1. Analyze the development of Kazakh socio-political thought in the early twentieth century.

At the beginning of the XX century the process of national revival of Turkic-speaking people of
the Russian Empire began. The factors, which promoted and conditioned the movement in this
direction – the development of the idea of revival of the population on the basis of their versatile
education and enlightenment, rise of culture in native language, establishment of equality and
parity of Turkic-Muslim and Slavic-Christian people in the political system of the Russian
Empire. 
In the national movement of the Kazakh people at the beginning of the 20th century, two stages
can be distinguished. 

-First stage. 1890s – 1905. The main content of the first stage was the desire to transform
confessional educational institutions into general education. This was manifested in the opening
of new-method (jadidist) schools in the territory of Kazakhstan, where the educational and
methodological process (the study of secular subjects, the use of school equipment) was changed
radically, which made it very simple.
-Second stage. 1905-1917, The political demands and activities of the liberals (the reform of
national education, reorganization of religious affairs of Muslims, the parity of the civil and
political rights of the Turkic-Muslim and Slavo-Christian peoples of Russia) corresponded to the
stage of national-democratic movement. Awareness of common ethnic interests contributed to
the maturation of national self-awareness and the growth of trends that had been expressed in the
“cultural-national autonomy”.
Influential persons, who contributed to this process:
1. When comprehending the political and socio-economic situation of the Turkic-speaking
peoples of the Russian Empire, Gasprinsky came to the conclusion that it was necessary to solve
the main problems through the modernization of Muslim educational institutions, spiritual and
political unity of the Muslim Turks of the Russian Empire, and active interaction of Russian
Muslims. Gasprinsky began practical realization of his ideas in Bakhchisarai in 1883 with the
publication of the newspaper “Переводчикъ” (Translator). This newspaper, which had
thousands of subscribers, performed the function of propaganda of new method of education (in
the integration into the educational process of secular knowledge, which was absent in the
curriculum of Islamic schools: arithmetics, Russian language, geography and history).
Gasprinsky sought to implement his main idea – the unification of Muslim Turks of the Russian
Empire – through the newspaper, because otherwise, in his opinion, they would be “doomed to
enslavement and assimilation”

2. Alikhan Bukeikhanov, the leading Kazakh social and political figure, became the leader of the
spiritual and intellectual elite of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century. He was a
member of the Bureau of the Muslim faction of the Fourth State Duma, the organizer and leader
of the Alash Party, the head of the first Kazakh national government of Alash-Orda, a scientist
and specialist in the field of forestry, economics, history, ethnography, philology, statistics, and
political science. His paths with the Cadets disappeared in July 1917 after the February
revolution, since he ceased to find support among them on the most important issue - granting
autonomy to the Kazakh people, and also on other fundamental issues (land use and relations
between the state and the church).

2. Describe the formation of the Kazakh intelligentsia: social composition, education and
activities.
Social composition: A layer of intelligentsia began to emerge during the period of the first
industrial revolution, the emergence of printed publications. There was a professionalization and
differentiation of intellectual-intensive industries. The social base for the formation of the
intelligentsia consisted of the clergy, large bureaucracy, the nobility, artisans, and the military.
 Kazakhstan formed its own "steppe" intelligentsia consisting of biys, kazhy, zhyrau, kuishi,
baksy, akyns.
One of the first representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia can be considered Abay Kunanbaev,
a particularly revered and authoritative thinker of the late 19th century. An important role in the
history of the Kazakh intelligentsia was played by the personality of Shokan Valikhanov. Ibrai
Altynsarin laid the foundations of Kazakh secular education, he is the author of the first
textbooks in the Kazakh language. Until 1917, a cohort of intelligentsia had already formed in
the steppe. According to some estimates, it consisted of about 100 people with higher education,
and 1000 graduates of gymnasiums and schools.
During this period, a whole galaxy of thinkers arose, among them - A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov
and others.
Education:
Before the October Revolution of 1917, the Kazakh intelligentsia received education:
-” Russian-Kyrgyz“,” Indigenous", in rural schools
-Madrasah
-In Muslim schools
The absence of national secondary schools in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries forced the Kazakhs to send their children to Russian educational institutions. As
regards higher education, the Kazakhs had two options. The first option was to study in higher
educational institutions of the Russian Empire. The second option to getting a higher education
was to study in a religious,
rather than secular, format - in madrasas. 
Activities:
The main achievement of the Kazakh intelligentsia was that it noticed the growing Russification
on time and began searching for means to bring the Kazakh society into motion, using for this
purpose the social and political freedoms granted by the first Russian revolution; the
intelligentsia sought to rescue the Kazakh people from tsarist oppression and patriarchal-tribal
backwardness by shedding the light of knowledge and progress. Undoubtedly, it was a path of
difficult struggle, complex conflicts and searches. It started with the opening of primary schools,
especially Russian-Kazakh ones. The national Kazakh intelligentsia focused the people on the
development of the country on the path of independence, conducted propaganda for gaining
knowledge, engaging in science and art. In this process, a great role was given to Kazakh
literature, which contributed to the portrayal of the life of the Kazakh people and the protection
of its interests.

3. Analyze the impact of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. in Russia on the socio-
political movement in Kazakhstan.
The first Russian revolution, generated by deep contradictions in the socio-economic and
political life of Russia and its national suburbs, contributed to the political activism of the
common people against colonial and social oppression.
The turning point for the revolution was the events of bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg on
January 9 (Liana's birthday!!!), 1905, when more than 4500 people were killed and injured. The
news of the shooting of St. Petersburg workers on January 9 pushed people to active forms of
protest.
But the performances of Kazakh workers during the first Russian revolution were economically
weak and spontaneous. The political consciousness of the workers, especially the Kazakhs, was
low. Their actions were indecisive, inconsistent. The small number, insufficient level of
organization and consciousness, weak connection with the workers' performances in the center of
Russia and other reasons did not allow the Kazakh workers to lead the liberation movement of
the people against tsarism.
 The outstanding leader of the Kazakh national intelligentsia A. Bukeikhanov said that in 1905
“The whole steppe was involved in the sphere of politics and captured by the flow of the
liberation movement".
Mirzhaqyp Dulatov wrote: "Since 1905, our people, following the actions of others and imitating
their deeds, began to be taken for the solution of national needs”.
During the revolution, the migration movement was developed. In 1905-1907, 262 thousand
peasants were settled in the Akmola steppes alone on the fertile lands seized from the Kazakhs.
The huge influx of migrant farmers in Kazakhstan brought a lot of grief and suffering to the
Kazakhs.
When the Kazakhs, united in detachments of up to 500-1000 people each, rose in revolt, the
tsarist troops, along with armed peasants, drowned them in blood. Many villages were
completely ruined. Despite such deplorable consequences, the struggle of the Kazakhs was
waged against the colonial yoke of Russia for freedom and therefore was fair.
For the liberation struggle of the people to be successful, it was necessary to explain to the
masses the essence of Russian colonialism, its harm and danger, to lead the people's struggle,
clearly defining its goals and objectives. Kazakh intellectuals understood this noble mission in a
timely manner and began to implement it to the best of their abilities.

