Eng323 Short Notes
Eng323 Short Notes
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Unit One: Speaking in face to face interaction
By the end of this unit, you will be able to use formal and informal expressions to:
Apologize
Compliment and praise others
Ask, accept, and reject apologies
Congratulate successes of others
1. Asking for apology and excuse
People ask for apologies for numerous reasons: Some of these may include:
In fact ‘I am Sorry’ does not necessarily mean apology. People say sorry in order to sympathize.
Example: A: I am sorry to hear that you were ill for some time. (Sympathy)
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‘Pardon’ also does not necessarily imply apology. It sometimes used to ask people to repeat what
they said.
Student: Pardon?
Teacher: I said that you must finish all the assignments until Monday
What is complimenting?
In order to enhance their social life, people often give each other compliments. That means they
praise each other on their appearances, performances, personalities, and belongings (house, car,
clothes and etc.) As a result they use adjectives like nice, good, beautiful, pretty, and great.
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I like your hair style Thanks, yours is also nice
1.3 Congratulations
People often congratulate each other on remarkable successes in order to show that they
are happy for each other’s successes. For example if someone has won a scholarship,
has scored the highest mark in exam, has got married, has graduated from college, and so
on.Congratulations are worthless if they are not from the heart. Sincerity is very
important. In offering our congratulations, we can mention why the success was deserved
and express our good withes warmly but without exaggeration.
Examples
Good for you Kuma! You made an excellent presentation. We are all proud of you.
Congratulation Biftu. I heard just now that you have scored all the courses an’ A’. You
have worked hard for it. Keep it up!
Genzebe, I think it’s just wonderful! You not only won the race, but you broke the record.
I know you’ll make the finest professional athlete, too.
May I offer my Congratulations, Chaltu. The news of your appointment as the leader of
the English Club in our college makes us all feel; proud. I know you’re going to be
successful.
Examples
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Model Dialogue
Lensa: Congratulation, Talilee, I’ve just heard that you won the beauty contest at an
Be sincere
Mention the stoke of good fortune or achievement
Say why the recipient deserved it
Be warm in feeling
Offer congratulations and good wishes generously, but don’t exaggerate
Be brief
1.Suppose you are late for school what do you say to your instructor to apologize?
2 Assume that your friend has won scholarship what will you say to congratulate him? What do
you expect him /her to reply to your congratulation?
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Invitation Accepting invitation Declining invitation
Would you like to…? That’s very kind of I’m very sorry, I
I would be very happy if…? you don’t
We would be delighted if you…? I We’d like that very Think I can.
much to….
Would you care to..? What a delightful idea I’d like to, but ….
We would be pleased if you With the greatest
could…? pleasure I’m afraid I’ve
Thank you very much
Would you care to…? for inviting me Already
It’s delightful to…. promised….
Thank you for
asking me, but ….
Unfortunately , I
can’t….
Look at the following table and learn how people invite each other, accept invitation, and decline
invitation in informal situations
Invitation Accepting invitation Declining
Do you need coffee Yes No, thanks
Dou fancy …… I’d love to Not now
Let’s ….. Great! Some other time, thanks
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Model Dialogue (formal)
Beka: Would you care to come for dinner tonight?
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2.2 Asking for clarification
When people ask for clarification, they are asking information re-explained for better
understanding. It is different from asking repetition. Here is how you can respectfully get the
information that you need from others. The first step is to tell the person that you are not sure
that you have understood them fully. Let’s see to a few useful phrases:
Other times, you may understand part of what someone has said but need clarity on
another part. In such situations, you can be more exact. Let’s see few examples:
I’m sorry but I’m not sure I understand what you mean by "tech giants."
Sorry but I don’t quite follow what you’re saying about the new policy. Ask for
clarification
After you express your lack of understanding, the next step is to ask the person to clarify
what they have said. Here are some phrases you can use.
For many of them, you can use “can” or “could,” with being a little more formal:
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When you fail to understand what has been said to you, you can use these expressions:
Just a second, could I get a little more clarification on (X topic)? I just want to be sure I
understood. Clarifying one's point or idea
Expressions for clarifying ideas:
Oh, I see
It’s all very clear now
Oh, yes
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Thank you
People need to know how to ask for repetition in English either they are native speakers or
English learners because they may be in situations that they don’t hear what someone has said.
