TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. HOW TO USE THIS SELF STUDY GUIDE? 4
3. EXAMINATION STRUCTURE 5
4. EXAMINATION TIPS 6
4.1 TYPES OF QUESTIONS 6
4.2 FLASHBACK ON THE WATER CYCLE 8
5. CONCEPTS OF DRAINAGE BASINS 9
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES 9
B. FACTORS INFLUENCING INFILTRATION OF WATER 10
C. DRAINAGE BASINS ACTIVITIES 11
6. TYPES OF RIVERS 14
A. KEY CONCEPTS 14
B. NOTES AND EXPLANATION 14
C. TYPES OF RIVERS ACTIVITY: 16
7. DRAINAGE PATTERNS 17
A. KEY CONCEPTS 17
B. NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS 17
C. DRAINAGE PATTERNS ACTIVITIES 21
8. DRAINAGE DENSITY 25
A. KEY CONCEPTS 25
B. FACTORS INFLUENCING DRAINAGE DENSITY 26
C. DRAINAGE DENSITY ACTIVITIES 28
9. STREAM ORDERS 30
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES 30
B. LAWS OF STREAM ORDERS 30
C. ACTIVITY ON MAP WORK APPLICATION OF STREAM ORDERS 31
10. RIVER DISCHARGE 32
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES 32
B. FLUVIAL PROCESSES 33
11. RIVER PROFILES AND THE STAGES OF A RIVER 34
A. LONGITUDINAL PROFILE AND STAGES OF A RIVER 34
B. CROSS /TRANSVERSE PROFILE: FRONT VIEW OF A RIVER FROM BANK TO
35
BANK

1
12. RIVER GRADING 36
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES 36
B. BASE LEVELS OF EROSION 37
C. RIVER GRADING ACTIVITIES 38
13. FLUVIAL LANDFORMS IN THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE RIVER 40
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES 40
B. FLUVIAL LANDFORMS AND FEATURES ACTIVITIES 48
14. RIVER REJUVENATION 55
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES 55
B. RESULTANT LANDFORMS 55
C. RIVER REJUVENATION ACTIVITIES 56
15. RIVER CAPTURE/STREAM PIRACY 58
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES 58
B. CAUSES AND CHARACTERISTICS 59
C. STREAM PIRACY ACTIVITIES 62
16. SUPERIMPOSED AND ANTECEDENT DRAINAGE PATTERNS 64
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES 64
C. SUPERIMPOSED AND ANTECENDENT DRAINAGE ACTIVTIES 65
17. CATCHMENT AND RIVER MANAGEMENT 66
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES 66
B. CAUSES, IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF RIVER MANAGEMENT 66
C. CATCHMENT AND RIVER MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES 69
18. POSSIBLE ANSWERS 72
19. EXAMINATION ACTION VERBS 84
20. REFERENCES 87
21. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 88

2
1. INTRODUCTION
The declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic by the World Health
Organisation led to the disruption of effective teaching and learning in many
schools in South Africa. The majority of learners in various grades spent less
time in class due to the phased-in approach and rotational/ alternate
attendance system that was implemented by various provinces.
Consequently, the majority of schools were not able to complete all the
relevant content designed for specific grades in accordance with the
Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statements in most subjects.

As part of mitigating against the impact of COVID-19 on the current Grade 12,
the Department of Basic Education (DBE) worked in collaboration with subject
specialists from various Provincial Education Departments (PEDs) developed
this Self-Study Guide. The Study Guide covers those topics, skills and
concepts that are located in Grade 12, that are critical to lay the foundation
for Grade 12. The main aim is to close the pre-existing content gaps in order
to strengthen the mastery of subject knowledge in Grade 12. More
importantly, the Study Guide will engender the attitudes in the learners to
learning independently while mastering the core cross-cutting concepts.
2. HOW TO USE THIS SELF STUDY GUIDE?

This Self-Study Guide only covers the section on Geomorphology. The booklet is designed to
explain concepts that seem to be challenging to learners in the Grade 12 exams. The first part
focuses on the Exam structure for Paper 1 or Paper 2, followed by explanation of the most
common action verbs used in the question paper and how learners should manage their time.
The second part focuses on the selected key concepts with their explanatory notes, followed
by assessment activities designed from previous examination question papers. The guide also
provides relevant answers and guide learners on how to use a mark allocation (on a question)
in order to determine the extent of your response. Mapwork has been integrated in all the
relevant sections to follow the new exam structure.

The guide should be used in conjunction with other resources such as DBE approved
textbooks, 2021 Exam Guidelines and Geography CAPS document.

4
3. EXAMINATION STRUCTURE

PAPER 1

3.1.1 This is a 3-hour question paper which is written on a SEPARATE DAY from
Paper 2.

3.1.2 The mark allocation for this paper is 150.

3.1.3 The question paper consists of two sections, namely SECTION A and
SECTION B:

SECTION A: Climate and Weather and Geomorphology (Theory)

SECTION B: Geographical Skills, Techniques, Application and Interpretation
and GIS (Mapwork)

3.1.4 SECTION A consists of TWO questions of 60 marks each. SECTION B

consists of ONE question of 30 marks.

3.1.5 All the THREE questions are compulsory.

PAPER 2

3.2.1 This is a 3-hour question paper which is written on a separate day from
Paper

3.2.2 The mark allocation for this paper is 150.

3.2.3 The question paper consists of two sections, namely SECTION A and
SECTION B: SECTION A: Settlement and Economic Geography of South
Africa (Theory) SECTION B: Mapwork- Geographical Skills and Techniques
(Map work)

3.2.4 SECTION A consists of two questions of 60 marks each and SECTION B

consists of one question of 30 marks.

3.2.5 All the three questions are compulsory.

5
4. EXAMINATION TIPS
4.1 TYPES OF QUESTIONS

The types of questions in both Paper 1 and Paper 2 are as follows:

4.1.1 Short objective questions:
• Multiple-choice:
o Know what each multiple-choice question is asking.
o Read the entire question.
o Evaluate each answer to the multiple-choice question.
o Eliminate each answer that is clearly wrong.
o Select the best answer.
o Do not leave any question unanswered.
• Matching:
o Know the definitions/explanations of concepts for each section as you
will be required to pair each item with the correct terminology provided.
o These questions assess recognition and recall of knowledge acquired.

4.1.2 Data response questions

• With a data response question, you are required to interpret diagrams,
maps, photos, tables, statistics, cartoons, graphs, etc.
• Data response questions require knowledge, application, analysis, critical
thinking and evaluation.
• Marks for data response questions range from 2-8 marks.