4. Show the impact of the February bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia on

Kazakhstan and its features (1917).
In February 1917, the bourgeois-democratic revolution took place in Russia, the monarchy
fell. The news of the events in Petrograd was received by the population of Kazakhstan with
glee. The Kazakhs welcomed the overthrow of the autocracy, considering this fact as a
consequence of their centuries-old struggle, as some satisfaction of the goals of the national
liberation movement of 1916.
The leaders of the national liberation movement believed that with the establishment of
democracy, freedom and equality, it was time to create national autonomy, to solve national
problems. This vision of the revolution was shared by most representatives of the Kazakh
intelligentsia.
In March-April 1917, Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies were established
everywhere. Kazakh national committees have appeared in some cities (Uralsk, Verniy,
Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Aulie-Ata). Simultaneously with the Soviets, the organs of the
Provisional Government operated. In Kazakhstan, as in the whole country, dual power has
been established.
The revolutionary-minded workers sought through the Soviets the introduction of an eight-hour
working day (Verny, Semipalatinsk, Ekibastuz).
The February revolution of 1917 had an impact on national politics, declared its
commitment to universal values — freedom, equality of peoples. At the same time, it did not
fully resolve the national question of the right of nations to self-determination, did not eliminate
the institutions of colonial governance. These were only the first steps to settle interethnic
relations within the regions, thereby relieving the existing tension.
The national democratic intelligentsia was the bearer of the idea of national liberation. It
was headed by Alikhan Bokeikhanov. His associates were democrats and active participants in
the revolutionary movement (A.Baitursynov, M.Dulatov, A.Ermekov, etc). After the February
Revolution, the Alash movement, which began in 1905, became active again.
After the February Revolution, the Muslim movement of the national regions of Russia
intensified. In April 1917, Muslim congresses of Turkestan, Bashkiria, Tartary, and the
Caucasus were held.
 The delegates also adopted a resolution on the introduction of an 8-hour working day, on the
introduction of primary school education in their native language, universal compulsory and free
primary education.
In 1917, a Revolutionary Union of Kazakh Youth was formed in Aulie-Ata and Merk. The
same organization "Zhas Kazakh" operated in Akmolinsk. Later, many members of these
organizations (S.Seifullin, T.Ryskulov) selflessly fought for the establishment of Soviet power in
Kazakhstan.
Thus, both in Russia and in Kazakhstan, a multi-party system has developed. Various parties and
groups that arose on a national, religious, class in Kazakhstan conducted intense polemics with
each other, not coming to an agreement or compromise in most cases. At the same time, it was
obvious that the movement of 1916, followed by the February Revolution of 1917, stirred up the
majority of the masses of Kazakhstan, contributed to the acceleration of the development of the
historical process.

5. Analyze the historical significance of the Alash movement and the actions of the Kazakh
intelligentsia to form a national government.
The development of a political crisis in the Russian Empire as a result of the Russo-Japanese
War failure and the events of "Bloody Sunday" motivated the Kazakh elite to solve the
challenges of raising national awareness, informing the people, and generating interest in
politics.
In 1917, a new era in the establishment of Kazakh sovereignty and knowledge of its future
prospects started. The politically active segment of Kazakh society was disengaged. The finest
leaders of Kazakhstan's liberal-democratic intelligentsia, represented by Bukeikhanov,
Dulatov, and others, maintained Kazakhstan's national and state independence by
establishing cultural and national autonomy. Representatives from the left (Ryskulov,
Dzhangildin, and Imanov) supported Bolshevism's political direction. The Kazakhs mostly
supported the Alash party and Muslim political organizations.
Main objects of socio-political thought of the Alash party:
-preservation of national language
-freedom of unions, religion, press, and so on
-promotion of national unity
-implementation of accessible education
-the creation of the national army
-the creation of the independent state
-the inviolability of the identity, and housing
-the presence of governmental bodies (parliament) and etc.
The Kazakh intelligentsia of the early twentieth century, continuing the traditions of the previous
era, sang in their works the belief in citizenship, independence, and the desire for freedom before
the formation of statehood, as an instance, M. Dulatov “Wake up, Kazakh”, M. Zhumabaev
“Sky”, “Who am I?”, A.Baitursynov “A Kazakh’s dream”, “On the study of the Kazakh
language”.
 The fate of the liberal Kazakh intelligentsia is tragic, almost all of them were subjected to
repression by the Soviet regime that had established itself in the country.
The next page of history opens in the early 90s of the XX century when the people of
Kazakhstan took the historical fate of the Motherland into their own hands and put forward the
ideas of democratization of society, the revival of national culture and the priority of individual
rights as the highest political values

6. Define the significance of the “Aygap” magazine and the “Kazak” newspaper at the
beginning of the twentieth century.
A new page in the history of the Kazakh periodical press was opened by the magazine
"Aikap", the first edition of which was published in 1911. Its publisher and editor was
Mukhamedzhan Seralin, a famous poet and prose writer and journalist. During four years of its
existence the magazine published 88 issues. This magazine was a special phenomenon for
Kazakh society at that time. The social inequality of the Kazakh people oppressed the souls of
many progressively thinking people. But they were powerless to change anything. The voices of
loners were not heard in the vast expanses of the Kazakh steppe. Therefore the new
intelligentsia chose another way - the way of creation of the press which would be a voice of
people. The journal "Aykap" became such a mouthpiece. Seralin managed to find
correspondents, journalists, and informants and rallied them around the magazine. Aykap was
published in Troitsk until August 1915. The peculiarity of the magazine was that it reflected the
cultural (literary) movement and the development of public thought of the Kazakh people of the
early 20th century.

The national newspaper "KAZAKH" appeared more than seven years later, although, as the
archive sources testify, permission to publish newspaper called "Kazakh" was given to
Akhmet Baitursynuly on the 9th of December 1905. The "Kazakh" newspaper was published
for more than five years. None of the previous editions could compare to the new newspaper
neither in quality, nor in diversity of topics, let alone in circulation. If in its first year Kazak had
a three thousand-copy circulation, then, according to researchers from Oxford University, later
its circulation exceeded eight thousand copies, which is more than all previous editions taken
together. While the representatives of the national-religious movement were behind the previous
editions, the newspaper Kazakh was founded and published by the "Westerners," headed by
Alikhan Bukeykhan and his associates in the Alash movement, Akhmet Baitursynuly and
Mirzhakyp Dulatuly (Dulatov). Publishing the newspaper "Қазақ", its founders have set
before themselves the purposes and problems not only scientific, but also political which
were listed in "Karkaraly petition" of 1905.
One important goal of the newspaper, which was absent from the petition, was to defend the
ethnic name of the people. This goal was embedded in the name of the newspaper "Kazakh"

7. Identify the features of the legalization of Soviet power and the conduct of Sovietization of
Kazakhstan.
The victory of the October uprising in Petrograd and the establishment of Soviet power in
the center, as well as in the large cities adjacent to Kazakhstan - Tashkent, Omsk,
Orenburg, Astrakhan were decisive for the transition of full power to the Soviets in
Kazakhstan. The Kazakh aul was significantly undermined by the events of 1916, punitive
repressions carried out by the tsarist administration, from which essentially the most active part
 of society died. In this regard, the penetration of Soviet power in the region was carried out
through the cities, and then with the help of weapons it spread further into the Steppe. The
process of establishing the Soviet authority in Kazakhstan continued from the end of
October 1917 up to the beginning of March 1918 mainly in the cities and other large
settlements of Kazakhstan. In the main mass of auls and villages of Kazakhstan the process of
establishing the Soviet authority continued until the 1920s.
The earliest Soviet power was established in Perovsk (present-day Kyzylorda), one of the
important centers of the Syrdarya region. Here, even before the October Revolution, the
Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies organized its own armed detachment, consisting
mainly of railroad workers. In most areas of Syr Darya, Akmola oblasts and Bokeev Orda, where
the forces led by the Bolsheviks had a decisive advantage and supporters of the Provisional
Government were unable to offer armed resistance, Soviet power won peacefully.
In the Turgai, Ural, Semipalatinsk and Semirechensk provinces, where the local forces of the
Provisional Government and their emissaries were vastly outnumbered, the new power was
established by armed insurrection. The victory of Soviet power in the Turgai region was closely
linked to the fight for Orenburg, which was the center of the region and an important link
connecting Central Asia and Kazakhstan with the central regions of Russia. Establishment of
Soviet power was fiercely resisted by the governments of the Alash Orda, Kokand autonomy, as
well as armed groups of the Cossacks of the Urals, Semirechenskaya, Siberian and Orenburg
regions. All power was exercised by the party organs, which were headed by the "newcomer
element". In Kazakhstan, for several decades the party organization of the region, and then the
republic, was headed by Moscow stooges G. Korostelev, F. Goloshchekin, L. Mirzoyan, N.
Skvortsov and others.
The "Ush Juz" party also took part in the establishment and strengthening of Soviet
power. On November 17, 1917, Mukan Aitpenov was elected the chairman of the party. The
central press organ of the party was the newspaper "Ush Zhuz". When K. Togy-sov came to
power in the party, it began to fight against the Bolsheviks. But the lack of a social basis and a
clearly defined program, a real political force led to the dissolution of the party "Ush zhuz" in
1918.

