Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

NCERT Chapter 1 – Reproduction in Organisms

1. Why is reproduction essential for organisms?
Solution:
Reproduction is essential for the continuity of species on earth. If the organisms do not reproduce,
life will cease to exist.
2. Which mode of reproduction is better: asexual or sexual? Why?
Solution:
Sexual reproduction is better than asexual reproduction because it produces offsprings that are
genetically unique from the parents. It also means that the offspring will be more resilient and be
able to survive better than either parent due to genetic variation.
3. Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clone?
Solution:
The offsprings formed by asexual reproduction are referred to as clones because it involves only a
single parent. Furthermore, there is no recombination of genes and the offsprings produced are
genetically identical.
4. Offsprings formed due to sexual reproduction have better chances of survival. Why? Is this
statement always true?
Solution:
Sexual reproduction is said to occur when two gametes fuse. This leads to the production of the
offspring that are genetic variants of the parents and therefore, are able to survive better.
However, the organisms produced by sexual reproduction do not always survive more than those
produced by asexual reproduction. Sometimes, the organisms produced by asexual reproduction
survive better than those produced by sexual reproduction. Also, it is a fairly quick process and
consumes less energy and time.
5. How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual
reproduction?
Solution:
The progeny formed by asexual reproduction involves a single parent and are genetically identical to
the parent whereas the progeny formed by sexual reproduction are formed when male and female
gametes fuse together and are genetically unique.
6. Distinguish between sexual and asexual reproduction. Why is vegetative reproduction also
considered a type of asexual reproduction?
Solution:
Differences between sexual and asexual reproduction are mentioned below:

Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction

It takes place by the fusion of male and female gametes. In this, the organism arises from a
single organism.
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

The offsprings produced are not identical to the parents. The offsprings produced are identical
to the parents and are known as
clones.

It is found in higher invertebrates and all the vertebrates. It is found in lower organisms.

It is a slow process. It is faster compared to sexual

reproduction.

For eg., Humans and nearly most other higher lifeforms For eg., Budding, fragmentation. Even
exhibit sexual reproduction. Conjugation can also be cloning is considered as a form of
considered as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction. asexual reproduction.
Vegetative reproduction is considered to be a form of asexual reproduction as it does not involve the
fusion of male and female gametes. In this, a new plant grows from the fragment of the genetically
identical parent plant.
7. What is vegetative propagation? Give two suitable examples.
Solution:
Vegetative propagation is a common form of asexual reproduction observed in plants. In this, a
fragment of a plant is used to grow another plant. Many plants reproduce naturally as well as
artificially by vegetative propagation and the offsprings produced are genetically identical.
For eg., ginger, garlic
8. Define:

a. Juvenile phase
b. Reproductive phase
c. Senescent phase

Solution:

a. Juvenile phase: It is defined as the period of growth between an organism’s birth and
reproductive maturity.
b. Reproductive phase: It is the phase in which an organism can reproduce sexually. In males, it
lasts until death, but in females it lasts until the age of 50.
c. Senescent phase: It is the period of ageing in an organism.

9. Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of their complexity. Why?
Solution:
Higher organisms undergo sexual reproduction despite its complex nature because the organisms
are produced by the fusion of two different gametes and therefore show genetic variations. Due to
these variations, they are well adapted to different environmental factors, and hence usually have
higher rates of survival.
10. Explain why meiosis and gametogenesis are always interlinked?
Solution:
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
Meiosis is the process that occurs during gametogenesis. Gametogenesis refers to the process of
how gametes are formed. Meiosis is necessary for the formation of gametes. Hence, both the
processes are said to be interlinked.
11. Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid (n) or diploid (2n).

1. Ovary
2. Anther
3. Egg
4. Pollen
5. Male gamete
6. Zygote

Solution:

1. Ovary – Diploid (2n)

2. Anther – Diploid (2n)
3. Egg – Haploid (n)
4. Pollen – Haploid (n)
5. Male gamete – Haploid (n)
6. Zygote – Diploid (2n)

12. Define external fertilization. Mention its disadvantages.

Solution:
External fertilization is a mode of reproduction characterized by the fertilization of male and female
gametes outside the body of the organisms. External fertilization is observed in amphibians such as
frogs and toads. However, there are a few drawbacks of external fertilization:

 The chances of survival of the gametes are very less.

 Not all the gametes are fertilized.
 The gametes might desiccate.
 The predators usually eat the eggs.
13. Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.
Solution:
The important differences between a zoospore and a zygote are mentioned below:

Zoospore Zygote

These are formed inside the These are formed by the fusion of male and female
zoosporangium. gametes.

Result of asexual reproduction. Result of sexual reproduction.

Flagellated and motile spore. Non-motile.

Can be haploid or diploid. Diploid.

Participates in dispersal. Does not participate in dispersal.

 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

It is found in algae, fungi and protozoans. Found in higher organisms.

14. Differentiate between gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
Solution:
Following are the crucial differences between gametogenesis and embryogenesis:

Gametogenesis Embryogenesis

It is the process of formation of male and female It is the process of formation and development of
gametes. an embryo.

Both meiosis and mitosis occur during the process. Just mitosis occurs during the process.

Oogenesis and spermatogenesis are the two Embryogenesis leads to organogenesis.

processes of gametogenesis.

Occurs before fertilization. Occurs after fertilization.

In animals, it occurs inside the ovaries and testis of It occurs inside the female reproductive system of
animals, and antheridia and archegonia in plants. animals, and in female gametophyte in the plants.

Formation of haploid gametes. Formation of diploid cells of the embryo.

15. Describe the post-fertilization changes in a flower.
Solution:
The post-fertilization changes include:

1. The sepals, petals and stamens fall off, while the pistil remains attached to the flower.
2. The zygote develops into an embryo.
3. The ovule forms the seed.
4. The ovary develops into the fruit.

16. What is a bisexual flower? Collect five bisexual flowers from your neighborhood and write
their scientific names.
Solution:
The flowers that contain both female and male reproductive structures are considered as a bisexual
flower. The androecium is the male reproductive structure, while the female reproductive structure
is gynoecium.
Examples of bisexual flowers are:

1. Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato)

2. Tulipa (Tulip)
3. Helianthus (Sunflower)
4. Brassica (Mustard)
5. Narcissus (Daffodil)

17. Examine a few flowers of any cucurbit plant and try to identify the staminate and pistillate
flowers. Do you know any other plant that bears unisexual flowers?
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
Solution:
Flowers that bear stamens are called staminate flowers while the flowers that bear pistil are known
as pistillate flowers. Cucurbit plants bear unisexual flowers, i.e., both the male and female
reproductive structures are on the same plant.
The staminate flowers of cucurbit have petals that are coloured bright yellow. It also has stamens
which function as the male reproductive structures of a flower. The female reproductive structures
of a flower are the pistils, which is present on the pistillate flowers.
Papaya is another plant that bears unisexual flowers.
18. Why are offsprings of oviparous animals at a greater risk as compared to offsprings of
viviparous animals?
Solution:
Oviparous animals are the animals that lay eggs which mature outside the mother. These eggs are at
a greater risk of being destroyed by predators or environmental factors. In the case of viviparous
organisms; however, the eggs develop inside the female, and therefore, the fetus is shielded from
predators and environmental threats as opposed to the fetus of oviparous animals.
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
TEST PAPER-02

Question 1.What is the life span?

Answer: The period from birth to natural death of an organism is termed its life span.

Question 2. Why is reproduction essential for organisms?

Answer: Reproduction is a process by which an organism produces young ones of its own kind
to maintain the continuity of the species. It enables the species to live generation after generation.

Question 3. What type of modification are ginger, potato, onion and Samarkand?
Answer: Underground modification of stem.
Question 4. Name sub-aerial stems which help in multiplication.
Answer: Pistia, Chrysanthemum Eichhornia, Pineapple.

Question 5. Name artificial methods of vegetative propagation.