4.1.3 Paragraph-type questions

• Paragraphs assess communication skills, knowledge, and insight. These
questions require critical and analytical thinking. In order to master these
questions, learners should:
o underline the main topic of the question,
o underline the action words or question verbs,
o underline the focus areas of the question (note that most paragraph
questions might require two aspects or issues that must be discussed/
explained in two equal parts),
o write in full sentences to explain answers, and
o avoid repetition of facts.

6
An illustration of how to analyse a paragraph question statement:

The cost of food will increase because the polluted water will be expensive to
purify so that it could be used in agriculture. Farmers will have to buy more
chemicals to purify the water. If not, they will have to buy purified water from
other service providers at a costly price. This will have a negative impact on
production costs in agriculture, leading to increased food prices. Furthermore,
polluted water reduces soil fertility which could lead to crop failure. This could
lead to food being imported from other countries at very expensive prices in
order to prevent food insecurity in the country. Polluted water will be expensive
to purify so as to generate hydro-electricity, thereby causing Eskom to inflate
electricity prices. Increased production costs will increase electricity costs. Less
production of electricity due to river pollution will increase demand and supply,
making electricity costs expensive. (4 x 2) (8)

7
 4.2 FLASHBACK ON THE WATER CYCLE

Water cycles refers to the process whereby water evaporates from the ocean and
is transported by wind, in the form of water vapour and clouds to the atmosphere
where it falls back to the surface as precipitation.

The precipitation flows on the surface as *sheet flow and *channel flow and
become part of the drainage basin.

* Sheet flow * Channel flow

The even flow of water on the surface The flow of water mainly in rivers

8
5. CONCEPTS OF DRAINAGE BASINS
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES

CONCEPT DESCRIPTION

Drainage Basin This is the area through which a river system flow

Catchment Area The collection area of rainwater in lakes, rivers, and reservoirs

River System The mainstream and its tributaries

Tributary A river or stream flowing into a larger river

Confluence The junction of two rivers/streams

Watershed High laying area that separates drainage basins

Interfluve High laying area that separates tributaries in a drainage basin

Source The place where the river begins

It is the part of the river, where the river flow into another river, a lake, a
River mouth
reservoir, a sea, or an ocean

Ground water Water underneath the earth surface

Through flow It is the lateral flow of water in the soil zone

Water table Upper level of ground water

Infiltration When water soaks or filters into the soil

9
 B. FACTORS INFLUENCING INFILTRATION OF WATER

1. Amount of water already in the ground

• Saturated soil can hold more water increasing surface flow.
• Dry soil absorbs more water increasing infiltration.

2. Evaporation rate
• High evaporation means that there is less water for infiltration.
• Dry, hot, and windy

3. Gradient of slope
• Gentle gradient slopes allow more to infiltrate and be retained by the soil.
• Steep slopes enable water to run-off more easily

4. Nature and Amount of precipitation

• Heavy showers cause greater run-off and less infiltration.
• Softer rains allow more infiltration.

5. Density and type of plant cover

• Sparse (Little) vegetation encourages run-off and allows rapid evaporation.
• Thick plant cover allows more infiltration.

6. Porosity
• High porosity results in high permeability, therefore more infiltration.
• High porosity in soil increases infiltration.
• A rock or soil is porous when it is able to store water.

7. Permeability
• Rocks or soil is permeable when it allows water to pass through it.
• Rock with high permeability and high porosity are known as aquifers.
• Rock with low permeability and low porosity are known as aquicludes.

8. Soil Moisture
• Dry soil absorbs more water and reduce stream runoff. This
leads to lower drainage density.
• Infiltration is low in soil that has high moisture content.

10
 C. DRAINAGE BASINS ACTIVITIES

5.1 Refer to FIGURE 5.1 which shows fluvial features and give ONE term for each
of the statements below.

5.1.1 Water that flows on the surface after it rains

5.1.2 High-lying area that separates two rivers in the same drainage basin

5.1.3 Water found below the earth's surface

5.1.4 River that flows throughout the year

5.1.5 Upper level of ground water

5.1.6 Meeting place of two rivers

5.1.7 Soaking of water into the ground

5.1.8 Movement of water through the soil to rivers (8 x 1) (8)

11
5.2 FIGURE 5.2 illustrates the main features of a drainage basin. Study the
diagram to answer the following questions.

5.2.1 Define the term drainage basin. (1 x 2) (2)

5.2.2 Explain the difference between a watershed and an interfluve. (2 x 1) (2)

5.2.3 What major factor influences the type of river that exists? (1 x 2) (2)

5.2.4 How will the urban environment affect the rate at which run off occurs?
(1 x 2) (2)

5.2.5 Give TWO reasons for your answer in QUESTION 5.2.4. (2 x 2) (4)

5.2.6 “Due to human activities, the natural balance that exists within a river
system has been disturbed and the natural catchment areas have been
degraded.” Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines on the
negative impact that human activities have on drainage basins.
(4 x 2) (8)

12
MAP WORK APPLICATION

5.3 Refer to the extract from a topographic map and answer the questions that
follow.

5.3.1 The area at A represents the (river system/drainage basin). (1 x 1) (1)

5.3.2 Differentiate between high lying areas B and C. (2 x 1) (2)

5.3.3 Refer to D

(a) In which direction does the mainstream at D flow? (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Provide TWO reasons for your answer to QUESTION 5.3.3(a).

(2 x 2) (4)

5.3.4 At which point E or F are the chances of flooding higher? Motivate

your choice. (1 + 2) (3)

13
6. TYPES OF RIVERS
A. KEY CONCEPTS

Concept Explanation
Permanent Rivers Flows throughout the year
Periodic Rivers Flows every year only in the rainy season
Episodic Rivers The rivers only flow for a short period of time after heavy rainfall
This is a permanent river that originates in a rainy/wet area but
Exotic Rivers
later flows through a desert

B. NOTES AND EXPLANATION

PERMANENT RIVERS / PERENNIAL RIVERS

• Flows throughout the year.

• The water table intersects the riverbed throughout the year.
• Usually occur in areas of high rainfall

PERIODIC RIVERS / NON-PERENNIAL RIVERS

• Flows every year only in the rainy season.

• The water table intersects the riverbed only in the rainy season.

14
 EPISODIC RIVERS

• The rivers only flow for a short period of time after heavy rainfall
• The water table never intersects the river bed.
• Very important water source in dry areas
• These rivers do not necessarily flow every year.

EXOTIC RIVERS

• This is a permanent river that originates in a rainy/wet area but later flows
through a desert.
• The river does not show the climatic characteristics of its surroundings.

15
 C. TYPES OF RIVERS ACTIVITY:
6.1 Refer to FIGURE 6.1 and answer the questions that follow. Photograph A shows
an episodic river in the north-western part of South Africa. Photograph B shows
a permanent river in the same area.