8. Identify the negative consequences of the idea of "Small October" F.I. Goloshchekin (1925-
1933 gg.).
«Small October» is the name of F.I. Goloshchekin's political course in 1925-1933, aimed at
suppressing local national elites and strengthening administrative and economic control over the
life of the republic. Goloshchekin declared the main task to destroy the traditional community
through the elimination of social differentiation, as well as the transition of Kazakhs to a full
settled life, destroying traditions and habitual living conditions.
In the process of collectivization, violations of the principle of voluntariness and legality have
become widespread. The most common methods of coercion were threats of eviction from the
area of residence, preventive arrest «for educational purposes» and so on. Among those who
were the first to deny the one-sided, colonial Goloschekin’s direction in the implementation of
industrialization were such figures as M. Sadvakasov, Y. Mustanbayev, J. Mynbayev. They
believed that to promote the industrial development of Kazakhstan it would be necessary to build
large industrial enterprises inside the country and further develop them independently. This was
a way of bringing new enterprises to the sources of raw materials and gradually turning
Kazakhstan into a large industrialized country. This approach was contrary to the views of the
Muscovites, and there was no support among the Kazakh leadership for this viewpoint.
 Moreover, S. Saduakasov and J. Mynbayev’s views on the revision of colonial principles in the
industrial development approach were assessed as a «manifestation of nationalism».
In the Republic 696 farms of «bay-feudals» were confiscated. However, due to the insignificant
number of cattle, most of them were considered united farms. The process of confiscation and its
results showed that Kazakh society did not have a large number of major bays, and those that
were classified in this category, in general, had medium-sized farms. In the process of
confiscating the bays, the poor in Kazakhstan materially limited themselves to negligible
amounts. Moreover, the confiscation of cattle from the Baies led to an increase in the number of
poor and low-powered households, effectively turning the population of the aul into «beggars».
Cattle-breeding settlements were created, into which hundreds of farms from a large territory
were driven. The consequence of such an accumulation was that the herders were deprived of
economic space and the opportunity to search for water and feed for the herd. This led to the fact
that the cattle collected in one place were slaughtered on the spot since it was impossible to feed
all the herds. By 1933, about one-tenth of the 40 million head of cattle remained. The
incompetent and brutal destruction of the traditional Kazakh economy first undermined cattle
breeding, then caused indelible damage to the «sharua» themselves. As a result, over 3 million
people died during the Holodomor of 1931-1933. About 48% of the indigenous population died
or left the Kazakh ASSR.
1) there has been a drop in the level of agricultural production;
2) living conditions worsened compared to the NEP period, which led to an aggravation
of the food problem and mass famine in 1931-1933.;
3) the state was allowed to manage the supply of products without control, thereby the
«prodrazverstka» was restored;
4) the peasant ceased to exist as an owner and turned into a hired agricultural worker;
5) economic interest was replaced by non-economic coercion, which increased the cases
of theft and theft of collective farm property

9. The impact of perestroika and publicity on society and the country's economy (1985-1991).
Stage I – April 1985 – December 1986. Futile attempts were made to implement the acceleration
concept. As the main factor in accelerating social development, it was proposed to update the
production apparatus.
In the agricultural sector, the possibility of acceleration was seen in the introduction of the
achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, new technologies and other factors
of intensification of agricultural production. However, the collective farm-state system was not
able to perceive the achievements in these areas.
During this period the former command and administrative management system and the party-
bureaucratic nomenclature were preserved, attempts were made to introduce certain elements of
market regulation, a course was taken towards publicity and democratization of society.
Stage II December 1986 – June 1989. This stage coincided with the post–December reaction,
when public consciousness began to come to the opinion that a course towards market relations
in the economic sphere and full-fledged democratization in the public sphere was necessary.
At the January (1987) Plenum of the party, "more socialism" and "more democracy" were
emphasized. Since June 1987, alternative elections of heads of enterprises and secretaries of
party committees have been held. Since 1988 (at the XIX Party Conference), a new 2-tier
system of power has been created – the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR and the post
of President of the USSR. The half-hearted laws "On State Enterprise (1987) and "On
Cooperation" (1988) became a vivid manifestation of the shies of this period. In 1989, the lease
 of land for 50 years was allowed. Private owners and cooperators were taxed 65%, so the
cooperative movement did not develop. By 1991, the number of cooperatives in the republic
reached 15 thousand, and 220 thousand people worked for them. These were enterprises of 10-15
people.
At the third stage – June 1989 – December 1991. During this period, the socio-economic crisis is
deepening. The economic and political rights of the Republic are expanding. In 1990, the desire
of the authorities to move to a regulated market economy was announced. In May 1990, the
government of the USSR announced a 3–fold increase in prices for bread and bread products,
and since January 1991, wholesale retail prices have increased 1.5 - 2 times. The excessive
demand for goods has led to a permanent shortage and a normalized distribution of essential
products. The monetary reform of the beginning of 1991 dealt a blow to the welfare of the
people and led to the impoverishment of a significant part of the population.

10. Disclose the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
The reasons for the collapse of the USSR are as follows:
 the crisis provoked by the planned nature of the economy and led to a shortage of many
consumer goods;
 unsuccessful, largely ill-conceived, reforms that led to a sharp deterioration in living
standards;
 mass dissatisfaction of the population with interruptions in food supplies;
 the ever-increasing gap in the standard of living between the citizens of the USSR and the
citizens of the countries of the capitalist camp;
 aggravation of national contradictions;
 weakening of the central government;
 the authoritarian nature of Soviet society, including strict censorship, the prohibition of
the church, and so on.
The processes that led as a result to the collapse of the USSR were identified already in
the 80s. Against the background of the general crisis, which only deepened by the beginning of
the 1990s, there is an increase in nationalist tendencies in almost all the union republics. The first
to leave the USSR are: Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. They are followed by Georgia, Azerbaijan,
Moldova and Ukraine. The collapse of the USSR was the result of the events of August-
December 1991. After the August coup, the activity of the CPSU party in the country was
suspended. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Congress of People's Deputies lost power.
The last Congress in history took place in September 1991 and announced its self-dissolution.
During this period, the State Council of the USSR, headed by Gorbachev, the first and only
president of the USSR, became the highest authority. His attempts to prevent both the economic
and political collapse of the USSR, undertaken by him in the autumn, did not bring success. As a
result, on December 8, 1991, after the signing of the Belovezhskaya Agreement by the
heads of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. At the same time,
there was the formation of the CIS - the Commonwealth of Independent States. The collapse
of the Soviet Union was the largest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century, with global
consequences.
On December 8, 1991, in Viskuli, the residence of the Belarusian Government in
Belovezhskaya Pushcha, the leaders of the Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation and
 Ukraine signed an Agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS).
On December 21, 1991, in Alma-Ata, the heads of eleven sovereign States (except the Baltic
States and Georgia) signed a Protocol to this Agreement, in which they stressed that the Republic
of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan,
the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the Republic of
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan and Ukraine. They form the
Commonwealth of Independent States on an equal basis. The participants of the meeting
unanimously adopted the Alma-Ata Declaration, which confirmed the commitment of the former
Soviet republics to cooperation in various fields of foreign and domestic policy, and proclaimed
guarantees for the fulfillment of international obligations of the former USSR. Later, in
December 1993, Georgia joined the Commonwealth.
The agreement specified the reasons for the formation of the organization: the historical
community of the countries and peoples of the Commonwealth; the desire to build a democratic
legal society; the intention of the participating countries to develop in a single economic, cultural
and political space