Answer: Cutting of stem, root and leaf.
1. Grafting
2. Layering
3. Gootee.

Question 6.Which type of division is involved in asexual reproduction?

Answer:Only mitotic division occurs during asexual reproduction.

Question 7.
Male honeybee has 16 chromosomes whereas its female has 32 chromosomes. Give one reason.
(CBSE Outside Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Male honey bee develops from haploid unfertilised egg (Ovum), whereas female develops from the
diploid fertilized zygote.

Question 8.The diploid number of chromosomes in an angiospermous plant is 16. What will be the
number of chromosomes in its endosperm and antipodal cells? (CBSE Outside Delhi 2019)
Answer:
Number of chromosomes in endosperm = 24 (3N)
Number of chromosomes in antipodal cells = 8(N)

Question 9.Banana is a true fruit and also a parthenocarpic fruit. Justify. (CBSE Foreign 2008)
Answer: Banana develops from the ovary (true fruit) and develops without fertilisation
(parthenocarpic fruit).

Question 10.Pick out the ancestral line of angiosperms from the list given below: Conifers, seed
ferns, cycads, ferns. (CBSE 2008)
Answer:Seed ferns.

Question 11.Why is apple referred to as false fruit? (CBSE 2010)

Answer: In the case of apple, thalamus contributes to fruit formation, while most of the plant’s
fruit develops from the ovary.
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
Question 12.Name the type of cell division that takes place in the zygote of an organism exhibiting
haplontic life cycle. (CBSE 2011) Answer:Meiosis

Question 13.Mention the unique flowering phenomenon exhibited by Strobilanthus Ludhiana

(Neelakuranji). (CBSE 2012)
Answer:It is a monocarpic flowering plant. It flowers once in 12 years.

Question 14.
Some flowers, selected for artificial hybridisation, do not require emasculation but bagging is
essential for them. Give a reason. (CBSE Delhi 2019 C)
Answer: Bagging is the covering of flower by butter paper on polythene. The emasculated
flower buds of the female parent and floral buds or male parent are bagged in order to protect them
from contamination with unwanted pollen grains.

Question 15.
Cucurbits and papaya plants bear staminate and pistillate flowers. Mention the categories they are
put under separately on the basis of the type of flowers they bear. |HOTSj (CBSE 2012)
Answer: Cucurbits-Monoecious plants Papaya-Dioecious plants.

Question 16.
Why is banana considered a good example of parthenocarpy? (CBSE 2011)
Answer:It is propagated vegetatively because there is no seed formation.

Question 17.
Name an alga that reproduces asexually through zoospores. Why are these reproductive units called
so? (CBSE Outside Delhi 2013)
Answer:
1. Chlamydomonas
2. They are called so because they are microscopic motile structures.

Question 18.
Name the phenomenon and one bird where the female gamete directly develops into a new
organism. (CBSE Outside Delhi 2013)
Answer:
1. Parthenogenesis
2. Turkey bird
Question 19.Name the vegetative propagules in the following: (CBSE 2014)
(a) Agave Answer:Bulbils
(b) Bryophyllum. Answer:Leaf bud

Question 20.Mention a characteristic and a function of zoospores in some algae. (CBSE 2010)
Answer:

 Zoospores are microscopic and flagellated motile spores.

 They are reproductive structures.
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
TEST PAPER-03

Question 1.
Is there a relationship between the size of an organism and its life span? Give two examples in
support of your answer.
Answer:
No, there is no relationship between size and life span of organisms. Large-sized tiger and small-sized
dog both live for about 20 years. The very large-sized elephant has a life span of up to 90 years. On
the other hand, small-sized tortoise lives for 200 years. Similarly, the mango tree has a much shorter
life span as compared to peep at the tree.

Question 2.
Offspring formed due to sexual reproduction have better chances of survival. Why?
Answer:
The offspring formed due to sexual reproduction show variations due to crossing over during
gametogenesis, random segregation of gametes or random fertilisation. These useful variations
produced in offspring help the organisms to adapt and survive.

Question 3.
How are the progeny formed from asexual reproduction different from those formed by sexual
reproduction?
Answer:
The progeny formed from asexual reproduction is genetically similar to the parent, while those
formed by sexual reproduction are genetically different from the parents due to new gene
combinations formed during crossing over, random segregation and fertilisation.

Question 4.
Mention two inherent characteristics of Amoeba and yeast that enable them to reproduce asexually.
Answer:

1. Amoeba and yeast are unicellular organisms.

2. Both have a very simple body structure.
3. Both reproduce by fission.

Question 5.
Why do we refer to offspring formed by the asexual method of reproduction as clones?
Answer:
Offspring formed by asexual reproduction are called clones because they are morphologically and
genetically similar to the parent.

Question 6.
Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity. Why?
Answer:
Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity because, at the
same time, sexual reproduction provides two-fold advantages:

1. Here genetic recombination, interaction, etc. take place which causes variations in the
offspring thus also form raw materials for evolution.
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
2. The offspring adapt more comfortably and quickly to the changes in the environmental
conditions.

Question 7.
What are gemmules and conidia? Name one organism each in which these are formed. (CBSE
Sample Paper 2019, 20)
Answer:
Gemmules: These are internal buds. They consist of a small group of archaeocytes, enclosed by a
protective coat. They are formed in freshwater sponges e.g. Spongilla.

Conidia: They are formed in Penicillium. They are non-motile spores produced single or in the chain
by a constriction at the tip of special hyphal branches called conidiophores.

Question 8.
Give examples of plants which are propagated vegetatively from underground stems and creeping
stems.
Answer:
Underground stems. Mint and Chrysanthemum, Banana, Turmeric, Ginger, Aspidium, Adiantum.
Creeping stems. Runners (mint, grass), stolons (strawberry) and offset (Eichhornia).

Question 9.
Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.
Answer:
Difference between a zoospore and a zygote:

Zoospore Zygote
1. It is an asexual spore produced by algae and some 1. It is a non-mottle cell produced by the
fungi and Is capable of moving about by means of certain union of male and female gametes. It
flagella. Lacks flagella.
2. It Is haploid or diploid in nature. 2. It is diploid in nature.

Question 10.
List the pre-fertilisation events.
Answer:
Pre-fertilisation events. These include all the events of sexual reproduction prior to the fusion of
gametes. The two main pre-fertilisation events are gametogenesis and gamete transfer.

Question 11.
Why does the zygote in angiosperms start developing into embryo only after some endosperm is
formed?
Answer:
Zygote in angiosperms starts developing into embryo only after some endosperm is formed because
endosperm is nutritive in function. It provides nutrients to the zygote for further growth and
development.

Question 12.
Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clone?
Answer:
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
The offspring formed by asexual reproduction is referred to as clone because the offspring is
morphologically and genetically similar to the parent.

Question 13.
Mention the site where syngamy occurs in amphibians and reptiles respectively. (CBSE 2010)
Answer:

1. In amphibians, syngamy occurs in the external medium, i.e. water.

2. In reptiles, syngamy occurs in the body of an organism.

Question 14.
Why do internodal segments of sugarcane fail to propagate vegetatively even when they are in
contact with damp soil? (HOTS) (CBSE Sample Paper)
Answer:
Sugarcane plants propagate vegetatively only when nodes are in contact with damp soil.
Adventitious roots emerge from nodes and not from internodes because nodes bear buds.

Question 15.
Why do algae and fungi shift to a sexual mode of reproduction just before the onset of adverse
conditions? (CBSE Delhi 2014, 2015)
Answer:
The organisms produced through asexual reproduction have low adaptability to the changing
environment. Thus algae and fungi shift to a sexual mode of reproduction during the onset of
adverse conditions.

Question 16.
A moss plant produces a large number of antherozoids but relatively only a few egg cells. Why?
(CBSE 2010)
Answer:
In a moss plant, an antheridium produces many sperms while one archegonium produces only one
egg cell. That is why there are a large number of antherozoids and a few egg cells.