6.1.1 (a) What is an episodic river? (1 x 2) (2)

(b) Give evidence from the QUESTION 6.1.1(a) photograph to

support your answer. (1 x 1) (1)

(c) State TWO physical factors that will influence the discharge
(stream flow) of this river. (2 x 2) (4)

6.1.2 (a) What do you call a permanent river that flows through dry areas?
(1 x 2) (2)

(b) Explain why the river in QUESTION 6.1.2(a) flows throughout the
year. (2 x 2) (4)

(c) State TWO advantage of this river for farmers in the north-western
part of South Africa. (2 x 2) (4)

16
7. DRAINAGE PATTERNS
A. KEY CONCEPTS

Concept Explanation

Pattern Arrangement of stream in a drainage basin

Resistant to erosion Hard rock that does not erode easily
Underlying rock structure Type of rock on which the river system flow
Alternate layer Layers of hard and soft rock next to one another

B. NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS

UNDERLYING ROCK
PATTERN SKETCH /DIAGRAM EXAMPLE
STRUCTURE

Dendritic pattern Found in areas with

rocks of equal
Tributaries join the resistance to erosion
main stream at
acute angles.

Resembles the
branches of a
tree.

17
Trellis pattern Occurs in areas of
folded sedimentary
Tributaries join the rocks.
main stream at right
angles. Occurs in areas
where hard rocks and
Main streams are soft rocks alternate.
parallel to each
other

Radial Pattern Found in areas with

dome like structures
Streams radiate
from a central point.

Rectangular Found in areas with

Pattern igneous rocks with
joints and cracks.
The mainstream
displays right-angle
bends.

18
Deranged Pattern Occur in regions
subjected to glaciation
Streams have
irregular
patterns.

Tributaries do not
link up with the
main stream

Centripetal Basin like structure

Pattern

Streams converge
into a low-lying
area.

rivers discharge
their waters from
all directions in a
lake or depression

19
Parallel Pattern Parallel drainage
patterns form where
Pattern of rivers there is a pronounced
caused by steep slope to the surface.
slopes with some
relief. Because of A parallel pattern also
the steep slopes, develops in regions of
the streams are parallel, elongate
swift and straight, landforms like
with very few outcropping resistant
tributaries, and all rock bands
flow in the same
direction.

20
 C. DRAINAGE PATTERNS ACTIVITIES
7.1 FIGURE 7.1 illustrates a drainage basin.

[Source: Adapted from Hydrology and landforms]

7.1.1 Define the term drainage basin. (1 x 1) (1)

7.1.2 Identify the drainage pattern assumed by the river system in

this drainage basin. (1 x 1) (1)

7.1.3 Give ONE reason, visible in FIGURE 7.1, for your answer to
QUESTION 7.1.2. (1 x 1) (1)

7.1.4 The drainage density of the river system seems to be denser

(finer) at R than at S. Explain why this is the case. (1 x 1) (1)

7.1.5 Determine the stream order of the river system where it flows
at X. (1 x 1) (1)

7.1.6 (a) At which point, R or S, would there be a greater risk of

flooding? (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Explain your answer to QUESTION 7.1.6(a). (1 x 1) (1)

(c) Write a short paragraph (approximately 8 lines) outlining

flood prevention methods that can be implemented to
reduce the risk of flooding in this drainage basin. (4 x 2) (8)

21
7.2 Choose the term in COLUMN B that matches the statement in COLUMN B.
You can choose one term for more than one response.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
7.2.1 A pattern found in areas that experienced A Dendritic pattern
glaciation.

7.2.2 The underlying rock is a dome like B Centripetal pattern

structure.
7.2.3 Occurs in areas of folded sedimentary C Rectangular
rocks. pattern

7.2.4 Main stream and tributaries all flow in the D Radial pattern
same direction on a steep slope.

7.2.5 Pattern found on a basin like structure E Trellis pattern

7.2.6 Tributaries join the main stream at acute F Deranged pattern

angles.

7.2.7 Underlying rock structure has cracks and G Grid pattern

joints.

7.2.8 Streams converge into a low-lying area. H Parallel pattern

I Linear pattern
(8 x 1) (8)

22
7.3 Study the FIGURE 7.3 below and answer the questions that follow.

7.3.1 What is a drainage pattern? (1 x 2) (2)

7.3.2 Identify drainage patterns A and C. (2 x 1) (2)

7.3.3 Compare the underlying rock structures of drainage patterns B

and C. (2 x 2) (4)

7.3.4 Account for the direction of the stream flow in patter A. (2 x 2) (4)

7.3.5 Explain why drainage pattern B is suitable for farming? (2 x 2) (4)

7.3.6 Draw a simple, labelled plan view sketch of a drainage pattern

that will develop in a folded landscape. (2 x 2) (4)

23
MAP WORK APPLICATION

7.4 Refer to the Topographic Map extract and answer the questions that follow.

7.4.1 Name the type of river at A. (1 x 1) (1)

7.4.2 Explain the purpose of the human-made feature at B. (1 x 1) (1)

7.4.3 Name drainage patterns C and D. (2 x 1) (2)

7.4.4 Discuss the reasons for the development of the respective drainage
patterns C and D. (2 x 2) (4)

7.4.5 Explain why the location of the Blyderivierpoort Dam is ideal. (2 x 2) (4)

24
8. DRAINAGE DENSITY
• The drainage density is the measure of the length of stream channel per unit area of
drainage basin.
• It describes how many streams there are in a drainage basin. Drainage
• Density is affected by infiltration and surface runoff.

A. KEY CONCEPTS
Infiltration: Water soaks or filters into the soil
Surface runoff: Water moves across the surface of the earth becoming a stream, tributary or
river.

25
 B. FACTORS INFLUENCING DRAINAGE DENSITY

A decrease in
precipitation such
as in an arid
environment results
in lower drainage
density

soil with little

high evaporation
rate will lead to fewer moisture will result
in high infiltration and
number of streams
less streams

LOW
DRAINAGE
DENSITY
high porosity and areas with high
high permeability vegetation cover
will lead to high will have high
infiltration and less infiltration and less
streams streams

slope/gradient
Gentle slopes will
promote high
infil;tration and less
streams

26


Increase in
precipitation results
in high run-off

Low evaporation Soil with high

rate will lead to high moisture will result
number of streams in low infiltration and
high run-off

HIGH
DRAINAGE
DENSITY
Areas with little
Low porosity and low vegetation cover
permeability will lead will have little
to high run-off infiltration and high
run-off

Slope/Gradient
Steep slopes will
promote high run-off
and less infiltration

27
 C. DRAINAGE DENSITY ACTIVITIES
8.1 Refer to FIGURE 8.1 which shows drainage basins.

8.1.1 Explain the concept drainage density. (1 x 2) (2)

8.1.2 Compare the drainage density at A and at B. (2 x 2) (4)

8.1.3 Describe two factors that may have resulted to the drainage density at B.
(2 x 2) (4)

8.1.4 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines discussing how human

activities could have impacted on the drainage density at A. (4 x 2) (8)

28
8.2 The diagram below represents drainage densities, study it and answer the
questions that follow.