11. Analyze the role and importance of state symbols of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the
development of patriotism.
State Symbols are the primary characteristics of independence and the foundation of the nation's
ideology. There are several occasions in history where they inspired inhabitants, great
achievements were achieved for them, and people lay down their lives for them. Enhancing
Kazakhstan's brand, profitability, efficient social development, and progressive democratic
modernization are all prerequisites for the establishment of a sense of confidence and pride in
their nation, as well as reverence for its emblems. Advertising and its correct usage help citizens
develop a sense of patriotism, love for the Native land, a desire to serve her interests, and a
willingness to protect it. Respect for the flag, the coat of arms, and the song reflects respect for
the nation, its inhabitants, and its heritage. Government agencies should be the first to get
involved. The application sequence and substance of State Symbols should be kept at the
forefront of the minds of organizational leaders at all times. The right use of the Republic of
Kazakhstan's official symbols ensures the unification of community and its identity in the
international society.
Among the most necessary elements of official ideology is the system of State Symbols. The
concept portrayed in symbolic imagery determines a country's national and state identity,
promoting the formation of a good image of the state. It is significant that the establishment of
the first State Symbols of independent Kazakhstan has taken on a national significance. It is not
an exaggeration to state that the previous competition was a dramatic demonstration of
Kazakhstani patriotism. Given that State Symbols are one of a nation's unshakeable
underpinnings, the ratification of the State Flag and Coat of Arms on June 4, 1992 was one
of the fledgling independent Kazakhstan's first steps. It's something that will go down in the
history books as the birth of the country's new state emblems.
Political symbolism serves as a significant method and means of mass political communication,
aiding in the generation, storage, and transfer of political knowledge in society. The symbol has
a great deal of communicating power. It may carry and successfully communicate a
disproportionate amount of content to the recipient than any other sign. Any metaphor that
expresses the chosen item or idea conveys specific information. As a person becomes acquainted
with the symbols of the country and the state, he or she develops notions about politics and
 power, and the collected socio-political experience is incorporated into the world of power
relations.
For example, The Republic of Kazakhstan's national flag is a rectangle blue fabric with an image
in the middle of a sun with rays, behind which is a soaring eagle. The blue flag depicts a pure
sky over our people's heads, while the sun represents light and optimism. At the same time, the
eagle represents freedom and lightness, implying that the flag of our nation contains secret
meanings. The Republic of Kazakhstan's state symbol is a circle with an image of a shanyrak on
a blue backdrop, from which the uyks extend in all directions in the shape of sun rays. The
shanyrak symbolism demonstrates that all peoples are together and equal, while the blue
backdrop represents the sky above us. Kazakhstan's stable growth is dependent on every person,
just as the state of Shanyrak is dependent on the Uyks. And two mythological horses represent
societal service and the defense of the state's interests. The color palette of gold and blue
represents our yearning for peace and goodwill. Kazakhstan had a different anthem at first, but
on January 6, 2006, the Kazakhstan Parliament enacted revisions to the Decree "On State
symbols" in a joint session of the chambers. The new anthem was inspired by the famous
patriotic song "Menin Kazakstanym," which had a pleasant ending in the second part of the
twentieth century. The melody that became the national anthem was long regarded as a genuine
poetry of the people's spirit.

12. Describe the difficulties of the transition period in Kazakhstan: economic crisis,
aggravation of social problems, impoverishment of the population, increased crime.
After Kazakhstan gained state independence, the republic faced the task of making the transition
to a market, socially oriented economy. However, in the early 90s, "politics was ahead of the
economy," and this contributed to the rupture of economic ties, largely artificial, which led to a
negative chain reaction in the first years of sovereignty: entire factories and factories stopped,
tens of thousands of workers and employees found themselves without means of livelihood.
Agricultural entities went bankrupt because they stopped receiving subsidies and subsidies, as a
result, collective farms and state farms turned out to be bankrupt. Therefore, by 1991, the
economic situation of Kazakhstan, as well as other republics of the former USSR, had greatly
weakened. GDP decreased by 12%, commodity hunger increased, store shelves emptied
overnight, there were not enough funds for salaries and pensions. The production of consumer
goods became minimal, reflecting the discrepancy between supply and demand.
The economic crisis was accompanied in 1992 and thereafter by price liberalization and rising
inflation. In 1992-1996, prices increased 35 times. The avalanche-like rise in prices and the
devaluation of the currency dealt a particularly severe blow to those who had normalized wages.
The development of market relations has introduced a monetary imbalance between specialists
with higher and secondary educational levels. In 1991-1996, the number of students in
universities began to decrease.
In the first half of the 1990s, in terms of the potential of the living standard of the population,
Kazakhstan was in the seventh ten out of 174 countries in the world and was included in the
group of countries with a low level of human development. As a result of the economic and
social crisis in Kazakhstan, life expectancy has decreased by 4.7 years. The low-income strata of
the population are in danger of poverty and hunger. Thus, the economic crisis in the first half of
the 1990s was accompanied by many negative social phenomena, and first of all - a sharp decline
in the welfare of most of the country's population. The crisis situation has also affected people's
consciousness, giving rise to uncertainty about the future, social pessimism. People broke the
laws to earn money, thereby the crime rate in Kazakhstan increased. For independent
 Kazakhstan, which is rebuilding its political and economic system, social protection of the
population has become one of the most difficult and at the same time the most important tasks of
the 1990s.
In the 1990s, the problem of unemployment became acute. Delays in wages, lack of material
resources, difficulties in selling finished products, a sharp rise in prices for energy sources,
gasoline, fuel were a heavy blow to production. In 1993, the production of 130 enterprises,
employing 114 thousand workers, was completely or partially stopped. In addition, many
facilities have switched to irregular working hours, and such enterprises as Aktyubrentgen,
ferroalloy plant, Atyrau Chemical Plant, Khimprom Taraza, production association "Carbide"
Karaganda, were forced to regularly suspend production. In 1993, the number of workers sent on
leave without pay or on partially paid leave increased by 60%.

13. The policy of strengthening social cohesion and political stability in the Republic of
Kazakhstan.
Special attention is paid to the Basic Law – the basic guarantee of social harmony and political
stability, the most important rights and freedoms of Kazakhstanis. Due to the historical
conditions of that time, the adopted By the Supreme Council on January 28, 1993, the first
Constitution, for all its significance, failed to fulfill its historical mission. The book details the
objective and subjective circumstances of the current situation and the features of the
constitutional process 1990-1993. The adoption of the second Constitution on August 30, 1995
became 5 the key event on Kazakhstan's path, the landmark victory of the Elbasy. At the national
referendum of 8091715 citizens who took part in the vote, 89.14% voted "for" the new
Constitution. Thus, the Basic Law in force today is the fruit of the joint creativity of the
President of the Republic, who developed the document, and the people, who gave it the highest
legitimacy by their will. This is one of the foundations of the effectiveness of the Constitution,
which has been "working" for almost a quarter of a century. The other is related to ensuring its
stability and receptivity to change by making the required changes and additions to the text.
Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev is rightfully considered the "chief architect" of Astana as the
mother see of independent Kazakhstan. Starting from the idea of moving the capital and getting
its approval by the Supreme Council of the Republic, including the formation of the
Architectural Council and the management of its activities, the invitation of world–renowned
architects, the development of a master plan and detailed planning, the construction of unique
buildings and residential complexes, the construction of recreational areas, permanent, on-site,
personal control over the execution of the planned - this is a far incomplete list of methods used
by Elbasy. Thanks to Following the bright example of Astana, positive trends in the economy
and social development of the whole country were launched. And quite naturally Today, the
capital is named after the First President of Kazakhstan – Nur-Sultan.
Another unconditional and extremely important component of the foundation of the State
Independence of Kazakhstan, is the exclusive presidential model of interethnic and interfaith
unity and harmony. It was based on the common values of the Kazakh identity, consolidating the
national historical consciousness. A unique authoritative state-public institution, organically
occupied by The Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan (1995) has become a strong place in the
political system. Thanks to the maximally verified state ethnopolitics, the activities of the
Assembly headed by its Chairman Elbasy, in the period from 1996 to 2010, citizens' fears about
the aggravation of interethnic relations were completely removed, and now the Kazakh people
are moving towards greater unity.
 Proceeding from the desire to create equal opportunities and decent living conditions for all
citizens of Kazakhstan, recognition of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, awareness of
responsibility for the fate of the nation, creation and strengthening of national statehood on the
ancestral Kazakh land and other fundamental principles set out in the Declaration on State
Sovereignty, the Constitutional Law on State Independence and the Constitution of the Republic
of Kazakhstan, The Doctrine of National Unity of Kazakhstan is proposed to society and the
nation (Approved by the Presidential Administration and sent to the Government on April 29,
2010, approved at the April 19, 2010 meeting of the Council of the Assembly of People of
Kazakhstan)

