THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2005 IPA

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar j Uvular Pharyngeal 1 Glottal

Plosive
P b t d t cl c J k g q G ?
;
Nasal m n] n n Ji q n j
j

Trill B r R [ j
Tap or Flap V r r ...........
L
Fricative
♦ p f V 6 5 s z J 3 § \ 9i x Y % K h ? h fi
| Lateral
j fricative 1 fe ! 1
j Approximant u j \ j
| Lateral
1 approximant 1 I X L
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS

Front C e n tr a l Back
Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives
9
O Bilabial 6 Bilabial Examples:
„J
| Dental cf D ental/alveolar T) Bilabial

| (Post)alveolar J- Palatal t D ental/alveolar

^ Palatoalveolar C j' V elar k Velar

|| A lveolar lateral Cj U vular S A lveolar fricative

OTHER SYMBOLS

AV V oiceless labial-velar fricative Q> Alveolo-palatai fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
W Voiced labial-velar approxim ant J V oiced alveolar lateral flap

q Voiced labial-palatal approxim ant fj Sim ultaneous J' and X SUPRASEGMENTALS

H V oiceless epiglotta! fricative

I Primary stress
c¥ Voiced epiglottal fricative
A ffricates and double articulations
, Secondary stress
can be represented by tw o symbols
jo in ed by a tie bar if necessary. .foona'tijsn
? Epiglottal plosive
I Long Cl
0
DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. I ] T Half-long CT
W W
Extra-short C
o
V oiceless no d0 b a
Breathy voiced Dental t d
| Minor (foot) group
V
V oiced s t C reaky voiced b a Apical t d || Major (intonation) group
..h A spirated th dh Linguolabial t d a Laminal U . Syllable break li.aekt
} M ore rounded 0
W
Labialized tw d w Nasalized e w Linking (absence o f a break)
L ess rounded 0 J Palatalized V d> n N asal release dn
V
A dvanced
Y Ve lari zed tY dv 1 Lateral release d1 i TO N E S A N D W O R D A CCEN TS
LEV EL CO N TO U R
+
? Pharyngeal ized t* ds Extra V' -
Retracted e No audible release dn or "1 high Cor A Rising

C entralized e - V elarized o r pharyngealized

e “ 1 High e \j Falling

X X eX ~ j Mid e S\ {lifh
M id-centraiized e ?
X
Raised
<:? voiced alveolar fricative)
e - J Low e j Low
rising

. . Syllabic
i
n | T
Low ered eT
voiced bilabial approxim ant) v\
e J Extra
tow e 'i
•
Rising-
falling
N on-syllabic e ■i
A dvanced Tongue Root
%
\
i D ow nstep / G lobal rise

& ay I k t U pstep \
R hoticity
►
R etracted T ongue Root
% G lobal fall

R e p ro du ced by k in d p erm issio n o f th e In tern atio n al P h o n etic A ssociation, D e p a rtm e n t o f T heoretical an d

A pplied Linguistics, School o f E nglish, A ristotle U niversity o f Thessaloniki, T hessaloniki 54124, Greece.