[Adapted from: https://gis4geomorphology/com/wp-ontent/uploaded/201403threshold.jpg]

8.2.1 Define the term drainage density (1 x 2) (2)

8.2.2 Which ONE of the drainage basins, A or B, shows the drainage

density during the dry season and rainy season respectively?
(1 x 2) (2)

8.2.3 Explain why the drainage density of the drainage basins

changes during the course of the year. (2 x 2) (4)

8.2.4 The change in drainage density changes the stream order of the
drainage basin over the course of a year. In a paragraph of
approximately EIGHT lines, explain why this is the case. (4 x 2) (8)

29
9. STREAM ORDERS
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES

1st order streams

2nd order streams

3rd order streams

below the junction of the

The smallest stream in When two first order second order streams the
the river is classified streams join 1 + 1 they stream become a third order
as first order stream, become second order stream
first order streams stream (2) below their
have no tributaries joining place
NOTE
If a second order stream
joins the third order stream
the stream below the
junction remains a third order
stream

B. LAWS OF STREAM ORDERS

• The steeper the slope the lower the stream order

• The bigger the drainage basin the higher the stream order
• The longer the stream the higher the stream order
• There are more lower order streams than higher order stream

30
 C. ACTIVITY ON MAP WORK APPLICATION OF STREAM ORDERS
9.1 Refer to the Topographic Map extract and answer the questions that follow:

9.1.1 Is the drainage density in the mapped area high or low? (1 x 1) (1)

9.1.2 Discuss how the topography in the mapped area influenced the drainage
density you mentioned in QUESTION 9.1.1. (2 x 2) (4)

9.1.3 Determine the stream order at A. (1 x 2) (2)

9.1.4 Predict the likely stream order at A, in the dry season. Give a reason for your
answer. (1 + 2) (3)

31
 10. RIVER DISCHARGE

A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES

TURBULENT LAMINAR
FLOW FLOW

Turbulent flow is water

motion characterised by Laminar flow is water motion
chaotic changes in characterised by smooth
pressure and velocity layers of water

• Water flows bubbly • Water flows in parallel sheets

• Riverbed is uneven • Riverbed is even
• More erosion • Less erosion

32
 B. FLUVIAL PROCESSES

What are Fluvial The physical interaction of flowing water and

Processes? the natural channels of rivers and streams

TYPES OF FLUVIAL PROCESSES

TRANSPORTATION DEPOSITION
EROSION

It is the It is the process

processes in It is a process in
in which eroded
which materials which material are
materials are dumped
are removed by
an agent carried away

How do the Primarily vertical erosion. Large boulders deposited

fluvial and eroded. Continues to cut vertically, but it also
processes work begins to cut laterally as it gets closer to the lowest
together? point. Deposition occurs in the slower moving
insides of meanders

33
11. RIVER PROFILES AND THE STAGES OF A RIVER
A. LONGITUDINAL PROFILE AND STAGES OF A RIVER
(Longitudinal profile - Side view of a river from source to mouth)

UP
PE
RC
B. C OU
RO RS
E
SS
MIDDL
E COU
RSE
MIDDL LOWER COUR
E COU SE
RSE
LOWER COUR
SE

• Vertical erosion decreases and lateral

erosion dominates • Deposition dominates with very little
• Vertical erosion deepens the valley • The channel becomes wider erosion
• Straight stream channel with short • The river starts to meander due to lateral • The channel is at its widest
non-perennial streams erosion • Extensive meandering of the river
• Turbulent flow due to uneven • Tributaries join the mainstream, increasing due to the flat surface and lateral
riverbed and valley slopes the volume and erosive power movement of the river
• Waterfall and rapids are being • Both laminar and turbulent flow occurs • Laminar flow dominates due to the
eroded through headward erosion depending on the roughness of the riverbed smooth riverbed and sides
• Large stream load with big boulders and the sides • Suspension and solution load
• Traction load • Saltation load occurs dominates
• Load becomes smaller due to attrition and • Very large load but smaller particles
abrasion

34
 B. CROSS /TRANSVERSE PROFILE: FRONT VIEW OF A RIVER

Upper course Middle course Lower course

V-shaped valleys U-shaped valleys Wide open

Waterfalls River starts to meander valley
Rapids Floodplain
Deltas

35
12. RIVER GRADING
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES

River grading: This is the balance/equilibrium between rate of erosion and rate of
deposition.

GRADING

Graded Rivers Ungraded Rivers

When there is a balance between erosion When either erosion or deposition

and deposition dominates

LONGITUDINAL PROFILES OF
GRADING

Graded Profile Ungraded Profile

• The longitudinal profile is • The longitudinal profile indicates

SMOOTH CONCAVE knick points like waterfalls and
• Steep in the upper course and gentle rapids.
in the lower course • The profile is therefore not
smooth concave.

36
 B. BASE LEVELS OF EROSION

Permanent / Ultimate base level of Temporary / Local base level

erosion
• When features/ structures delay further erosion
• The lowest level to which a river • This local base level causes a knick point in the
can erode. profile, making it ungraded.
• It is usually sea level
Types of local base levels

Human-made Natural e.g., lakes,

e.g., dams waterfalls, rapids

Processes involved in a river becoming graded from ungraded.

• Downward/Vertical erosion dominates in the upper course causing a steep valley slope.
• Headward erosion removes temporary base levels of erosion in the upper course.
• Downward/Vertical erosion removes temporary base levels (waterfall) in the upper course.
• This material is then transported downstream.
• Discharge of the river increases in middle course causing lateral erosion.
• Gradient in the middle course becomes less steep.
• Deposition dominates in the lower course because the gradient is gentle.
• Deposited materials fill up lakes and dams.
• The river profile will now develop a concave shape from upper to lower course.
• Equilibrium between erosion and deposition will maintain (result in) a graded profile.