14. Identify social reforms and their results that led to qualitative changes in Kazakhstan
society.
One of the main directions of the state's social policy is pension provision. In Kazakhstan, the
problem of pension provision became particularly relevant in the mid-90s, when an acute
shortage of financial resources led to a crisis of the traditional pension system. Therefore, the
state decides to radically change this system. In March 1997, the Concept of pension reform in
the republic was approved, then a nationwide discussion of the draft law "On pension provision
in the Republic of Kazakhstan" took place, in June of the same year the law was adopted by
the country's Parliament, and since the beginning of 1998, the republic has begun construction of
a new pension system. A fixed retirement age was established: for men — 63 years, for women
— 58 years. Early retirement is reserved for citizens who have lived in the zone of extreme
radiation risk in the Semipalatinsk region for at least 10 years, for mothers with many children
and people who worked in hazardous industries. Military personnel and employees of the
internal affairs bodies have been granted pension benefits for long service.
The reform of the country's healthcare system, the need for which stemmed from the
requirements of the transition to market relations, was carried out in crisis conditions of the
economy. The concept of further development of healthcare in the Republic of Kazakhstan in
2000-2005 was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan in
May 2000. The purpose of this Concept is to define and consolidate the strategic positions of
improving the healthcare system for the period from 2000 to 2005, aimed at improving the health
of citizens, meeting the demand of the population in the volume and quality of medical services
on the basis of further sustainable development of the industry.
One of the components of the successful development of the country is the level of education
and science. A new model of the national education system has been introduced in Kazakhstan,
which is significantly different from the one that existed before. In accordance with this model,
based on the principle of continuity and continuity, four levels of education are established:
preschool education and training, secondary, higher, postgraduate education, which is provided
for by the International Standard Classification of Education recommended by UNESCO. In
accordance with the basic principles of the education system adopted in the Republic of
Kazakhstan, one of the indispensable factors of the functioning of the industry is the mandatory
and free general secondary education. According to the Bolashak program, more than 3 thousand
people study at the best universities in the world, more than 8000 people from 40 countries come
to study in Kazakhstan, which brings the country $ 16 million in income.
The Government of Kazakhstan has created a National Fund to ensure stable socio-economic
development and reduce the dependence of the economy on unfavorable external circumstances.
Thus, the state has expressed its responsibility to future generations of its citizens, avoiding the
 temptation to spend excess profits on momentary problems. The collective system of
guaranteeing deposits of individuals created for the first time in the post-Soviet space has
increased confidence in the country's banking system. Already, the National Fund has 4.7
billion dollars, or 631.8 billion tenge.

15. Indicate the main periods of the transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan from a planned
economy to a market economy.
With independence, the Republic of Kazakhstan is developing as a sovereign state towards a
socially oriented market economy. The pragmatic approach of the First President of the Republic
of Kazakhstan made it possible to effectively and in a short time to carry out the historic
transition from the former over-centralized administrative-command economy to the modern
market system.
Establishment of market relations. In 1990-1991, cooperatives, small enterprises, and trading
firms began to be created in the republic. The transition to a market economy was difficult. The
situation was complicated by the fact that until 1992 Kazakhstan was in the same economic field
with Russia.
One of the most important steps in strengthening the financial sovereignty of the country was the
introduction in 1993 of the national currency - tenge. This allowed stabilizing the financial
system and starting to conduct an independent monetary policy. As a result, Kazakhstan became
a leader in the CIS in attracting foreign direct investment, which today (2019) exceeds 320
billion dollars.
The inflow of investments provided a powerful boost to the fuel and energy complex and the
mining and metallurgical industry, which ensured the stability and subsequent growth of the
country's economy. The establishment of the National Fund in 2001 was an important step in this
connection. It became an effective institution of protection against foreign economic risks and an
important mechanism of accumulating funds for future generations.
In recent years (~2015-2019) we launched 1,250 new production facilities and mastered the
production of about 500 new types of goods. Kazakhstan exports its products to markets in 110
countries of the world. Small and medium-sized businesses, the backbone of the economy and
the source of welfare for many Kazakhstanis, are developing. The number of operating small and
medium-sized businesses today has exceeded 1.2 million units, and about 3.2 million people are
employed in this sphere.
In 2012 all tasks of national strategy "Kazakhstan-2030" were fulfilled, the republic joined the
50 most competitive countries of the world and the group of states with a medium level of
development. In 2015, as a result of a long negotiation process, Kazakhstan joined the World
Trade Organization. This provided our country with equal rights in foreign markets, as well as
access to WTO opportunities for settling trade disputes and preventing discriminatory measures.
In 2019, the Kazakhstani section of the Western Europe-Western China international transport
corridor, 2,787 kilometers long, was opened. The Trans-Caspian corridor was formed. A modern
logistics infrastructure has been created and regular container traffic is in place. Thus,
Kazakhstan has become a significant element of the global cargo transportation system.

16. Analyze the chairmanship of Kazakhstan in the OSCE and its results (2010).
In January 2010, Kazakhstan became the first post-Soviet state to chair the Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Kazakhstan was the first post-Soviet state to chair
the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Despite the fact that one year
is a short period by historical standards, nevertheless, during that time Kazakhstan contributed to
the achievement and initiation of a number of crucial tasks within the OSCE.
It should be noted that in recent years, the potential of the OSCE has significantly diminished,
the effectiveness of the decisions taken has decreased, which was reflected in the inability to
control disarmament issues and inadequate response to various conflicts arising on the territory
of the Organization. As a result, the frozen territorial conflicts did not find their resolution,
aggravating the current situation. Thus, the main mission of the OSCE to promote and preserve
security in the region was in fact not fulfilled.
On this basis, our republic fully contributed to promoting a new format of European security
dialogue in the framework of the Corfu Process, as well as to the formation of a new continental
security architecture. Kazakhstan put forward a concrete program of its chairmanship, proposing
to solve the conflict issues on the basis of broad consensus. The OSCE's ties with Asian
economic and political organizations began to strengthen.
During the reporting period, Kazakhstan initiated discussions on a wide range of issues in the
politico-military, economic and socio-humanitarian spheres and also touched on structural
and organizational problems of the organization.
In the politico-military sphere, close attention was paid to the problematic conflict zones in the
OSCE area - the situation in Afghanistan and the issues of strengthening its borders with Central
Asian countries, the conflicts in Transnistria, in the South Caucasus and, of course, the events in
Kyrgyzstan.
Afghanistan and its socio-economic development are important in the regional security system.
Kazakhstan:
 has transferred more than 2 million dollars for the construction of a school and a hospital
in the provinces of Samangan and Bamiyan.
 Regular supplies of agricultural seeds, equipment, and mineral fertilizers have been
organized from Kazakhstan.
 It was decided to allocate 50 million dollars to train one thousand Afghan citizens in
educational institutions of our country.
Along with assistance in resolving the so-called "frozen conflicts", Kazakhstan actively helped to
settle the difficult situation in Kyrgyzstan. Moreover, assistance to the neighboring country was
provided not only through the OSCE, but also on a bilateral basis in the form of humanitarian aid
to the brotherly people.
 A Kazakh-Kyrgyz multidisciplinary working group was set up to provide humanitarian
assistance.
 As a result, our country provided Kyrgyzstan with 1,800 tons of rice and 128 tons of
buckwheat as humanitarian aid.
 We sent 184 tons of metal slate and 29 railcars of timber to build and repair homes in
Osh and Jalalabad oblasts.
 In addition, seeds, fertilizers and fuel and lubricants were sent, resulting in the successful
completion of spring field work in Kyrgyzstan.
 Two hundred thousand euros from the OSCE reserve fund were allocated to maintain
public order and security, and substantial humanitarian aid was sent. All this eventually
 made it possible to considerably reduce tension in the country and the Central Asian
region as a whole.
In the economic sphere, Kazakhstan, first of all, focused on the development of such
transcontinental transport corridors as railroad, automobile and air transport corridors, as well as
pipeline routes.
The road transit project "Western Europe - Western China" on the route Khorgos - Almaty -
Aktobe - Orenburg - Kazan - St. Petersburg was the key object of this sphere. The total length is
8,445 kilometers, and the Kazakhstani section is 2,787 kilometers, at a cost of $5.4 billion.
To boost the development of transport corridors in the OSCE, two new positions of personal
representatives of the OSCE Chairman-in-Office on transport and environmental issues were
established.
In the socio-humanitarian sphere, the state program "The Road to Europe" was launched. This
is a set of multifaceted measures aimed at bringing us closer to the Old World, mastering its
experience of institutional, legal and economic reforms. Within the framework of this program
Kazakhstan, on the basis of European political, legal, philosophical and moral values, which are
the achievements of world civilization, continues to improve Kazakhstan's legal system, social
and political institutions.
On June, 29-30 in Astana the Conference of OSCE on tolerance and non-discrimination noted,
that Kazakhstan intends to make the contribution to advancement of ideas of tolerance,
interethnic peace and interconfessional consent on all space of OSCE.