Question 17.
Mention the reasons for the difference in ploidy of zygote and primary endosperm nucleus in an
angiosperm. (CBSE 2010)
Answer:
A zygote is diploid (2n) as one male gamete fuses with egg or oosphere, while primary endosperm
nucleus is triploid as one male gamete fuses with a secondary nucleus which is already diploid.

Question 18.
In haploid organisms that undergo sexual reproduction, name the stage when meiosis occurs. Give
reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Haploid organisms form gametes without meiosis. Mate and female gametes fuse to form a diploid
zygote. Zygote being diploid undergoes meiosis to form haploid organisms e.g. Ulothrix,
Chlamydomonas.

Question 19.
Describe the importance of syngamy and meiosis in the life cycle of an organism. (CBSE Delhi 2016)
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
Answer:
Syngamy is a fusion of haploid gametes. It restores diploid nature in the zygote. Meiosis occurs
during gametogenesis, thus produces haploid gametes. Both are important for maintaining
chromosome number (ploidy) in an organism.

Question 20.
Angiosperms bearing unisexual flowers are said to be either monoecious or dioecious. Explain with
the help of one example each. (CBSE Delhi 2016)
Answer:
In dioecious plants, male flowers termed a staminate flower, and female flowers, termed as pistillate
flowers, are borne on different; plants. Thus plants are either male or female.

Examples: Papaya, date palm, etc.

In monoecious plants, male and female flowers are present on the same plants. Example: Maize,
coconut, cucurbits, etc.

Question 21.
Write the significance of meiocytes. (CBSE (Delhi) 2016)
Answer:
Significance of meiocytes. Meiocytes are gamete-producing cells which undergo meiosis. They are
diploid. As a result of meiosis, they produce haploid gametes. During fertilisation, a fusion of haploid
gametes restores diploid nature of zygote. It undergoes mitosis to form complete new young one.

Question 22.
Why do organisms like algae and fungi shift from asexual mode of reproduction to sexual mode?
(CBSE Delhi 2018C)
Answer:
During favourable conditions, organisms opt for asexual reproduction but when the conditions are
adverse or unfavourable, organisms undergo sexual reproduction.

Question 23.
What is a juvenile phase in organisms? (CBSE Delhi 2018C)
Answer:
It is the stage of growth and attaining maturity in their life before they can reproduce sexually. It is
also called the vegetative phase.

Question 24.
(i) State the difference between meiocyte and gamete with respect to chromosome number.
Answer:
Meiocytes are diploid (2n) and gametes are haploid.

(ii) Why is a whiptail lizard referred to as parthenogenetic? (CBSE 2012)

Answer:
Whiptail lizard eggs develop without fertilisation
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
TEST PAPER-04

Question 1. Define:
(i) juvenile phase,
Answer: Juvenile phase. The period of growth in the life of organisms before they start
reproducing sexually and attain a level of maturity is called juvenile phase. It is followed by the
reproductive phase.

(ii) reproductive phase

Answer: Reproductive phase. The period of active reproductive behaviour, when the
organisms show marked morphological and physiological changes is called reproductive phase. It is
followed by senescence phase.

(iii) senescence phase.

Answer: Senescence phase. The period when the reproductive phase ends and concomitant
changes occur in the body such as slowing of metabolism is called senescence phase. It is followed
by death.

Question 2. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Why is vegetative reproduction
also considered as a type of asexual reproduction?
Answer:
1. Differences between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

1. This process involves two cells or gametes
1. The process involves only one cell or one parent. belonging to either the same or different
parents.
2. The whole body of the parent may act as a 2. The reproductive unit is called gamete
reproductive unit or it can be a single cell or a bud. which is unicellular and haploid.
3. The offspring are genetically similar to the parent. 3. The offspring differ from the parents.
4. Only mitotic division takes place. 4. Meiosis and mitosis both take place.
5. No formation of sex organs. 5. Formation of sex organs is essential.
6. It introduces variation; hence it is of
6. No evolutionary significance.
evolutionary significance.
2. Vegetative reproduction is also considered a type of asexual reproduction because it does not
involve meiotic division and there is no formation and fusion of gametes.

Question 3. How does an encysted Amoeba reproduce on the return of favourable conditions?
(CBSE Sample Paper 2019-20)
Answer: Multiple fission in encysted Amoeba:

 Amoeba withdraws pseudopodia and secretes a cyst wall around itself. This phenomenon is
called encystation.
 Amoeba divides by multiple fission.
 It produces a large number of pseudo- conidiospores.
 The cyst wall breakdown.
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
 The spores are liberated and settle down on suitable substrates and grow as amoebae. This
process is also called sporulation.

Question 4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction.

Answer: Advantages of asexual reproduction:

1. It involves simple mitotic division in single-parent and it may produce a large number of young
ones.
2. Young ones produced by asexual methods are genetically similar to the parent.
3. It helps in the dispersal of offspring to far off places.

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction.

1. The young ones thus produced do not possess much capacity to adapt rapidly to the
environmental changes taking place in quick succession.
2. No genetic recombination occurs; thus no variation occurs.

Question 5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction.

Answer:
Advantages of sexual reproduction:

1. Genetic recombination, interaction, etc. take place which causes variations in the offspring,
thus also form raw materials for evolution.
2. The offspring adapt more comfortably and quickly to the change in environmental conditions
and have better chances of survival.

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction. Usually, two parents of opposite sexes are required (except in
hermaphrodite).

Question 6. List various methods of natural vegetative propagation. Give examples:

Answer:

1. Vegetative propagation by stems, e.g.Grasses, Turmeric, Onion, Colocasia, Potato, Gladiolus

and Crocus.
2. Vegetative propagation by roots, e.g. Murraya sp., Albizzia Lebbac, Dalbergia sissoo, Tuberous
roots of sweet potato, Asparagus, Tapioca, Dahlia and Yams (Dioscorea).
3. Vegetative propagation from reproductive organs. Flower buds of century plant (Agave sp.)
develop into bulbils.

Question 7. Define external fertilisation. Mention its disadvantages:

Answer:
The fertilisation in which the fusion of gametes occurs outside the body of the female in an external
medium, i.e. water, is called external fertilisation.

Examples. Bony fishes, amphibians, etc. Organisms that exhibit external fertilisation show great
synchrony between the sexes in order to liberate the gametes at the same time.

Disadvantages of external fertilisation:

 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
1. A large number of gametes are produced to ensure fertilisation, thus there is wastage.
2. The offspring formed are extremely vulnerable to predators, thus threatening their survival up
to adulthood.

Question 8. Explain the process of budding in yeast. (CBSE 2010)

Answer:
Budding in yeast. It is a common type of vegetative reproduction. In a medium which is abundantly
supplied with sugar, yeast cytoplasm forms a bud-like outgrowth. The growth soon enlarges and a
part of the nucleus protrudes into the bud and breaks off. The bud then begins to grow and then
separates from the mother cell. Often it will itself form a bud before it breaks away, and straight or
branched chains are produced.

Thus, as a result, branched or unbranched chains of cells called pseudo my cilium are produced. The
cells are loosely held together. Sooner or later they become independent.

Question 9. Describe the importance of vegetative propagation.

Answer: Merits of vegetative propagation:

1. Plants produced by vegetative propagation are genetically similar and constitute a uniform
population called a clone.
2. Plants with reduced power of sexual reproduction, long dormant period of seed, poor viability,
etc. are multiplied by vegetative methods.
3. Some fruit trees like banana and pineapple do not produce viable seeds. So these are
propagated by only vegetative methods.
4. It is a more rapid and easier method of propagation.
5. Good characters are preserved by vegetative propagation.
6. Some plants such as doob grass (Cynodon dactylon) which produce only a small quantity of
seed are mostly propagated by vegetative propagation.
7. Grafting helps in getting an economically important plant having useful characteristics of two
different individuals in a short time.

Question 10. Describe the post-fertilisation changes in a flower.