37
 C. RIVER GRADING ACTIVITIES

12.1 FIGURE 12.1 illustrates the stream profiles of a typical South African
river from its source to its river mouth.

[Adapted: Hydrology and Landforms]

12.1.1 Define the term base level of erosion. (1 x 2) (2)

12.1.2 Identify ONE temporary base level of erosion in FIGURE 12.1

(1 x 1) (1)

12.1.3 Draw a labelled longitudinal profile of the river illustrated in

FIGURE 12.1, clearly showing how the temporary base levels
of erosion could have influenced the shape of the profile.(3 x 1) (3)

12.1.4 How would you describe the longitudinal profile that you have
drawn in QUESTION 12.1.3? (1 x 2) (2)

12.1.5 Give a reason for your description in QUESTION 12.1.4. (1 x 2) (2)

12.1.5 Suggest THREE reasons why the cross-section profiles of the

river change, from its source (1) to its river mouth (2). (3 x 2) (6)

38
MAP WORK APPLICATION

12.2 The map is an extract of 2930CA MERRIVALE.

12.2.1 In which stage is the Gqishi river at A and B on the topographic

map. (2 x 1) (2)

12.2.2 Provide map evidence as reasons for your answers to

QUESTION 12.2.1. (2 x 1) (2)

12.2.3 Explain the characteristics of the erosion in stages A and B

. (2 x 2) (4)

12.2.4 Determine the stream order at C. (1 x 2) (2)

39
13. FLUVIAL LANDFORMS IN THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE RIVER
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES

Fluvial landforms are those landforms generated by running water, mainly rivers. Some features are a result of river erosion and some a
result of river deposition.

1. MEANDERS

A meander is defined as a distinct curve or loop in the course of

a river channel.

Formation
• In the middle course the river has more energy and a high volume
of water as a result of tributaries joining
• Lateral (sideways) erosion starts to widen the river channel.
• As the river erodes laterally (to the right side then the left side) it
forms large bends, and then horseshoe-like loops called meanders.
• The formation of meanders is due to both deposition and
erosion and meanders gradually migrate downstream

1. MEANDERS
Two slopes with different characteristics develop at the meander loop.
A meander is defined as a distinct curve or loop in the course of
Undercut slope
a river channel. Slip-off slope
This slope develops at the outer This slope develops at the inner bank.
bank.
Formation
• In the middle course the river has more Characteristics:
energy and a high volume
of water as a result of tributaries joining• This slope is convex.
Characteristics:
•• The slope
Lateral is concave.
(sideways) • The
erosion starts to widen river channel.
the river flows slow at this side.
•• The river flows fast at this side. •
As the river erodes laterally (to the right side then theoccurs.
Deposition left side) it
• Erosion,
forms largeespecially undercutting
bends, and • The
then horseshoe-like slope
loops is shallow.
called meanders.
occur
• The formation of meanders is due to both deposition and
• The areaand
erosion is deep.
meanders gradually migrate downstream

40
2. OXBOW LAKE

• The cut-off meander loop filled with water is called

an oxbow lake.
• Continuous undercutting at the outer bank and
deposition at inner bank
• Causes the horseshoe to become tighter over time,
until the ends become very close together.
• During heavy rainfall and flooding the river breaks
through the ends Significance of OXBOW LAKES
• The loop is cut-off from the main channel. ● Oxbow lakes can be rich wildlife habitats,
● Can be utilised for agricultural purposes
especially crop farming.
2. OXBOW LAKE ● Tourist attractions

• The cut-off meander loop filled with water is called How is the water in the oxbow lake maintained?
an oxbow lake. • During rainfall periods
• Continuous undercutting at the outer bank and • Flooding of the mainstream
deposition at inner bank • Underground water
• Causes the horseshoe to become tighter over time,
until the ends become very close together. Development of MEANDER SCARS
• During heavy rainfall and flooding the river breaks (Dry oxbow lake)
through the ends
• Decrease in average rainfall over the years.
• The loop is cut-off from the main channel.
• Silt deposits from flooding

41
3. BRAIDED STREAM:
• A stream consisting of multiple small, shallow channels
(distributaries)
• They divide and recombine numerous times forming a Significance of BRAIDED STREAMS
pattern resembling the strands of a braid. • Source of water for crop farming
• Silt deposits form fertile soil.
Formation • Area preserves bird life.
• Braided streams form where the sediment load is • The area hampers the
deposited as shifting islands or bars between the construction of infrastructure.
channels • It is therefore expensive to build roads
• When the river’s carrying capacity is exceeded the river and railway lines.
deposits its load into the channel.

3. BRAIDED STREAM:
• A stream consisting of multiple small, shallow channels
(distributaries)
• They divide and recombine numerous times forming a
pattern resembling the strands of a braid.

Formation
• Braided streams form where the sediment load is
deposited as shifting islands or bars between the
channels
• When the river’s carrying capacity is exceeded the river
deposits its load into the channel.

42
4. FLOOD PLAIN Significance of FLOOD PLAINS
• Floodplains provide fertile land for agriculture.
A wide, flat area of land surrounding a river that • Easy to construct infrastructure.
continuously flood. • Flat area is heavily populated.
• Settlements develop.
Formation • Tourist attraction
• Source of water for economic and domestic
• Floodplains form due to mainly deposition. purposes
• Because of the gentle gradient, there is more • They are beneficial for wildlife by creating a
deposition occurring. variety of habitats for fish and other animals.
• The heavier load (rocks and pebbles) is deposited • It preserves water quality by continuous
closer to the banks of the river. refreshing due to flooding.
• It provided numerous recreational
• Lighter and smaller load is dropped further away
opportunities.
from the river banks.

4. FLOOD PLAIN

A wide, flat area of land surrounding a river that

continuously flood.

Formation

• Floodplains form due to mainly deposition.

• Because of the gentle gradient, there is more
deposition occurring.
• The heavier load (rocks and pebbles) is
deposited closer to the banks of the river.
• Lighter and smaller load is dropped further
away from the river banks.

43
5. NATURAL LEVEE

Levees are natural embankments (raised river banks) which are

formed when a river flood.
Significance of NATURAL LEVEES
Formation • They prevent rivers from flooding.
• Levees are usually parallel to the way the river
• Levees are formed by the repeated flooding of the river. flows, so levees can help direct the flow of the
• When the river floods, the biggest, most coarse material will river.
be deposited. • Levees can also provide a measure of protection
• This will be close to the river banks. from invaders.
• Continuous flooding causes repeated deposition on the • Fertile soil near levees is suitable for farming.
river banks. • Levees may be used to increase available
• The banks form levees made of sediment, silt, and other land for habitation.
materials.

5. NATURAL LEVEE

Levees are natural embankments (raised river banks) which are

formed when a river flood.

Formation

• Levees are formed by the repeated flooding of the river.

• When the river floods, the biggest, most coarse material will
be deposited.
• This will be close to the river banks.
• Continuous flooding causes repeated deposition on the
river banks.
• The banks form levees made of sediment, silt, and other
materials.