17. Analyze migrations, demographic processes, changes in the ethnic structure of the
population in the Republic of Kazakhstan
It is known that migration is one of the important factors influencing changes in the population,
national composition, and its distribution across regions. It also plays an important role in
changing the ratio of rural to urban population, solving the socio-economic and security issues of
the country. In the last years of the Soviet system, Kazakhstan was the republic where the
percentage of the indigenous population was the lowest.
Therefore, after gaining independence Kazakhstan began to pursue an active migration policy
that correlated with the specifics of the socio-economic and political situation in the country and
in the region. For example, on 26 June 1992 a law "On Immigration" was adopted, containing a
legal basis for the legal ordering of our compatriots moving to the sovereign country. On
December 13, 1997, the law "On Population Migration" was adopted. Its appearance was due to
the fact that by this time the outflow of the Russian-speaking population from Kazakhstan had
noticeably increased. At the same time it was also connected with the need to regulate the stay
and obtain citizenship of ethnic Kazakhs arriving in their historical homeland. The same law
addressed the legal status of refugees and repatriates. In 2001 a program of migration policy for
2001-2010 was adopted. And in 2007 Kazakhstan adopted the "Concept of migration policy of
Kazakhstan for 2007-2015". Here were adopted provisions that do not allow discrimination
based on language, race, religion, gender, nationality, and political beliefs. The concept was
intended to encourage foreign compatriots to come more actively to their historic homeland.
The main periods of migration processes:
 At the first stage (1991-2003) migration processes were aimed at the movement outside the
Republic, primarily of representatives of European nationalities. Against the background of
 deteriorating socio-economic conditions, part of the population began to return more actively
to their historic homeland: Russians to Russia, Poles to Poland, Germans to Germany, etc.
Then unemployment and the number of divorces increased.
 In these years the number of citizens of Kazakhstan decreased from 16 793.1 thousand to 14
886.8 thousand. The decrease occurred by 11, 5 %. The most record-breaking year was 1994
(406, 7 thousand people).
 One of the main reasons for migration from Kazakhstan, apart from the economic crisis of
the mid-1990s, is primarily the desire of citizens, who for various reasons became residents
of Kazakhstan, to reunite with relatives living in their historic homeland.
 Given these factors, in 1996, President Nazarbayev submitted a proposal to the CIS Summit
to undertake "Ten Simple Steps Towards Ordinary People," which was endorsed by all
members of the Commonwealth. This initiative concerned issues of simplifying the
acceptance of citizenship, the crossing of borders by people, the transportation of goods and
services, the expansion of information cooperation, and so on.
Ethnic structure. According to the 1989 census, the two main ethnic groups in Kazakhstan were
Kazakhs and Russians - 6.5 million and 6.3 million people, respectively. At the beginning of
2016, there were 11.7 million Kazakhs, and 3.6 million Russians. At the same time, if almost
three decades ago, these two groups accounted for 77.5% of the population, now it is 87%. This
means that Kazakhstan is becoming more mono-ethnic. The reason is both the growth of the
indigenous population and the outflow of representatives of other major European nations.
The ethnic structure is changing for two reasons - because of the difference in the rate of natural
increase of ethnic groups and because of their migration.
A peculiarity of the ethno-demographic structure of Kazakhstan's population is the different
variants of the ratio of their numbers in the composition of the population of different regions of
Kazakhstan. Two main regional types are distinguished: oblasts with a predominant share of the
titular ethnic group in the population, and oblasts where the population of Russian and other
European ethnic groups prevails. Particularly significant changes during the years of
independence have occurred in the structure of the population of the southern and border regions
of the republic - here there is a serious change in the percentage ratio of the population of
Russian and Kazakh ethnic groups, which was a consequence of immigration of Oralmans, who
often settle in the southern regions, where the share of the Kazakh ethnic group is high, as well
as emigration of the Russian population. For example, in the North Kazakhstan oblast Russians
and Ukrainians make up in total over 56 %, Kazakhs - 31,42 % of the total population. And in
Kyzylorda region the situation is diametrically opposite, the ethnic composition of population is
practically mono-ethnic: Kazakhs - 95,22 %, Russians - 2,25 %, Koreans - 1,33 % of all
population of the region.

18. Kazakhstan is a multinational state. The activities of Assembly of People of Kazakhstan

The Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan was established on March 1, 1995 at the initiative of
the First President of the country N.A. Nazarbayev. This institution of civil society is an
important element of the political system of Kazakhstan, which consolidated the interests of all
ethnic groups, ensuring strict observance of the rights and freedoms of citizens, regardless of
their nationality. The very idea of creation was voiced by Nursultan Abishevich back in 1992 at
the first Forum of the people of Kazakhstan. The activities of the Assembly of the People of
Kazakhstan are aimed at implementing the state national policy, ensuring socio-political stability
in the republic and increasing the effectiveness of interaction between state and civil institutions
of society in the field of interethnic relations. The Assembly today is a constitutional body
 headed by its Chairman - the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan
Nazarbayev. The legal status of the Assembly is determined by the special Law of the Republic
of Kazakhstan "On the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan", "Regulations on the Assembly
of the People of Kazakhstan". The session is the supreme body of the Assembly. All its decisions
are obligatory for consideration by both state bodies and civil society institutions. One of the
main features of the Assembly is the representation of the interests of ethnic groups in the
highest legislative body - the Parliament of the country as a guaranteed representation. The
Assembly elects 9 deputies of the Mazhilis of the Parliament.
The deputy group of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan has 29 deputies, including 20
representatives of 3 political parties (from the Nur Otan party - 15 deputies, from the Democratic
Party of Kazakhstan "Akzhol" - 2 deputies, from the CPPK - 3 deputies).
The working body is the Secretariat of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan in the structure
of the Presidential Administration as an independent department.
The structure of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan also includes:
• Scientific and expert council of the ANC;
• ANC Journalists' Club;
• Public Fund "Fund of ANK";
• Methodical center of innovative technologies of teaching languages;
• Association of Entrepreneurs of APK;
• ANC Youth Organization
• Councils of public consent
• Advice from mothers at the ANC
• Houses of Friendship
• Ethnocultural associations
• Association of Chairs of the APK
• ANC mediation centers

