binary PCM. The signals are sampled at 25% above
the Nyquist rate. Samples are quantized into 1024 levels. In every frame,
framing and synchronization requires an additional 4% extra bits. A PCM
encoder is used to convert these signals before they are time-multiplexed
into a single data stream.
a) Determine the sampling rate and the sampling interval for each channel.
b) At the quantizer, how many bits are used to represent each sample.
c) In every frame, how many bits are there?
d) Determine the data rate of the multiplexed signal.
e) Determine the minimum required bandwidth of baseband communication. (tobe
covered at the end of Chapter 6)
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 7
Several low-bit-rate singles can be multiplexed to form a one high-bit rate signal to be transmitted over a high-
frequency medium. We use TDM with overhead bits to identify the beginning of the frame.
In the majority of cases not all incoming channels are active all the time. Some of them are idle. We can accept more inputs assuming that with a
very low probability the system will be overloaded. Example (TDMA for satellite)
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 8
8
Example: a 1000𝑘𝑚 coaxial cable carrying 2 × 10 pulses per second.
8 𝑚
Assuming a nominal propagation speed 2× 10
𝑠
8
it takes 1000𝑘𝑚/2 ∗ 10 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝟏/𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄 of transit time.
8
2 × 10 pulses per second * 𝟏/𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄 =1 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 pulses will be in transit.
𝑜
If the cable temperature increased by 1 𝐹 the propagation velocity will
increase by 0.01%. The transit pulses will arrive sooner…. We need to control
the rate. it is a synchronous . empty slots need to be filled with dummy digits
(pulse stuffing) and we also need elastic store (justification buffer)
Another source of asynchronousness is imperfect clocking.
What is positive and negative pulse stuffing? Check it out!
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 9
DS=Digital Signal level
Signals with appropriate format need not be voice signals
Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 10
Dr. Ali Muqaibel 11