Answer:
Post-fertilisation changes in a flower.
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
Question 11. Write a note on sexuality in plants. Or
Coconut palm is monoecious while date palm is dioecious. Why are they called so?
Answer:
Sexuality in organisms: Sexual reproduction in organisms generally involves the coming together of
gametes from two different individuals. But this is not always true.

Sexuality in Plants: Plants may have both male and female reproductive structures in the same plant
(bisexual) or on different plants (unisexual). In several fungi and plants, terms such as homothallic
and monoecious are used to denote the bisexual condition, and heterothallic and dioecious are used
to describe the unisexual condition.
In flowering plants, the unisexual male flower is staminate, i.e. bearing stamens, while the female is
pistillate or bearing pistils. In some flowering plants, both male and female flowers may be present
on the same individual (monoecious) or on separate individuals (dioecious). Some examples of
monoecious plants are cucurbits and coconuts and dioecious plants are papaya and date palm.

Very Important Figures:

 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
TEST PAPER-05
1 Marks Questions
1. Offsprings produced by asexual reproduction are referred to as clones. Why?
Ans. Because offsprings produced by Asexual reproduction is morphologically and genetically
identical to parent.
2. Name the most invasive aquatic plant weed which is called as Terror of Bengal.
Ans. Water hyacinth (Eicchornia)
3. How does Zygote usually differ from Zoospore in terms of ploidy?
Ans. Zygote diploid, zoospore haploid.
4. Mention the main difference between the offspring produced by asexual reproduction and
progeny produced by sexual reproduction.
Ans. Offspring produced by asexual reproduction are genetically similar while progeny produced by
sexual reproduction exhibit genetic variation.
5. Which characteristic property of Bryophyllum is exploited by gardeners and farmers?
Ans. Adventitious bud arising from margin of the leaf.
6. What represents the life span of an organism?
Ans. The period from the birth to the natural death of an organism represents its life span.
7. Which individuals can be termed as clones?
Ans. The individuals who are morphologically and genetically identical are called clones.
8. How do the following organisms reproduce: Paramoecium and Penicillium?
Ans. a) Paramoecium reproduces by the process of binary fission.
b) Penicillium reproduces with the help of asexual structures called conidia.
9. State the function of a vegetative propagule.
Ans. The vegetative propagules are the asexual vegetative structures of the plant that are capable of
giving rise to a new plant.
10. How will you grow a banana and a ginger plant?
Ans. The rhizomes of a banana and a ginger are used to propagate new plantlets.

2 Marks Questions
1. Higher organism have resorted to sexual reproduction inspite of its complexity. Why?
Ans. Because of variations, gene pool, Vigour and Vitality and Parental care.
2. Tapeworms posses both male and female reproductive organs. What is the name given to such
organism? Give two more examples of such organisms.
Ans. Hermaphrodite; Examples : Earthworm, Leech.
3. Study the relationship between first two words and suggest a suitable word for fourth place.
(a) Male flower : Stamens :: Female Flower : ………………………..
(b) Birds : oviparous :: Primates : ………………………..
(c) Chlamydomonas : Zoospores :: Penicilium : ………………………..
(d) Ginger : Rhizome :: Agave : ………………………..
Ans. (a) Carpel (b) Viviparous
(c) Conidia (d) Bulbil
4. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes produce a large number of male gametes but relatively very few
female gametes. Why?
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
Ans. Because male gemete need medium (water) to reach egg/female gamete.A large number of the
male gametes fail to reach the female gamete.
5. Enlist the significance of reproduction.
Ans. Significance of reproduction includes:
 Propagation of species.
 Sustenance of life on this planet.
 Variation introduced during reproduction plays a role in evolution of new species.

6. Why do hilly areas of Kerela, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu transform into blue stretches that
attracts many tourists?
Ans. Strobilanthus kunthiana which flowers only once in every 12 years flowered in 2006 that
resulted into transformation of the hilly tracks of Kerela, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu into blue
stretches.
7. Define ‘oestrus’ and ‘menstrual’ cycles.
Ans. Non- Primates like cows, sheep etc. show certain cyclic changes during reproduction called
oestrus cycle while Primates like apes, humans the cycle is referred to as menstrual cycle.
8.What regulates the reproduction processes and the associated behavioural expressions in
organisms?
Ans. Interaction between hormones and certain environmental factors regulate the reproductive
processes and the associated behavioural expressions of organisms.
9. Mention the different stages of sexual reproduction.
Ans. The different stages in sexual reproduction include:
 Pre- fertilization events.
 Fertilization.
 Post – fertilization events.

3 Marks Questions
1. Mention the site of zygote formation in the ovule of a flowering plant. What happens to sepals,
petals and stamens after fertilisation? State the fate of zygote, ovule and ovary in these plants.
Ans. Embryo sacSepals, Petals and Stamens dry and fall off. Zygote develops into embryo. Ovule
develops into seed and ovary into fruit.
2. Distinguish between gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
Ans.
Gametogenesis Embryogenesis

1. Formation of gametes  1. Formation of embryo 

2. Produces haploid gametes 2. Embryo is diploid
3. Cell division is meiotic 3. Cell division is mitotic.

3. Fill the blank spaces a, b, c, and d given in the following table.

Ans.
Organism Organ Gamete

a  Testes  Spermatozoa 
Human female b Ovum
Plant (Angiosperm) c Pollen grains
Plant (pteridophytes) antheridium d
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
a = Human male b = ovary
c = Anther d = Antherozoid
4. What are heterogametes? What do we call these gametes individually?
Ans. Most of the sexually reproducing organisms produce two morphologically distinct
gametescalled heterogametes.The male gamete is called antherozoid or sperm and the female
gamete is called egg or ovum.
5. Why is syngamy a major event in sexual reproduction?
Ans. The fusion of the male gamete with the female gamete is called syngamy or fertilization
andplays and important role in exchange of genetic material to introduce variation and results
intoformation of diploid zygote.
6.What happens during embryogenesis?
Ans. Embryogenesis is the development of the embryo. The zygote undergoes mitotic cell division to
increase the number of cells. It is followed by cell differentiation where the cells undergo certain
modifications to form the specialized tissues and organs to form the organism.
7.Give any three differences between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Ans.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. There is involvement of only one individual.1. Two sexually distinct individuals are involved.
2. There is no formation of gamete. 2. There is formation of gametes.
3. Syngamy and zygote formation is absent. 3. Syngamy and zygote formation take place.

8.Enlist the changes that occur post- fertilization in plants.

Ans. The various post- fertilization changes as observed in plants are
 The sepals, petals and stamens wither away.
 The pistil remains attached to the plant.
 The zygote develops into embryo, ovary develops into fruit and the ovules develop into
seeds.

9. (a) Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Why isvegetative reproduction also
considered as a type of asexual reproduction?
(b) Which is better mode of reproduction : Sexual or Asexual? Why?
Ans. (a)
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

(i) Uniparental  (i) Biparental 

(ii) Gametes are not involved (ii) Gametes are involved
(iii) Only mitotic division takes place (iii) Meiosis at the time of gamete
(iv) Offspring genetically formation and mitosis after fertilisation
similar to parent (iv) Offspring different from parent.