19. Confessional policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of security problems
In modern conditions, religion is a specific subsystem of society. In addition, religion is a
constantly operating factor in social life. Religion in modern society is manifested through the
performance of certain social functions, as well as the activities of religious institutions,
organizations and believing citizens. Historical experience shows that such world religions as
Buddhism, Christianity and Islam contributed to the unification of people of different
nationalities, the rapprochement of peoples, the mutual influence of their cultures, and the
smoothing of interethnic contradictions. The strengthening of the religious factor coincides with
the critical stages of social development, which in turn generates public demand for religion,
increases social expectations addressed to religious organizations. Today, ethnic and religious
factors are considered not only as nation-forming, but also contributing to the formation of the
unity of the people. The religious factor can be both positive, playing a consolidating, national
 liberation, peacemaking role, and destructive, deepening the contradictions existing in society,
infringing on the rights of national minorities, and chauvinism. With the beginning of democratic
reforms, the scale of influence, the role and importance of religion in society has significantly
expanded, their social prestige and authority have risen, as a result of which religions have
become a significant factor in social development in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the process
of reforming the socio-economic and political system in Kazakhstan and the normalization of
state-confessional relations, all religious organizations received an equal right to practice their
cult and propagate the corresponding dogma. This, in turn, created for them the opportunity to
actively influence various aspects of the socio-political, socio-economic, cultural, spiritual and
moral, charitable and charitable spheres of society, thereby realizing the social functions of
religion and its institutions. To clarify the role of the religious factor in the policy of ensuring
national security, let us dwell in more detail on such basic categories as national security, the
national security factor, and the religious factor. National security is firstly, the state of
protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state in all spheres of their life
from external and internal dangers and threats, characterized by such a state of the country,
which ensures its integrity and internal stability, sovereign and progressive development, the
opportunity to act as an independent and full-fledged subject of international relations; secondly,
the state of the country, in which there are no or eliminated real external and internal threats to
its national values, interests and national way of life; thirdly, this concept defines the state in
which the vital political, economic, social, environmental, spiritual, military and other interests
of the country are reliably protected, the effect of real and potential internal and external
influences, crisis situations is reduced to a minimum and favorable opportunities are provided for
progressive development of the individual, society and the state.
It should be noted that the scientific literature focuses on three approaches to the concept of
political stability and security.
The modern concept of national security in many states highlights the maintenance of civil peace
and national harmony, territorial integrity, unity of the legal space, and the rule of law as the
most important condition for security. At the same time, national interests in the spiritual sphere
consist in the preservation and strengthening of the moral values of society, the traditions of
patriotism and humanism, the cultural and scientific potential of the country. In particular, we are
talking about preserving and strengthening the integrity of the state in its territorial, cultural,
historical and spiritual space, which in turn implies freedom from the threats of extremism,
terrorism, any form of violence, interethnic and interreligious hostility.

20. Describe the nationwide idea “Mangilik el”: historical continuity; Kazakh culture; Liberty;
unity; strong state; high goals; bright future.
The idea of Mangilik El is based on the centuries-old dream of our ancestors to build an “Eternal
State”, the goal of which is to unite everything that we have, all those key values that Kazakhstan
has. The goals are the formation of Kazakhstani patriotism, the development of tolerance,
interethnic and intercultural communication, broadening the horizons, deepening students'
knowledge of the achievements of modern Kazakhstan, activating students' cognitive interest in
learning and learning the state language; education in students of love, respect, tolerance for
cultures, historical past and heritage of the peoples living in Kazakhstan; upbringing of spiritual
and moral education of children, development of intellectual abilities. There are 7 principles in
total - Mangilik El is Independence and Astana, Mangilik El is National unity, peace and
harmony. Mangilik El is a Secular State and High Spirituality. Mangilik El is a sustainable
economic growth based on innovation. Mangilik El is the Society of General Labor. Mangilik El
 is a Community of History, Culture and Language. Mangilik El is National security and global
participation of Kazakhstan in solving global and regional problems.
The first step in the implementation of the Mangilik El program was to be the Balkhash Power
Plant (Balkhash TPP) project. Next in the plans was a project for the production of mineral
fertilizers in the Zhambyl region - this project will cover all the needs of mineral fertilizers in
rural areas of the Zhambyl region. The third step in "Mangilik El" was to be a complex of
enterprises in Atyrau, primarily the project of the Atyrau Oil Refinery (oil refinery), which was a
project that was changing the face of the country. The message of the president of "Mangilik El"
spoke about the pipeline system of development, in particular, the gasification of the central
region of the country, including the capital. In "Mangilik El" Nursultan Abishevich spoke about
the development of the tourist zone of Kazakhstan. First of all, it was about ski tourism, mostly
in Almaty, the Chimbulak recreation area, the development of which was supposed to take place
at the expense of the state. Another recreation area is the Burabaevskaya zone or in the common
people "Borovoe". For the development of this project, a road was built between Astana,
Borovoye and Kokshetau. The entire infrastructure was built at the expense of the state, and the
number of jobs by thousands will be increased due to this complex. To date, over 130 officially
registered participants in the movement, at the moment "Mangilik El" is a nationwide movement,
because representatives of different ages, different professions, different cities and regions of
Kazakhstan are actively involved in the implementation of this project, and this allows us to
really understand what that "Mangilik El" is the project of the future of all Kazakhstan.

21. Expand the importance of the Presidential program of historical research “People in the
stream of history” in expanding the horizons of the national history of the Kazakhs and
forming a new historical worldview of the nation.
"The people in the stream of history" (1999) President of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev in his
book "In the Stream of History" emphasized that "it is of fundamental importance that we are
building a new Kazakhstan not as an ethno-critical state, but as a civil society, which is based on
the principles of equality of freedoms, rights and duties. N. Nazarbayev's book is in many ways
the result of reflection, dedicated to national culture, the problems of our history, the connection
of the past and the present. On behalf of the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev in
our country is being developing the program called "Nation in Flow of History", one of the goals
of which is involving the huge potential of historical knowledge for patriotic education of the
new generation of Kazakhstan. It is clear that without knowing the past it is difficult to plan for
the future. Therefore, the Head of State in his book has paid great attention to this issue. Under
the leadership of Secretary of State of Kazakhstan Marat Tajin now there is a lot of work being
done to implement the orders of the President Nursultan Nazarbayev. A large national program
should be developed and realized, but, first of all, we need to take the appropriate concept. When
we had been for about 70 years a part of the Soviet Union, indeed, in our history there were a lot
of "white spots". Now we have become an independent state, we have access to many sources,
including the ones abroad. We should carefully study these materials, so that they have entered
into scientific circle. This is very important. Now, our scientists, are mainly busy with that sort
of activity. Until recently, we have not been able to go deep enough in our history, we were
limited by Turkic period only, reaching only the mid-first century AD. And the data that are
found today, including details of archaeological research, prove that the history of our nation
begins with the era of the Scythians and Saks. It reaches its roots, at least the middle of the first
millennium BC. There is a lot of data, greatly expanding the framework for our history. Actually
it has already been proved that on the territory of modern Kazakhstan before the Kazakh Khanate
there existed 12 states. When people talk about the history of the Kazakhs, more attention is
 given to the nomadic culture, nomadism. But in our country there were many large cities,
civilization was developed. Experience shows that we should consider nomadism in close
connection with the urban civilization. In the south of Kazakhstan we found the remains of
plenty of cities. We are carrying out excavations, for example, in place of the trade market in
Taraz (Zhambyl region), and the first results are very pleasing for us. Historical research should
be conducted on a large scale, it is the task of historians to study our history in depth to
understand the genetic code of our nation. It is very important for the education of young people,
young people of our independent state. If our youth has not formed historical consciousness, if it
did not know its ancestors, it won't be a good generation. A true patriot must feel the continuity
of our culture and traditions. That's why one needs to generate a new look at our history, and this
is all this work is carried out for.