Sorry?
I'm sorry?
Pardon?'
Huh?
What?
Eh?
Excuse me?
Pardon me?
Look at the following table to learn how you ask for advice, give, accept and decline.
What do you think I If I were you I -Yes, I agree with -I’m sorry. I can’t agree
should do? would/wouldn’t…. that with that
-That sounds like a -I don’t think we
What should I do? If I were in your
good idea. should do that
shoes/position I
What do you suggest? would… -Ok, why don’t we -That is very
do that? interesting, but it might
What do you advise me You had better/ -That is very not work for my case
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to do? you’d better….. interesting. - I am not too sure
Thank you but I tried it
If you were me what You should… earlier’ it couldn’t work
would you do?
You ought to
What ought I to do?
Your only option is
Do you think that I to….
should…?
Why don’t you….
N.B Sometimes people could be in position that they cannot give valuable advice to
others. In that case they may tell directly that they may not able to give advice in the
way that they are sympathize the other party.
Example
Model Dialogue
Student: I'm terrible at English and I think I should do something about it. What do you
advise me to do?
Teacher: I think you should try this website. It's a fantastic website for beginners.
Student: I've heard about it, but what do you think I should start with?
Teacher: You'd better start with the lessons. Then, try the exercises
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1. One your friend has row with his teacher; he doesn’t know what to do. Suppose
he asked you to advise him what would you say to advice? Write a dialogue
assuming you and your friend talking to each other.
2. Assume that you are in your classroom and you tried hard but you couldn’t get
gist of what the teacher was talking in the classroom what would you say to ask
for clarifications? Try to list all possible ways of asking for clarifications.
People use adjectives when they need to describe people and places. Adjectives are words that
describe or modify a person/thing/place/concept (i.e. a noun or a noun phrase) in a sentence.
English language speakers place adjectives before the noun or noun phrase that they modify. If
two adjectives describe a noun, use ‘and’ to link the adjectives. If there are more than two
adjectives, English language speakers use commas at first, then use ‘and ‘before the last
adjective (it is rare to have more than three adjectives in a row):
Describing people
Look at the following small descriptions of Jalale and Befa. Pay attention to the underlined
adjectives:
Jalale is small, but she is strong . Jalale is sometime shy around people she doesn’t know. But
with her friends and family she is very outgoing Jalale has got pretty smile.
Bifa is tall and athletic.He plays different sports: basketball and football. He has short hair and
big eyes. His friends say he is friendly and nice. He is also very open. He loves discussing
interesting ideas and meeting new friends.
When indefinite pronouns (i.e. something, someone, anybody) are modified by an adjective,
theadjective comes after the pronoun:
Example
We watched something fascinating on the news tonight.
In Washington DC you always see something new.
Adjectives are very often associated with nouns, and describe various attributes of the noun:
- size: a small company, a big house
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- shape: a round table, the Oval Office
- age: a young man, an old establishment
- color: blue skies, a red carpet
- origin: a Japan car, the Spanish football team
- material: a wooden house, a marble building
N.B You can easily create adjectives with many verbs (not all!) if you add the –ed or –ing
endings to the verb. However, be careful to make a distinction between the two! Generally, the -
ed ending means that the noun described is the receiver of the action implied by the original verb.
The -ing ending means that the noun described is the actor:
Examples: The news is dramatic. I am shocked. (the news shocks you)
BUT I hate shocking documentaries. (the documentaries shock you)
Describing place
Look at the following description and underline the adjectives the writer used to depict the city.
Name Kowloon Walled City Location: ChinaName: Kowloon Walled City Location:
China
Hundreds of years ago, it was a Chinese fort and only soldiers lived there. Then in the early 20th
century, the soldiers left and squatters* moved in. By 1980, the 0.03km2 city had 500 buildings
inside its walls and 33,000 residents lived there. The city was crowded, dirty and full of rubbish.
People called it ‘the city of darkness’ because the buildings were so high, there was no sunlight
in the narrow streets below.