Vegegative propagation takes place when new individuals arise from vegetative part of parent and
have characters similar to that of parent plant.
(b) Sexual reproduction introduces variations in offsprings and has evolutionary significance. It helps
offsprings to adjust according to the changes in environment. It produces better offsprings due to
Character combination.
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
TEST PAPER-06

1. Which one of the following statements is not correct? (NEET 2016)

 A. In banana, potato, and ginger, the plantlets arise from the internodes present in the modified
stem.
B. Offspring produced by asexual reproduction is called a clone
C. Water hyacinth can deplete oxygen and cause the death of fishes
D. All of the above
2. Apomixis is the development of a new plant (AIIMS 1997)
A. Without the fusion of gametes
B. With the fusion of gametes
C. From root cuts
D. From stem cuts
3. A piece of potato tuber will form a new plant if it has _____ (CPMT 1996)
A. Stored Food
B. Roots
C. Branches
D. Eyes
4. Tissue culture techniques can produce an indefinite number of new plants from a small parental
tissue. The economic importance of the technique is ____(AIIMS 1992)
A. Genetically uniform population of an elite species
B. Variants through picking up somaclonal variations
C. Development of new species
D. None of the above
5. Cellular totipotency was demonstrated by ___(NEET 2016)
A. Robert Hook
B. F.C Steward
C. Vladimir Kursk
D. Nigel Marvin
6. Tissue/bacterial culture glassware and nutrients are sterilised through ___(AIIMS 1996)
A. Autoencoder
B. Clavicle
C.Autoclave
D. Dilute acetic acid
7. Animals which possess cleidoic eggs exhibit(KCET 2011)
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
A. Internal fertilization and external development
B. External fertilization and internal development
C. Internal Fertilization and internal development
D. External Fertilization and external development
8. Which of the following is wrong about Chara?(NEET 2014)
A. Upper anthredium and lower oogonium
B. Globule is a male reproductive structure
C.Globule and nucule is present on the same plant
D. None of the above
9. The “eyes” of the potato tuber are(NEET 2013)
A. Flower buds
B. Root buds
C. Shoot buds
D. Axillary buds
10. What would be the number of chromosomes of the aleurone cells of a plant with 42
chromosomes in its root tip cells?(NEET 2013)
A. 59
B. 63
C. 39
D. 40
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

Question Answer Key

1 A

2 A

3 D

4 A

5 B

6 C

7 A

8 A

9 D

10 B

11. Clones are

A. Genetically similar
B. Morphologically similar
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. None of these
Answer: C. Both (a) and (b)
12. Name an organism where cell division is itself a mode of reproduction?
A. Euglena
B. E. coli
C. Amoeba
D. All of these
Answer: D. All of these
13. Vegetative propagules of Agave is
A. Runner
B. Tuber
C. Bulbil
D. Rhizome
Answer: C. Bulbil
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
14. Plants, animals or fungi differ in all of these aspects except
A. Pattern of sexual mode of reproduction
B. Internal structure
C. External morphology
D. Physiology
Answer: A. Pattern of sexual mode of reproduction
15. Which of the following flowers only once in their lifetime?
A. Neem
B. Mango
C. Bamboo
D. All of these
Answer: C. Bamboo
16. Oestrous cycle occurs in
A. Rats
B. Cows
C. Deer
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
17. Antheridiophore is present in
A. Marchantia
B. Sweet potato
C. Fucus
D. Chara
Answer: A. Marchantia
18. Which one of the following is monoecious?
A. Pinus
B. Marchantia
C. Date palm
D. Cycas
Answer: A. Pinus
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
TEST PAPER-07

 1)

A potato tuber is sown in a pot and pot is placed in the freezer of refrigerator. New plants will:

A)
 Emerge normally
B)
 Not emerge
C)
 Be without leaves
D)
        be without flowers
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer2)

Soil around stem of potato plant is constantly removed from very young stage so that only roots
remain in the soil. Potato tubers in plant will be:

A)
 Larger          
B)
        Smaller
C)
 Formed normally
D)
 not formed
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer3)

Banana fruits are seedless, because:

A Auxins are sprayed for rapid development of fruit.

B)  Vegetative propagation of plant.
C)
 They are triploid plants.
D)
 Fruits are artificially ripened.
View Solution play_arrow
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
 question_answer4)

Reproducing new plants by cells instead of seeds is known as:

A)
 Biofertiliser       
B)
 Mutation
C)
 Tissue culture     
D)
        Antibiotics
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer5)

The formation of gametophyte from the sporophyte (without meiosis) is called:

A)
 Apospory   
B)
        Apogamy
C)
 Agamospermy   
D)
        None of these
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer6)

A small portion of cane-sugar stem between the two successive nodes is cut off and sown in the
soil normally. New plants will be:

A)
 formed normally 
B)
       not formed
C)
 Without juice                 
D)
 without nodes
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer7)
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

Apomixis in plant means development of a plant:

A)
 From root cuttings.
B)
 Without fusion of gametes.
C)
 From cuttings of stem.
D)
 From fusion of gametes.
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer8)

After culturing the anther of a plant, a few diploid plants were found along with haploid plants.
The diploid plants could have arisen from:

A)
 Generative cell of pollen
B)
 Cells of anther wall
C)
 Vegetative cell of pollen
D)
 Exine of pollen wall
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer9)

Carrot is micropropagated through:

A)
 Embryo          
B)
        Embryoids
C)
 Shoot culture     
D)
        Callus
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer10)

Modified stem present in Gladiolus is:

 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

A)
 Bulb           
B)
 Rhizome
C)
 Corm         
D)
 Bulbil
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer11)

Examine the figures given below and select the right options out of (a- d); in which all the 4 items
A, B, C and D are identified correctly    

[a]   

[b] 

[c]        

[d] 
 
A)

A B C D
Tuber Rhizome Bulb Leaf buds
 
B)

Offset Sucker Stolon Leaf buds

 
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
C)

Offset Stolon Sucker Leaf buds

 
D)

Tuber Rhizome Bulbil Leaf Buds

 
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer12)

Match column-I with column- II and select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Column-I(Name of the Column-II(Haploid

organism) chromosome number in
gamete)
A. Ophioglossum(fern) I. 23
B. Rice II. 24
C. Potato III. 12
D. Man IV. 630
A)
 A-I;     B-II;    C-III;    D-IV
B)
 A-II;    B-III;   C-IV;    D-I
C)
 A-III;    B-IV;   C-II;    D-I
D)
 A-IV;   B-III;   C-II;       D-I
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer13)

Which one of the following pair is correctly matched?

A)
 Onion - Bulb
B)
 Ginger - Sucker
C)
 Chlamydomonas - Conidia
D)
 Yeast - Zoospores
View Solution play_arrow
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
 question_answer14)

Sweet potato is a modification of:

A)
 Stem                
B)
        Adventitious root
C)
 Hypocotyl        
D)
        Flowering axis
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer15)

In Onion, the edible swollen portion is:

A)  Aerial stem        
B)         Underground stem
C)  Internodes                     
D)  Leaf bases
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer16)

Which one of the following is a nut fruit?

A)  Betel nut         
B)         Groundnut
C)  Cashew nut
D)        Walnut
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer17)

Which one of the following is a fruit?

A)  Ginger           
B)         Sweet potato
C)  Radish           
D)         Lady's finger
View Solution play_arrow
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
 question_answer18)

Which of the following is cultivated through vegetative propagation?

A)  Banana and Ginger

B)  Potato and Sugarcane
C)  Dahlia and Rose
D)  All of the above
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer19)

Rhizome reproduction is observed in:

A)
 Solarium tuberosum
B)
 Ginger
C)
 Achyranthes
D)
 All of the above
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer20)

Roses and banana are usually propagate through

A)
 Parthenocarpy    
B)
        Cutting
C)
 Grafting         
D)
        Layering
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer21)

.......................are thick walled spores produced by Rhizopus which are capable of withstanding
unfavourable conditions?

A)
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

 Chlamydospores 
B)
       Zoospores
C)
 Oidia            
D)
                    Sporangiospores
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer22)

Vegetative reproduction in Cycas occurs by:

A)
 Sporophyll       
B)
 Bulbils
C)
 Scaly leaves      
D)
        Fragmentation
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer23)

Artificial induction of roots on stems before it is separated from the parent plant for propagation
is called:

A)
 Root-stem joint
B)
        Plant tissue culture
C)
 Grafting            
D)
 Layering
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer24)

Match the following columns and choose the correct option.

Column-I Column-II

A. Clone I. Agamospermy
B. Plant apomixes II. Scion
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
C. Grafting III. Callus
D. Tissue culture IV. Flower
E. In florescence V. Ramet
A)
 A-V;     B- I;    C-II;    D-III;    E-IV
B)
 A-IV;    B-I;     C-III;   D-II;     E-IV    
C)
 A-I;       B-II;    C-III;   D-IV;    E-V     
D)
 A-V;     B-II;    C-III;   D-IV;    E-I
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer25)

Which the following statements are correct?