22. The purpose and significance of the state strategic program “Kazakhstan-2050”.
In December 2012, in the Address of the Head of State to the people of the country, the
Development Strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2050 was presented. Its main goal is
to create a welfare society based on a strong state, a developed economy and opportunities for
universal labor, Kazakhstan's entry into the top thirty most developed countries in the world. To
achieve this goal, the Strategy "Kazakhstan-2050" provides for the implementation of seven
long-term priorities:
1. The economic policy of the new deal is a comprehensive economic pragmatism based on
the principles of profitability, return on investment and competitiveness of Comprehensive
Economic pragmatism. The essence of the economic policy of the new deal is comprehensive
economic pragmatism. In fact, this is a cardinal breakdown of our current views and approaches.
2. Comprehensive support for entrepreneurship - the leading force of the national economy.
Domestic entrepreneurship is the driving force of the new economic course.
3. New principles of social policy - social guarantees and personal responsibility. Our main
goal is the social security and well-being of our citizens. This is the best guarantee of stability in
society. Solving issues of social security and well-being of citizens is a difficult and very serious
task that concerns every citizen of Kazakhstan. Therefore, there should be carefully considered
approaches.
4. Knowledge and professional skills are the key guidelines of the modern system of
education, training and retraining of personnel. To become a developed competitive state, we
must become a highly educated nation. In the modern world, simple universal literacy is clearly
not enough. Our citizens should be ready to constantly master the skills of working on the most
advanced equipment and the most modern production. It is also necessary to pay great attention
to the functional literacy of our children, in general, of the entire younger generation. It is
important that our children are adapted to modern life.
5. Further strengthening of statehood and development of Kazakhstan's democracy. Our
goal is to form a new type of public administration. It should meet the new tasks of serving
society and strengthening statehood.
6. Consistent and predictable foreign policy - promotion of national interests and
strengthening of regional and global security. Over the years of independence, Kazakhstan has
become an equal participant in international processes, and we have managed to create favorable
external conditions. Our priorities remain unchanged - the development of partnership with our
neighbors - Russia, China, Central Asian countries, as well as the United States, the European
 Union, and Asian countries. We will strengthen the Customs Union and the Common Economic
Space. Our immediate goal is to create the Eurasian Economic Union. At the same time, we
clearly state that the issues will be resolved by consensus. Political sovereignty will not be
infringed. The balance of our foreign policy means the development of friendly and predictable
relations with all states that play a significant role in world affairs and are of practical interest to
Kazakhstan. In this situation, Kazakhstan's foreign policy should be modernized, as well as
domestic policy.
7. New Kazakhstan patriotism is the basis for the success of our multinational and multi-
confessional society. Our main goal in this direction is simple and clear: we must preserve and
strengthen social harmony. This is an immutable condition of our existence as a state, as a
society, as a nation. The foundation of Kazakhstan's patriotism is the equality of all citizens and
their shared responsibility for the honor of the Motherland.

23. Expand the priorities of Kazakhstan in the field of foreign policy.

The strategic tasks of foreign policy are the management of the fundamental provisions on the
inviolability, principles of independence, territorial integrity and inviolability of the country's
borders. The most important thing is the location of Kazakhstan in the area of the junction of
routes linking Europe and Asia. Our country's closest neighbors are Russia, China and the
Islamic states of Central Asia. The legendary Great Silk Road passed through the territory of
Kazakhstan in ancient times. In this regard, many countries of the world are showing interest in
establishing and developing versatile ties with Kazakhstan. The main interest is natural wealth,
huge reserves of minerals. In general, over 1.5 billion tons of minerals are developed annually in
Kazakhstan. The world community looks to Kazakhstan as one of the main sources of energy in
the 21st century. Kazakhstan occupies a leading position in the world in terms of reserves of oil,
gas, coal and uranium ores. In addition, the agriculture of the republic produces a sufficient
amount of grain for export. In determining the main directions of its foreign policy activities, the
country's leadership first of all tries to benefit from all these geopolitical factors.
The most important principles of the foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan:
● close interrelation of foreign policy with domestic;
● ü mutual respect for the sovereignty and independence of states;
● the equality of states;
● ü adherence to principles and flexibility in defending state interests, the ability to
positional maneuvering, the rejection of “ossified” stereotypes;
● ü balanced and multi-vector foreign policy, pragmatism in choosing allies and partners;
● ü indivisibility, security, that is, the close relationship of its various levels (political,
economic, military, economic, etc.);
● ü Achieving a balance between global, regional, subregional and national approaches to
solving problems of peace and security;
● ü Kazakhstan, as a member of the UN, pursues a foreign policy based on the principles
of international law;
● ü Kazakhstan, as a member of the OSCE, in its foreign policy activities relies on one of
the principles of the Declaration of the Helsinki Final Act.
 The main directions in foreign policy activity:
● ü Strengthening the statehood and independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
● ü a course towards the modernization of politics, the creation of a market economy;
● ü ensuring social and political stability, without which there can be no development;
● ü civil peace, interethnic harmony;
● ü integration with the CIS countries and the world community.

24. Define the place of independent Kazakhstan in the world community

Kazakhstan occupies a strategic place in the heart of Central Asia, which allows it to influence
regional and world politics and maintain relations with both neighboring countries and foreign
partners
Cooperation with Russia, China and the United States indicates that Kazakhstan can play the role
of a buffer state. For example, there are close historical, cultural and linguistic ties between
Kazakhstan and Russia. Bilateral relations in the areas of economy, energy, labor and migration
have been and remain essential for Kazakhstan. In addition, Kazakhstan is in the zone of China's
economic plan "One Belt - One Road", which is aimed at restoring the Great Silk Road to
strengthen economic cooperation and investment in the region. The wealth of Kazakhstan's
natural resources and the presence of Chinese oil pipes in Kazakhstan make the country China's
most important economic partner.
It is also worth noting that over the 25 years of independence, Kazakhstan has made a significant
contribution to the world community. He provided humanitarian aid to Afghanistan and is still
supporting the reconstruction of the country by building schools, roads and educational programs
for Afghan people who grew up in the war. And disagreements between the West and Russia
over Ukraine in 2013 pushed Kazakhstan's ability to act as a mediator to the limit. Participation
in this cause not only strengthened Kazakhstan's sovereignty, but also allowed Kazakhstan to
open many new channels of constructive cooperation.
The issue of nuclear weapons is extremely important and requires a decisive multilateral
solution. In many cases in recent history, the world community narrowly avoided nuclear
conflict and saw the danger of nuclear disasters. Kazakhstan has already achieved significant
results as a non-permanent member of the Security Council and achieved legitimacy to set an
example for other states in disarmament.
As a member of the UN Security Council, Kazakhstan is required to comply with the
requirements of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Particular attention is paid to
this in connection with the security threat posed by terrorists and the illegal possession of nuclear
weapons. Given the rich uranium reserves and the successful private electricity industry, it
becomes clear why Kazakhstan supports the right to develop nuclear technology for peaceful
purposes.

25. Development of virgin and fallow lands in Kazakhstan, stages, environmental and
demographic consequences.
The development of virgin land (целина), which was carried out from 1954 to 1965, became one
of the largest events in the history of the development of agriculture in Kazakhstan. On the one
hand, any country in the world could envy such a large agricultural project, when specialists,
technologies and advanced equipment flock to one place in large numbers at once, on the other
hand, due to the haste and unpreparedness with which this campaign was conducted, the
domestic ecosystem received great damage, which was hardly possible to dream.
At the beginning of 1954, the leadership of the USSR decided to launch a major campaign to
develop virgin lands in Kazakhstan, Siberia, the Volga region, the Urals, as well as in some other
regions of the country. This was dictated by the need to solve the "grain" issue and feed the
population of a huge country.
Nikita Khrushchev, the first secretary of the CPSU, did not listen to the opinions of experts who
warned against making hasty decisions, although they were not groundless. Back at the turn of
the XIX-XX centuries, the development of virgin and fallow lands was already underway in our
country, but experts immediately said that the forcible imposition of such unconventional
activities as agriculture and grain production could subsequently turn these lands into deserts.
However, half a century later, the Kremlin still decided that the Kazakh steppes could give the
USSR such necessary bread.
The political will of the members of the Central Committee of the CPSU was unshakable, so
they began to "raise" the virgin land, and they did it hastily, neglecting balanced and rational
approaches. Take at least the methods of work in the Kazakh steppes. At that time, dump plows
were mainly used, and this was fraught with consequences – wind erosion occurred on the land
treated in this way. Simply put, the fertile soil layer was literally blown away by the slightest
breeze. The fears were justified. Yes, in the early years, the country received the long-awaited
virgin bread, but due to the methods of work used, after a few years, the volume of grain
harvested sharply decreased.
By the mid-sixties, the euphoria from the virgin epic had finally disappeared. The inefficiency of
the methods used became obvious. By 1960, more than 9 million hectares of fields had already
been covered by wind erosion in Northern Kazakhstan alone, and this is almost all the
agricultural areas of a country like France.
Serious changes were needed to rectify the situation. It was necessary to urgently solve the
problem of wind erosion of soils, otherwise in a few years the steppes of Kazakhstan could
become absolutely unsuitable for any agriculture.
The Law "On Soil Protection" was urgently adopted. Farmers were obliged to work in the field
so that stubble and straw remained after. Band placement of crops, etc. was used. And it began to
bear fruit. Later, modern soil protection equipment was used in the work at that time. All this
together gradually helped to solve a painful problem, to save the Kazakh lands from truly
catastrophic consequences.