44
6. DELTAS Significance of DELTAS
• Deltas are usually highly fertile areas and support
It is landform at the mouth of a river, where different extensive crop cultivation.
channels (distributaries) of the same river flow into an
• Sand and gravel are also quarried from deltas and
ocean or sea.
are utilized for a variety of purposes e.g., road and
building construction.
Formation
• They are important industrial hubs.
• The river slows down at the mouth due silt • Large settlements often grow up in the delta regions.
deposits and gentle gradient. • Deltas are a source of water.
• The channel splits into several smaller channels • Deltas sustain all ecosystems.
(distributaries) and it loses velocity. • Deltas ensures biodiversity.
• As the river loses velocity it deposits its load on • Tourism(leisure activities) opportunities are created
the river bed. by deltas and contributes to the economy.
• Both the bed load and suspended load are • Can be part of water transport system.
deposited producing fertile alluvial land. • Deltas are a source of protein (fish)

6. DELTAS

It is landform at the mouth of a river, where different

channels (distributaries) of the same river flow into an
ocean or sea.

Formation

• The river slows down at the mouth due silt

deposits and gentle gradient.
• The channel splits into several smaller channels
(distributaries) and it loses velocity.
• As the river loses velocity it deposits its load on
the river bed. 45
• Both the bed load and suspended load are
deposited producing fertile alluvial land.
7. WATERFALLS

A waterfall is an area where water flows over a vertical drop or

a series of steep drops in the course of a stream or river.
Significance of WATERFALLS
• The strong currents near falls are often used to generate
Formation
hydro- electricity.
• Waterfalls often form in the upper stages of a river where • Waterfalls are sometimes a disadvantage since they form
it flows over different layers of rock. a barrier to infrastructure development.
• The soft rock erodes more quickly, undercutting the hard • Waterfalls attract tourists.
rock. • Fishing can be carried out on waterfalls.
• The hard rock is left overhanging and because it is not • Waterfalls is aesthetically pleasing.
supported, it eventually collapses. • Waterfalls also provide opportunities for a wide range of,
sometimes incompatible, outdoor leisure activities.
• The fallen rocks crash into the plunge pool. They swirl
around, causing more erosion.
• Over time, this process is repeated, and the waterfall
moves upstream.
• A steep-sided gorge is formed as the waterfall retreats.

7. WATERFALLS

A waterfall is an area where water flows over a vertical drop or

a series of steep drops in the course of a stream or river.

Formation

• Waterfalls often form in the upper stages of a river where

it flows over different layers of rock.
• The soft rock erodes more quickly, undercutting the hard
rock.
• The hard rock is left overhanging and because it is not
supported, it eventually collapses.
• The fallen rocks crash into the plunge pool. They swirl
around, causing more erosion. 46
• Over time, this process is repeated, and the waterfall
moves upstream.
• A steep-sided gorge is formed as the waterfall retreats.
8. RAPIDS

Rapids are areas of shallow, fast-flowing water in a

stream.
Rapids are stretches of fast-flowing water tumbling over a Significance of RAPIDS
rocky-shallow riverbed. • Attract tourists who want to raft down the
stream.
Formation • Water splashing over rocks is called white-
water and it dissolve oxygen.
• Water goes from one hard rock to softer rock • The oxygen is useful to the ecosystem around
• Rock layers below the water is exposed the stream e.g., fish, insect and bacteria in the
• Flowing water splashes over and around the rocks, water.
forming what is called “white water”.

8. RAPIDS

Rapids are areas of shallow, fast-flowing water in a

stream.
Rapids are stretches of fast-flowing water tumbling over a
rocky-shallow riverbed.

Formation

• Water goes from one hard rock to softer rock

• Rock layers below the water is exposed
• Flowing water splashes over and around the rocks,
forming what is called “white water”.

47
 B. FLUVIAL LANDFORMS AND FEATURES ACTIVITIES

13.1 Study FIGURES 13.1 A and 13.1 B showing fluvial landforms.

FIGURE 13.1A

FIGURE 13.1B

13.1.1 Refer to FIGURE 13.1 A

(a) Define the term river discharge. (1 x 2) (2)

(b) Identify feature X. (1 x 1) (1)

(c) Along which course of the river does this feature

commonly occur? (1 x 1) (1)

(d) Give a reason for your answer in QUESTION 13.1.1 (c).

(1 x 1) (1)

(e) Account for the formation of feature X.

(2 x 1) (2)
(f) Explain how feature X contributes to the economy of a
country. (1 x 1) (1)

48
13.1.2 (a) Identify feature labelled Y. (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Name ONE popular sport that takes place at Y. (1 x 1) (1)

13.1.3 Refer to FIGURE 13.1 B showing a meandering river channel.

“Distinctive landforms (features) develop along the course of a

river as a result of erosion or deposition.”

(a) Define the term meander. (1 x 2) (2)

(b) Explain how a meander develops. (2 x 1) (2)

(c) Describe ONE characteristic of the “undercut slope” in a

meander. (1 x 1) (1)

(d) Name the feature that will result from the narrowing of
the meander neck. (1 x 1) (1)

(e) Suggest ONE reason why the feature identified In

QUESTION 13.1.3(d) is classified as a “temporary
feature”. (1 x 1) (1)

49
13.2 Study the FIGURE 13.2 below and answer the questions that follow.

[Adapted from easymapwork.blogspot.com]

13.2.1 Identify fluvial landform C on the sketch. (1 x 1) (1)

13.2.2 In which course of the river is this landform found? (1 x 1) (1)

13.2.3 Identify slopes A and B. (2 x 1) (2)

13.2.4 Account for the differences in the gradient of slopes A and B.

(2 x 2) (4)

13.2.5 Explain what will happen to feature C over time. (2 x 2) (4)

13.2.6 Mention one significance of the landform C. (1 x 2) (2)

50
13.3 Refer to the cartoon which illustrates activities at a river bend.

[Source: Ucdenver.org]

13.3.1 What is the term used to describe a river that winds and bends?
(1 x 1) (1)

13.3.2 Name the TWO dimensions of a river that are visible in the cross
profile. (2 x 1) (2)

13.3.3 Name the slope of the river at B. (1 x 1) (1)

13.3.4 Why does the fish think both boys are idiots? (2 x 2) (4)

13.3.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, give a detailed

explanation to account for the difference in the formation of
slope A and slope B. (4 x 2) (8)

51
MAP WORK APPLICATION

13.4 Refer to the topographic map and an extract of an orthophoto map of the same area.

52
13.4.1 Name the dominant fluvial landform evident on the
topographic map. (1)
(1 x 1)

13.4.2 Refer to fluvial feature A

(a) Name fluvial feature A. (1 x 1) (1)

(b) How did the fluvial feature mention in QUESTION

13.4.2 (a) influenced the construction of roads in the
area? (1 x 2) (2)

13.4.3 Refer to the orthophoto map, which is a part of the topographic

map.