(i) Stamens are male reproductive part whereas carpels are female reproductive parts.
(ii) In Spirogyra, asexual reproduction takes place by fragmentation.
(iii) Vegetative propagation by leaves occurs in sweet potato.
A)
 (i) and (ii)   
B)
        (ii) and (iii)
C)
 (i) and (iii)         
D)
        All of the above
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer26)

Identify the correct option that describes all the three diagrams correctly.

[a]    

[b]             [c]   
A)
 A-Male cockroach, B-Funaria, C-Unisexual flower
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
B)
 A-Male cockroach, B-Marchantia, C-Bisexual flower
C)
 A-Female cockroach, B-Cycas, C-Unisexual flower
D)
 A-Female cockroach, B-Marchantia, C-Bisexual flower
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer27)

Common mode of reproduction in Penicillium is:

A)
 Conidia
B)
        Gemmule formation
C)
 Buds                            
D)
 Zoospore
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer28)

For vegetative propagation, the vegetative part of the plant should have:

A)
 A growing point  
B)
        Reserved food
C)
 Leaf                 
D)
        Both [a] and [b]
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer29)

In a grafted plant, stock has 48 chromosomes while scion has 24 chromosomes. The chromosome
number for root cells and eggs are:

A)
 48 and 24        
B)
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

        24 and 24
C)
 24 and 12        
D)
        48 and 12
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer30)

Which is the most common method of reproduction in majority of fungi and bacteria?

A)
 Binary fission    
B)
        Multiple fission
C)
 Budding         
D)
        Spore formation
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer31)

Which of the following definitions about oviparity is false?        

A)
 Only birds and reptiles are oviparous.
B)
 The large amount of yolk provides the nutrients for the developing embryo.
C)
 The shell protects the egg from dehydration.
D)
 Both oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse through the shell.
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer32)

During spermatogenesis, a single male germ cell produces ___ sperm cell(s).

A)
 1                     
B)
        2    
C)
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

  3                    
D)
        4
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer33)

Ploidy of ovary, anther, egg, pollen, male gamete and zygote are respectively:

A)
 2n, 2n, n, 2n, n, 2n
B)
 2n, 2n, n, n, n, 2n
C)
 2n, n, n, n, n, n 
D)
 2n, 2n, n, 2n, 2n, 2n
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer34)

Oestrous cycle occurs in females of:

A)
 Monkeys       
B)
        Cows
C)
 Apes                            
D)
 Humans
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer35)

Which of the following statements regarding the given terms are correct?   

Runners Tubers Offsets

A)
 These all are incapable of giving rise to new individuals and formation of these structures
does not involve two parents.
B)
 These all are capable of giving rise to new individuals and formation of these structures does
not involve two parents.
C)
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

 These all are capable of giving rise to new individuals but formation of these structures
involves two parents for reproduction.
D)
 These are all incapable of giving rise to new individuals but formation of these structure
involves two parents for reproduction
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer36)

Match column-I with column- II and select the correct answer using the codes given below.

column-I(Name of column- II(Chromosome number

the organism) in meiocyte) (2n)
A. House fly I. 20
B. Fruit fly II. 34
C. Apple III. 8
D. Maize IV. 12
A)
 A-II;      B-III;      C-IV;     D-I
B)
 A-III;     B-IV;      C-II;      D-I
C)
 A-IV;     B-III;      C-I;        D-II
D)
 A-IV;     B-III;      C-II;       D-I
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer37)

The terms homothallic and monoecious are used to denote:

A)
 Bisexual condition          
B)
 Unisexual condition
C)
 Staminate flowers          
D)
 Pistillate flowers
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer38)

If cotyledons are brought above the soil, the germination is:

A)
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

 Hypogeal        
B)
        Epigeal
C)
 Vivipary         
D)
        None of these
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer39)

Some organisms are capable of asexual or sexual reproduction. Under favoura conditions,
reproduction proceeds asexually. When conditions become more stressful eproduction switches to
a sexual mode. Why?

A)
 Sexual reproduction is simple and more rapid allowing larger numbers of off springs to be
produced.
B)
 Sexual reproduction requires two separate individuals, who can mutually provide nutrient
support during stress.
C)
 Sexual reproduction produces individuals with new combinations of recombined
chromosomes increasing diversity.
D)
 Asexual reproduction requires more energy.
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer40)

Meiocytes is observed in all except:

A)
 Human egg       
B)
        Blue-green algae
C)
 Equisetum        
D)
        Dicot plant
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer41)
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
In the given figure of water hyacinth, a structure is marked as "X". This structure is involved in
vegetative propagation as a unit of vegetative propagules. Identify the type of unit.

A)
 Tuber               
B)
        Offsets
C)
 Sucker              
D)
        Rhizome
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer42)

Match column-I with column-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Column-I Column-II

A. Sponge I. Tuber
B. Yeast II. Offset
C. Potato III. Gemmules
D. Water IV. Budding
hyacinth
A)
 A-IV;     B-I;    C-II;     D-III
B)
 A-III;     B-I;    C-IV;   D-II
C)
 A-III;     B-IV;   C-I;     D-II
D)
 A-III;     B-IV;   C-II;    D-I
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer43)

Which of the following statements are correct?

 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
(i) Euglena divides by longitudinal binary fission (ii) Cytokinesis takes place along transverse
axis in Paramoecium.
(iii) Amoeba divides by irregular binary fission.
(iv) In multiple fission, parental body divides into many daughter cells under favourable
conditions.
A)
 (i) and (iv)        
B)
        Only (iv)
C)
 (i), (ii) and (iii)    
D)
        (ii) and (iv)
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer44)

Which of the following statements regarding the asexual reproduction is incorrect?

A)
 Both mitotic and meiotic division occurs.
B)
 It does not contribute to evolution and speciation.
C)
 It is uniparental and usually occurs in unicellular organisms.
D)
 There is no variation and the off springs have the same phenotype and genotype.
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer45)

Offsprings of oviparous animals are at greater risk as compared to off springs of viviparous animals
because:          

A)
 Proper embryonic care and protection is lesser.
B)
 Embryo is not developed.
C)
 Progenies are with more variation.
D)
 Progenies are larger.
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer46)
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

Agamospermous embryo sac develops from:

A)
 Pollen
B)
 Egg
C)
 Ovum
D)
 Megaspore mother cell
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer47)

Offspring formed by sexual reproduction exhibits more variation than those formed by asexual
reproduction because:      

A)
 Sexual reproduction is a lengthy process.
B)
 Genetic material comes from two parents of different species.
C)
 Genetic material comes from two parents of same species
D)
 Greater amount of DNA is involved in sexual reproduction.
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer48)

Which of the labelled parts (1 and 2) in the transverse section of pea plant is/are diploid?

A)
 1                     
B)
        2
C)
 Both [a] and [b]
D)
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

 None of these
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer49)

Select the incorrect statements.

A)
 Cucurbits and coconuts are monoecious plants.
B)
 Papayas and date palms are dioecious plants.
C)
 Leeches and tapeworms are bisexual animals.
D)
 Sponges and coelenterates are unisexual animals.
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer50)

Which of the following statements about animals that utilise external fertilisation is incorrect?

A)
 They are divided equally between terrestrial and aquatic species.
B)
 Many produce large numbers of gametes to ensure successful reproduction.
C)
 The behaviours associated with mating are often highly synchronised.
D)
 The probability of any one egg being fertilized and developing into an adult can be low.
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer51)

The given figures P (plant Chard) and Q (Earthworm) have label 1, 2, 3 and 4 as their reproductive
organs. Select the option which correctly identifies male reproductive organs of the two

organisms.     