Self –testing activity
1. Write a short description one member your family. Try to use as many adjectives as
possible
2. Write a short paragraph that describes your village.
4.1 Definition
Extended speaking is free speaking in which the speaker uses relatively a longer time without
any interruption or breaks. Talks made in meeting, rituals, and reconciliation etc are good
examples of extended speaking. Particular to formal language classrooms, it is defined as a type
of speaking activity that involves learners speaking for longer periods of time and in a freer form
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than controlled speaking practice. In language classrooms there is a chance to involve individual
student in longer speeches as the intention is to attain better language proficiency. Extended
speaking gives opportunity to students to practice all the skills needed for communication.
There are multiples of teaching techniques that give an opportunity to students to talk more in
the classroom. The intension of these techniques is to help students practice speaking so that they
gradually develop their oral proficiency and become more confident and fluent speakers.
It is natural that people use their senses to engage in the activities of looking for
information and reacting to information. In formal language classrooms students are likely to
share information orally. In language classrooms teachers may design activities in which the
students can ask and elicit longer responses from their partners.
There are useful formal expressions in English language which we may use to ask and give
information. Look at the following table closely.
I wonder if someone
could tell me...?
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There are useful informal expressions in English language which we may use to ask and give
information. Look at the following table closely.
4.2.2. Narrating
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far, far away …
there was once a …
a long time ago …
this is a tale of …
before long
Oral Presentation
Oral presentation short talks that aimed to provide information on certain topic for particular type
audience. It usually needs careful planning and paying attention to the audience. People apply
different expressions at different level of their presentation Here are some Examples
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Examples For example, …
Reference to the starting point I hope that you are a little clearer on how we can…
Questions during the presentation Does anyone have any questions or comments?
Unknown answers That’s an interesting question. I don’t actually know off the
top of my head, but I’ll try to get back to you later with an
answer.
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Handing over Now I will pass you over to my colleague ‘Ujulu’.
1. Assume that you are at ministry of health, how would you ask information about
COVID 19?
2. Think of a topic on which you may make oral presentation and prepare stages of
your presentation so that you can be followed by your audiences.
I. Chose the right answer and write the letter of choice on the space provided
_______1. Talile: We should have a vision.
Hara: ______________________________________________________
Telile : I said we should know why we are living on earth.
A. Can we share our experience?
B. Say it again!
C Would you explain it differently?
D Can you tell me your vision?
_______2. Ansiif: ________________________________________________________
Nuri: I’m afraid I’m engaged.
A. Can you invite me?
B. How about having coffee?
C. Where do you dwell?
D. Can you tell me where you are going?
______3. Tesfaye: ____________________________________________________
Filebar: Oh, thank you. It’s not without your contribution any ways!
A. Can I speak to you?
B. May I help you, please?
C. Your success in your studies is pleasing.
D. What do you want me to do if you are in trouble?
_________4 Bilise: Your new shoes is quite attractive, Agartu.
Agartu : _________________________________________________?
A. Why do you bother
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B. What are you after
C. What are you doing with it
D. What are you doing after
_______5. Iresso: I heard that you have completed your college courses for the year.
Lammi: Yes, of course.
Iresso: _____________________________________________
A. Are you fine?
B. The information I got is wrong
C. Congratulations.
D. Can I help you, please?
________6. Yeron: These have been the simplest questions I have ever done.
Marartu: _______________________________________________
Yeron: This exam was very easy.
Marartu : For me, it was difficult.
A. Have you studied hard?
B. Do you mean they are not easy for me?
C. I am sorry. They are not easy for me
D. I am sorry. I couldn’t’ catch up
_________7. Sutume: How nice it is to hear your success ________________!
Lelistu: Thank you.
A. You are welcome B. Congratulations. C. You are clever. D. keep it up.
_________8. Good public speech is the product of:
A. Good preparation C. selection of appropriate mode of delivery
B. Careful organization D. all
________9 One among the following is not an issue that the speaker should consider while
planning speech.
A. Audience B. Evidence C. purpose D. structure E. None
_______10.Bariso: Your suggestion is very impressive; I love it.
Lense: Thanks, I ____________________________.