(a) Draw a labelled cross section from 1 to 2 on the

orthophoto map. (4 x 1) (4)

(b) Explain how the dominant geomorphological process

at 1 influenced agricultural activities. (1 x 2) (2)

53
13.5 The topographic map is part of the 2829AC HARRISMITH.

13.5.1 The Nuwejaarspruit (river) is in its lower course. Provide TWO

evidences from the topographic map to support this statement.
(2 x 1) (2)

13.5.2 Explain the impact of the Nuwejaarspruit (river) on human

activities in the area. (2 x 2) (4)

13.5.3 Identify fluvial features A and B. (2 x 1) (2)

13.5.4 Discuss why the existence of landform feature A help to

reduce flooding. (2 x 2) (4)

54
14. RIVER REJUVENATION
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES

Explanation Characteristics
Definition
It is made young River flows faster and
When a river regains (gaining erosive power) vertical erosion
its erosive power again and starts eroding increases

• DROP IN SEA LEVEL

• INCREASE IN RAINFALL
CAUSES OF
• STREAM PIRACY/RIVER
CAPTURE
REJUVENATION
• ISOSTATIC UPLIFT
• DECREASE IN STREAM LOAD

B. RESULTANT LANDFORMS

River terraces: Knick point: Incised meanders:

Bench or step that Part of a river channel where The curve of a winding river
extends along the side there is sharp change in channel with steep slopes on both
of the valley and slope such as a waterfall or lake. sides rising to the former
represents former level A point where the new profile floodplain
of the valley floor meets the old profile

55
IMPORTANCE OF REJUVENATED LANDSCAPES

• Landforms are good for tourist attractions.

• People can visit areas with terraces for recreation.
• Old flood plain suitable for crop farming
• People can visit areas with terraces for recreation.
• Water at the knick point waterfalls can be used for power generation.

C. RIVER REJUVENATION ACTIVITIES

14.1 The FIGURES below illustrated the process of rejuvenation.

[Adapted from https://www.google.com/search?q=rejuvenation+of+rivers]

14.1.1 What type of erosion is associated with river rejuvenation? (1 x 1) (1)

14.1.2 What evidence indicates that river rejuvenation has taken place?
(1 x 2) (2)

14.1.3 Identify the force of upliftment associated with rejuvenation. (1 x 2) (2)

14.1.4 Why is rejuvenated land not suitable for human activity? (2 x 2) (4)

14.1.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain how

rejuvenation could change the fluvial features downstream of the
point of rejuvenation. (4 x 2) (8)

56
14.2 FIGURE 14.2. represents river rejuvenation.

[Source: https://alevelrivers.weebly.com/rejuvenation.html]

14.2.1 Define the term river rejuvenation. (1 x 2) (2)

14.2.2 Identify the condition that resulted in river rejuvenation. (1 x 1) (1)

14.2.3 Name ONE fluvial feature that can form at the knick point along the (2)
river profile. (1 x 2)

14.2.4 Explain the impact of river rejuvenation on the grading of a river.

(2 x 2) (4)

14.2.5 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines elaborating on the

changes that will occur in the fluvial features found in the illustrated
course of the river as a result of river rejuvenation. (4 x 2) (8)

57
15. RIVER CAPTURE/STREAM PIRACY
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES

Concepts Definition

River capture/stream When the more energetic (active) river, captures some of the
piracy water of a less energetic river.

Abstraction The process whereby the watershed becomes lower and its
position shifts.

Headward erosion The stream erodes away at the rock and soil at its headwaters
(source) in the opposite direction that it flows. This lengthens the
• Erosion takes place stream channel and enlarge the drainage basin
towards the source of a
river.
• Headwaters of a river
are moving upstream.
• Upper stream is moved
backward.
• Undercutting of upper
reaches of river
• Less resistant rocks
promote the erosion
process.

58
 B. CAUSES AND CHARACTERISTICS

1. Causes of stream piracy.

• Steeper gradient on the side of the energetic stream of the watershed.

• The low-lying stream has more energy.
• Higher precipitation, giving greater runoff and more erosion to the energetic stream.
• Softer rocks on the side of the energetic stream cause faster erosion.
• Presence of faults or joints in rocks to assist the erosion process.

How does stream piracy occur.

• The more energetic stream erodes backward at its source.

• The energetic stream captures the waters of the less energetic stream.

FEATURE EXPLANATION
The energetic stream that intercepts (takes) the water of the less
Captor Stream
energetic stream
The river from which water was intercepted (taken) by the captor
Captured Stream
stream)
The stream that has lost his water. Also called beheaded stream.
Misfit Stream
The river is too small for then valley it flows in
The place at which stream piracy (river capture) takes place.
Elbow of capture
Usually, a knickpoint waterfall develops.
The dry river valley between the misfit stream and the elbow of
Wind gap
capture.

59
Characteristics of Captor stream after piracy

• Volume of water increases in the stream.

• Downward erosion increases.
• Carrying capacity of the river increases.
• River rejuvenates.

Characteristics of misfit stream after stream piracy

• Volume of water decreases

• Stream too small for its channel/valley
• Deposition of stream load occurs.
• Water erosion is reduced, but wind erosion will increase.
• Carrying capacity is reduced.

2. IMPLICATIONS OF RIVER CAPTURE

1. Human activities
At the Captor Stream At the Misfit Stream
• More agricultural production • People will relocate due to job losses in
• Less irrigation agriculture.
• Increase in production might lead • Decrease in agricultural production.
to manufacturing. • Financial implication due to irrigation
• Increase in water might cause • Less of recreational facilities due to less
flooding and people must relocate. income
• More water might have damaged the • Factories close due to lack of water
recreational facilities on the banks of • Decrease in fishing for source of food
the river.

2. Settlements
Captor Stream Misfit Stream
• Due to increase of water along • Due to the decrease in agricultural
the banks people must relocate. production people relocate.
• Rural- urban migration
• The settlement might become a ghost town
3. Recreation
Captor Stream Misfit Stream
• Recreational facilities along the • Decrease in water sports.
banks of the river might be damaged. • Because of less people, there is financial
• Increase in water sports instability in the area
4. Agriculture
Captor Stream Misfit Stream
• Increase in crop production. • More water expenses.
• More exports • Decrease in crop production
• Less irrigation

60
 2. IMPLICATIONS OF RIVER CAPTURE
5. Ecosystem
Captor Stream Misfit Stream
• Habitat will be disturbed. • Marine/water ecosystem disturbed.
• Increase in water will cause an • Less fish
increase in fish. • Land degradation due to soil erosion
• Diversity of ecosystems will develop • Decrease in biodiversity
because of the increase in
vegetation.