A)
 1 and 2             
B)
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms

        2 and 3
C)
 1 and 3             
D)
        2 and 4
View Solution play_arrow
 question_answer52)

Match column-I with column- II and select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Column-I Column-II
A. Gamete I. Result of fusion of male and female
gametes.
B. Budding II. Division of body into two equal
halves.
C. Fission III. Germ cells.
D. Fertilisation IV. The fusion of male and female
gametes.
E. Zygote V. An unequal division of organisms in
which individual arises as an
outgrowth from the parent.
A)
 A-I;      B-II;      C-III;     D-IV;    E-V
B)
 A-III;    B-V;      C-II;      D-IV;    E-I
C)
 A-III;     B-I;       C-V;      D-II;     E-IV
D)
 A-V;     B-IV;      C-III;     D-I;     E-II

TEST PAPER-08
1. Which animals have developed the capacity for regeneration?
(a) Hydra, Starfish
(b) Plasmodium
(c) Earthworm
(d) Spongilla

2. Sporulation occurs in
(a) Plasmodium
(b) Hydra
(c) Starfish
(d) Spongilla
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
3. Which plant reproduces vegetatively by roots?
(a) Oxalis
(b) Bryophyllum
(c) Onion
(d) Dahlia

4. Which plant performs vegetative reproduction with the help of floral buds?
(a) Agave
(b) Bryophyllum
(c) Ginger
(d) Asparagus

5. Which part of the plant bryophyllum performs vegetative reproduction?

(a) Stem
(b) Floral buds
(c) Underground roots
(d) Buds on life margin

6. What types of chromosomes are always present in gametes?

(a) Haploid
(b) Diploid
(c) Triploid
(d) Tetraploid

7. Which physiological process is necessary for birth, growth, death, production of offspring, and
continuity of the species?
(a) Digestion
(b) Transportation
(c) Reproduction
(d) Nutrition

8. In which type of reproduction single parent is essential for reproduction?

(a) Asexual
(b) Sexual
(c) Vegetative
(d) Fragmentation

9. In which type of reproduction two individuals of the opposite sex are essential?
(a) Asexual
(b) Sexual
(c) Vegetative
(d) Fragmentation

10. In which type of organism asexual reproduction is seen?

(a) Unicellular
(b) Bicellular
(c) Multicellular
(d) Both a and c
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
11. How does Amoeba reproduce?
(a) Binary fission
(b) Budding
(c) Sporulation
(d) Both a and c

12. What is a ciliated spore?

(a) Non-motile spores
(b) Zoospores
(c) Homospores
(d) Heterospores

13. Non-flagellate spores are called conidia. In which organism are they seen?
(a) Penicillium
(b) Hydra
(c) Amoeba
(d) Chlamydomonas

14. Which animals reproduce by exogenous budding?

(a) Hydra
(b) Spongilla
(c) Plasmodium
(d) Amoeba

15. Which animal reproduces by multiple fission?

(a) Hydra
(b)Plasmodium
(c) Spongilla
(d) Euglena

16. In which method of asexual reproduction the division of cytoplasm is not possible?
(a) Amitotic division
(b) Binary fission
(c) Division
(d) Budding

17. During which process cyst is formed?

(a) Binary fission
(b) Multiple fission
(c) Sporulation
(d) Budding

18. In which method pseudopodiospores are formed?

(a) Binary fission
(b) Multiple fission
(c) Sporulation
(d) Budding

19. In which organism other than an amoeba, sporulation is seen?

(a) Paramoecium
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
(b) Plasmodium
(c) Hydra
(d) Planaria

20. In which animal, the formation of exogenous budding takes place from the parent body?
(a) Hydra
(b) Planaria
(c) Amoeba
(d) Paramoecium

21. Which special method of reproduction is found on Nephrolepis?

(a) Offsets
(b) Stolons
(c) Runner
(d) Suckers

22. Which of the following is not a natural method of vegetative reproduction?

(a) Suckers
(b) Cutting
(c) Runners
(d) Offsets

23. How many chromosomes are there in the meiocyte of Apple?

(a) 17
(b)34
(c) 20
(d)10

24. In which animal conjugation occurs as a sexual reproduction?

(a)Birds
(b)Hydra
(c) Paramoecium
(d) Spirogyra

25. Development of zygote taking place outside the body is called?

(a) Viviparous
(b)Oviparous
(c) Omnivorous
(d) Frugivorous

26. By which asexual reproductive method do Dictyota, Fucus and Yeast reproduce?
(a) Budding
(b) Sporulation
(c) Fragmentation
(d) Fission

27. Which algae reproduce by fragmentation?

(a) Ulothrix, Oedogonium
(b) Spirogyra, Zygnema
(c) Sargasum, Oscillatoria
(d) Both a and b
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
28. In which plants motile ciliated spores are produced during spore formation?
(a) Chlamydomonas
(b) Spirogyra
(c) Dictyota
(d) Fucus

29. What divides first during the method of fission?

(a) Cytoplasmic membrane
(b) Cytoplasm
(c) Nucleus
(d) Cell organelles

30. In Amoeba, the plane of cytoplasmic division is in which direction?

(a) One direction
(b) Two direction
(c) Three direction
(d)Any direction

31. Which type of division happens in Euglena?

(a) Transversal
(b) Longitudinal
(c) Peripheral
(d) Radial

32. Other than Euglena, which of the following organism divides by longitudinal division?
(a) Amoeba
(b) Paramoecium
(c) Vorticella
(d) Plasmodium

33. In which method of asexual reproduction the offspring are genetically identical, to the
parents?
(a) Amitotic division
(b) Multiple fission
(c) Division
(d) Binary fission

34. Non-motile and non-flagellate spores are commonly seen in which plants?
(a) Penicillium
(b) Aspergillus
(c) Mucor
(d) Both a and b

35. The plants which bear only one kind of spores during the Sporophytic, stage are known as
(a) Spores
(b) Heterosporous
(c) Homosporous
(d) Gametes
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
36. The plants which bear only two types of hetero spores during the Sporophytic stage is known
as
(a) Spores
(b) Somatic spores
(c) Homosporous
(d) Heterosporous

37. Which type of spores are produced by pteridophytes and gymnosperms?

(a) Spores
(b) Somatic spores
(c) Heterospores
(d) Homospores

38. How does vegetative reproduction take place in flowering plants?

(a) Natural
(b) Artificial
(c) By chemicals
(d) Both a and b

39. Which of the following pair is incorrect?

(a) Lawn grass-runner
(b) Pistia-offset
(c) Nephrolepis-stolons
(d) Sellaginella-Suckers

40. Which of the following Plant shows root cutting?

(a) Sugarcane
(b) Croton
(c) Rose
(d) Lemon

41. In Which plant stem is used for vegetative propagation of the plant?
(a) Lemon, grapes
(b) Hibiscus, mogra
(c) Sugarcane, rose
(d) Mango, apple

42. In which of the following organism, internal bud formation is seen?

(a) Amoeba, Plasmodium
(b) Amoeba, Paramecium
(c) Planaria, Hydra
(d) Spongilla, sycon

43. What are Internal buds known as?

(a) Gene
(b) Clone
(c) Gemmules
(d) Bud

44. Which method of asexual reproduction can be said as the method of regeneration?
(a) Binary fission
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
(b) Sporulation
(c) Budding
(d) Fragmentation

45. Which of the following group of animals show regeneration?

(a) Planaria, Hydra, Starfish
(b) Starfish, Amoeba, Plasmodium
(c) Amoeba, Hydra, Paramoecium
(d) Amoeba, Planaria, Starfish

46. Which asexual reproduction process is seen in bacteria?

(a) Budding
(b) Sporulation
(c) Fragmentation
(d) Fission

47. For which plants layering method of vegetative propagation is used?

(a) Lemon, Grapes
(b) Sugarcane, Rose
(c) Mango, Apple
(d) Guava, Litchi

48. What does a stock have?

(a) Bud
(b) Branches
(c) Leaves
(d) Possess regular or irregular roots

49. Grafting is useful for the production of

(a) Agriculture
(b) Horticulture
(c) For inducing flowering
(d) Fruit yield plants