A. Am disappointed for you love it C. Don’t imagine you love it
B. Am glad you love it D. It is difficult to love
______11. Sabir: I’d like to compliment you ___________________
Birane: It’s nice to hear that from someone with your experience.
A. To the idea of the new investment C. The new investment you established
B. Establishing the new investment D. On establishing the new investment
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______12. Milkisa: Are you married?
Midhagdu ____________________
Milkisa: I asked if you are married?
A. Thank you C. All I’m saying is that……
B. Pardon me? D. The point is….
______13. Almaz: What a beautiful dress you have on?
Zinash: _____________________________
A. Oh, thanks, it is pretty old. C. Thank you yours is even nicer
B. Really? I got it from Merkato. D. All
______14. Megersa: shut up!
Ahmed: Come again
Megersa: __________________________
A. I said keep quiet C. I said shut up!
B. I told you to behave yourself D. All
______15. Kabisa: I had common cold that persisted for some time, what do you advise? .
Meskerem: _________________________________________________
A. Have you ever tried to talk to a doctor? C. I don’t know
B. Anyway, I should get going. D. All
_____16 Regasa: You look very nice in that suit.___________________
Yaya: Oh, thank you. I bought it from Harar.
A. Do you like it? C. Yes, it is pretty nice
B. Where did you get it? D. Aren’t you?
_______17. Tola: I said I’ll be grateful if you could explain it more.
Jitu: -----------------------------------------------------
A. What I’m tried to say is… B. grateful too C. of course, I couldn’t D. I don’t know
______18. Kulani: I'm really worried about the row I had with my boss. ________ ?
Hawi If I were you, I would go to his office & apologize.
________20. Sorety: Would you like to come to my birthday party this evening?
Medina:______________ I have an appointment with my classmates.
A. Yes, what a good idea? C. Thank you, I’d be glad to accept
B. I am sorry D. thanks. I ‘d love to.
______. 21. Assume that you get confused with the home-taken assignment. What would you
say
to the student beside you so that he can positively respond?
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A. Help! C. Would you mind helping me?
B. I need your help D. help me
Abedeta: Will you join us at the park today?
Gudisa: ________________________ but I should care about the pandemic.
A. Yes why not B. I wish could C. I ‘m glad to accept D. stay at home
______23. Student: ___________. When is the COC examination this year, Mr. Yusuf?
Mr.Yusuf: I’m sorry I don’t have any idea!
A. Excuse you B. You excuse B. Excuse me D. A&B
________24. Tommy: Have you _____________ Lopez for the book you lost yet?
James: Yes, but not yet for the one I had lost.
A. apologized to B. apologize for C. apologize about D. forgive
_______25. Dube :________________________________________
________26. _______________is Gambella from Addis Ababa? Which form completes the
sentence?
A. How distance C. How far
B. How near D. Where
________27 Chaltu: You’re looking very smart today, Meti!
Meti___________________________________
A. That’s very kind of you to say so
B. That’s very kind of you to say
C. It’s all very well for you to say that
D. Buy for yourself
_______28 Hawi:, I love your dress!
Beza: ______________________________________
A. Really? Why?
B. Really? It was only cheap….
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C. Yes, it’s lovely isn’t it?
D. You can borrow it sometimes
_______29. Chris : Well done on getting that contract, Paul.
Paul ____________________________________
A. Thanks but it wasn’t possible without you…….
B. Thanks it was all my work……..
C. Thanks but it wasn’t any work……
D. Would stop talking!
Mark ____________________________________________
A. What are you doing after?
B. What are you doing after me?
C. Yeah, but I bought it three years ago.
D. Ok
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45 long hair (black/beautiful) _______________________________________________
46. An old painting (interesting/French )______________________________________
47. an enormous umbrella(red/yellow)_______________________________________
III. Put in the correct word
48. This tea tastes a bit _________________(strange/ strangely )
49 I always feel ______________when the sun shining (happy/happily)
50. The children were playing_______ in the garden (happy/happily)
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40. A long wide avenue
41. A little old car
42 A small black metal box
43 A big fat black cat
44. A lovely little old village
45 Beautiful long black hair
46. An interesting old French painting
47. . an enormous red and yellow umbrella
III. putting correct words 48. Strange 49. Happy 50. Happily
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