50. Which gametes take part in sexual reproduction?

(a) Male gametes
(b) Female gametes
(c) Neutral gametes
(d) Both a and b

51. During which phase, a living organism becomes sexually mature?

(a) Childhood
(b) Adolesence
(c) Old age
(d) None of these

52. In plants, the phase from germination to grow till its maturity is known as?
(a) Linear growth phase
(b)Germination phase
(c) Flowering phase
(d) None of the above
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
53. Which phase of conjugation is impossible in gametes?
(a) Post-fertilization phase
(b) Fertilization phase
(c) Pre-fertilization phase
(d) Gamete phase

54. Two gametes having similar appearance are called as

(a) Gametes
(b) Isogametes
(c) Heterogametes
(d) Isospores

55. In which plants isogametes are seen?

(a) Cladophora
(b) Ulothrix
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Both a and b

56. Morphologically distinct gametes are called as

(a) Isogametes
(b) Heterogametes
(c) Gametes
(d) Iso-spores

57. Which organisms have diploid body organization?

(a) Monera and Fungi
(b) Algae and Bryophyte
(c) Pteridophytes and Angiosperms
(d) Both a and b

58. Which organisms have diploid body organization?

(a) Pteridophytes, angiosperms
(b) Angiosperms
(c) Most of the animals
(d) All three

59. Normally male gametes are

(a) Stationary
(b) Ordinary
(c) Nutritive
(d) Motile

60. Normally Female gametes are

(a) Stationary
(b) Ordinary
(c) Nutritive
(d) Motile

61. By which medium gametes of Algae, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes move?

(a) Air
(b) Water
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
(c) Lipids
(d) Tissue

62. Which structure provides a surface for the settlement of pollen grains in angiosperm plants?
(a) Anther
(b) Style
(c) Stigma
(d) Pollen tube

63. The process of transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma is known as
(A) Distribution of pollen grains
(b) Transportation of pollen grains
(c) Formation of pollen grains
(d) Pollination

64. Where do pollen grains germinate?

(a) Anther
(b) Style
(c) Stigma
(d) Pollen tube

65. Which structure is produced by the germination of pollen grain?

(a) Pollen tube
(b) Style
(c) Tube
(d) Vessels

66. In which organ the growth of the pollen tube is observed, till it reaches the ovules?
(a)Pollen tube
(b) Style
(c) Ovary
(d) Stigma

67. Development of zygote result in the formation of

(a) Seed
(b) Fruit
(c) Embryo
(d) Seed coat

68. During conjugation, the bridge is formed of

(a) Nucleus
(b) Inter cytoplasm
(c) Chromosomes
(d) Cytoplasm

69. The process of organ formation start of

(a) Due to growth
(b) Due to development
(c) Due to differentiation
(d) Due to division
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
70. The fertilized eggs of reptiles and birds are covered with calcareous shells. Due to this, the
zygote passes from which phase?
(a) Growth phase
(b) Vegetative phase
(c) Development phase
(d) Incubation phase

71. In Angiosperms, which parts of the flowers wither and fall off?
(a) Sepals
(b) Petals
(c) Stamens
(d) All the three

72. In Angiosperms which part of the flowers is attached to the plant body.
(a) Calyx
(b) Carolla
(c) Gynoecium
(d) Androecium

73. In asexual reproduction, embryosac develop from which part?

(a) Pollen grain
(b) Ovum
(c) Ovary
(d) Mother megaspore

74. In amorphophallus and colocasia vegetative reproduction occur by which plant organ?
(a) Tuber stem
(b) Bubil
(c) Corm
(d) Offsets

75. What is the eye of a potato?

(a) Root
(b) Stem
(c) Bud
(d) Flower

76. Which type of vegetative reproduction occurs in Grape and Hibiscus?

(a) Cutting
(b) Layering
(c) By seed
(d) Grafting

77. Find out mismatched from the following.

(a) Lawn grass-runner
(b) Mango-Grafting
(c) Lemon-by embryo grafting
(d) Bamboo-Grafting
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
78. Which one is the best?
(a) Stock
(b) Scion
(c) Cutting
(d) All a, b, c

79. Which method is used for vegetative reproduction of the development of banana plants?
(a) Cutting
(b) Layering
(c) Grafting
(d) Bud Grafting

80. Which organism becomes reproductive due to deficiency of mitosis and meiosis?
(a) Dog
(b) Ameoba
(c) Grasshopper
(d) Earthworm

81. In which circumstances pseudopodia spores are produced?

(a) Normal
(b) Favourable
(c) Unfavourable
(d) Specific condition

82. Which asexual reproduction three-layered encysts develop?

(a) Binary fission
(b) multiple fission
(c) Sporulation
(d) Fragmentation

83. Which type of asexual reproduction takes place in sycon and spongilla?
(a) Exo budding
(b) Endo budding
(c) Fragmentation
(d) Division

84. Asexual reproduction takes place by which method in dictyota and fucus?
(a) By Bud method
(b) By Binary fission
(c) By Multiple fission
(d) By Fragmentation

85. Flagellated spore is known as

(a) Non-flaglleted spore
(b) Motile spore
(c) spore
(d) Hetero spore

86. Conidia spore is known as

(a) Motile spore
(b) Non-flagellated spore
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
(c) spore
(d) Hetero spore

87. In which reproductive system plants, Animals & Fungi or differentiated morphologically,
histologically, and physiologically?
(a) Asexual
(b) Sexual
(c) Vegetative
(d) Artificial reproduction

88. What are the various stages of sexual reproduction?

(a) Growth, Development, Differentiation.
(b) Pre fertilization, Fertilization, Post fertilization.
(c) Fertilization, Post Fertilization, Pre Fertilization.
(d) Gametogenesis, Gamete transfer, Gamete Fertilization.

89. How many chromosome numbers are seen in Onion and Housefly during meiosis?
(a) 32,12
(b) 16,12
(c) 16,06
(d) 32,06

90. In which development of zygote takes place in female is called as…….. in animals.
(a) Oviparous
(b) Viviparous
(c) Ovoviviparous
(d) None

91. The production of a new plant from the maternal plant is called
(a) Vegetative reproduction
(b) Cutting
(c) Grafting
(d) Layering

92. Which of the following plant reproduces by leaf?

(a) Agave
(b) Bryophyllum
(c) Gladiolus
(d) Potato

93. Pollen tube enters the embryo sac through (AIIMS-2004)

(a) Anyone synergid cell
(b) Directly penetrating the egg cell
(c) In between one synergid cell and secondary nucleus.
(d) The help of antipodal cells.

94. Grafting is impossible in monocot-because

(a) Vascular bundles are scattered.
(b) Meristem is absent
(c) Collateral open vascular bundle
(d) Radial vascular bundle.
 Ch 1- Reproduction in organisms
95. If vegetative growth of the plant takes place but flower production does not occur-then what
could
be the reason for this?
(a) Imbalance of hormones
(b) Photoperiod
(c) Imbalance of sugar in water
(d) Irregular transport of solute.

96. What is the name of the technique for the production of a large number of the top?
(a) Top production
(b) Organogenesis
(c) Micro culture
(d) Embryo culture

97. Where does the culture of the haploid pollen grain be useful in plant breeding?
(a) For the production of the better hybrid
(b) For the production of homogametic organisms.
(c) For the production of disease-causing organisms
(d) None of this

98. Haploid plants are obtained by culture of-

(a) Young leaves
(b) Endosperm
(c) Pollen grain
(d) Root apex

99. Which of the following is associated with vegetative reproduction?

(a) Combination of pre-existing cytoplasm.
(b) Tissue culture
(c) Endo static fertilization
(d) (a) and (b) Both
100. Which of the following animal shows longitudinal binary fission?
(a) Englena
(b) Plasmodium
(c) Planaria
(d) Paramoecium