IMPLICATIONS OF RIVER CAPTURE

Elbow of capture Wind gap
• Tourist attraction due to the waterfall • Biodiversity is destroyed.
• Job creation in the tourism sector • Decrease in crop production and farming
• There can be hydroelectricity activities.
being generated. • Soil erosion will increase.
• Area of research

61
 C. STREAM PIRACY ACTIVITIES

15.1 Refer to sketches A and B of FIGURE 15.1

15.1.1 Define the term river capture. (1 x 2) (2)

15.1.2 Describe the erosion associated with the process of river

capture in sketch A. (1 x 1) (1)

15.1.3 Identify features L and M that result from river capture.

(2 x 1) (2)

15.1.4 Match the terms captor stream and misfit stream to streams
J and K in diagram B. (2 x 1) (2)

15.1.5 (a) What is a watershed? (1 x 2) (2)

(b) How can the process of river capture cause the

watershed to change its position? (1 x 2) (2)

15.1.6 What effect will river capture have on the volume of water
in stream K? (1 x 2) (2)

15.1.7 What can the local farming community around stream J do

to continue with their daily activities after river capture have
taken place? (2 x 2) (4)

62
15.2 Refer to the sketches that indicate the river capture process.

15.2.1 Identify streams S and Y. (2 x 1) (2)

15.2.2 Name the features of river capture at A and B respectively. (1 x 1) (1)

15.2.3 Give TWO reasons for the river S eroding at a faster rate. (2 x 1) (2)

15.2.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the impact of

river capture on the volume of water and the erosive ability of rivers B
and S respectively. (4 x 2) (8)

63
16. SUPERIMPOSED AND ANTECEDENT DRAINAGE PATTERNS
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES

Concepts Definition Description

Superimposed A drainage • Rivers are younger
pattern/stream than the structures
that has been across which they
established on cut.
an earlier surface • May cut narrow
gab/gorges if forced
across bands of hard
rock

Antecedent Occurs where a • Rivers is older than

river developed the landform across
its course before which they cut.
the high- lying • Warping, folding or
area was faulting occurred.
formed. • May cut narrow
gab/gorges if forced
across bands of hard
rock

B. Why the streams maintained their course

• Softer rock over which they flow.

• Volume of water increase through rejuvenation and increased rainfall.
• There are crack and joints where the river flows

64
 C. SUPERIMPOSED AND ANTECENDENT DRAINAGE ACTIVTIES

16.1 Study FIGURE 16.1 which shows superimposed drainage (A) and antecedent
drainage (B).

16.1.1 Distinguish between superimposed drainage and

antecedent drainage. (2 x 2) (4)

16.1.2 Give ONE reason why superimposed drainage does not

change its course. (1 x 2) (2)

16.1.3 Name ONE unique feature associated with the flow patterns
of superimposed and antecedent drainage. (1 x 2) (2)

16.1.4 Identify the tectonic force associated with the uplift of the
surface evident in diagram B. (1 x 2) (2)

16.1.5 Give the relationship between the rate of down cutting and
tectonic uplift in antecedent drainage. (2 x 2) (4)

16.1.6 Explain why the illustrated landscapes are not suitable for
human habitation. (2 x 2) (4)

65
17. CATCHMENT AND RIVER MANAGEMENT
A. KEY CONCEPTS AND NOTES

Concepts Definition
River Management is defined as the management of water resources
River management of a basin in relation to their socio-economic setting.

The area from which rainfall flows into a river,

Catchment area lake, or reservoir.

Overgrazing Excessive grazing which causes damage to vegetation.

Afforestation Planting more trees to reduce stream discharge and surface runoff

Deforestation, clearing or thinning of forests by humans to make

Deforestation the land available for other uses

Environmental It is the poor treatment/use of the natural

injustice resources/environment by humans

B. CAUSES, IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT OF RIVER MANAGEMENT

CAUSES OF POOR RIVER MANAGEMENT

• Inadequate sewage collection and treatment are sources of water pollution.
• Cutting down trees and concreting over large areas generates an acceleration of flows which
does not give enough time for water to infiltrate and be purified by the ground.
• Agriculture has an impact on water pollution due to the use of chemicals such as fertilizers,
pesticides or insecticides running off in the water, as well as livestock excrement, manure and
methane (greenhouse effect).
• Industries produce a lot of waste containing toxic chemicals and pollutants. A huge
• amount of the industrial waste is drained in the fresh water which then flows into canals, rivers
and eventually in the sea.
• Garbage such as plastic, paper, aluminum, food, glass, or rubber are deposited into the sea.

IMPORTANCE OF MANAGING DRAINAGE BASINS

• Store water and protecting for future use.
• Reduce discharge and recycle harmful agricultural run-off.
• Agricultural purposes e.g., crop farming
• Industrial purposes e.g., to cool the machines in factories and is also a vital part of
production.
• Control the flow of water to reduce the chances of flooding.
• Domestic purposes
• Recreation e.g., water sports
• Generation of Hydroelectricity
• Preserve natural vegetation.
• Preserve biodiversity.

66
 River Pollution
- Industrial waste
- Sewage and waste water
- Marine dumping
- Accidental oil leakage
- Burning of fossil fuels
Causing acid rain
- Chemical fertilizers and
Industrial Waste pesticides Untreated Sewage
- Untreated wastewater - Leakage from sewer lines - If untreated sewage gets
pollute ground- and surface into rivers, microorganisms
water decompose it.
- Drinking water sources and - They use oxygen from
irrigation water may be
negatively affected the water
- Aquatic biodiversity and - There is less oxygen in
habitats may be destroyed water
- Dumped chemicals - Aquatic organisms such as
increases eutrophication fish is unable to survive.

IMPACT OF PEOPLE
ON DRAINAGE
BASINS
Deforestation
Human Settlements Increases run-off causing
- Increases waste dumping in silting in the rivers
the river Impact of silting
- Water quality decreases - Hydroelectric projects
and leads to increased affected
waterborne diseases
- Irrigation infrastructure lose
- Marine ecosystems and productivity
biodiversity destroyed
- Riverbed are raised
- Eutrophication destroys
water habitats Overgrazing increasing flood risk
- Biodiversity is disturbed
- Overgrazing
increases soil erosion
- This increases run-off
that causes silting of
the river
- Salinity increases and
nutrients are loss

67
 Vegetation
must be
maintained in
areas close to
Legislation to
rivers.
control the Deforestation
pollution of must be
underground controlled.
water.

Avoid
Legislation to
construction
control what is and
discharged in
settlements on
rivers.
the floodplains.

ACTIONS TO ENSURE
SUSTAINABLE USE OF
DRAINAGE BASINS Greater care
Research must be taken
before new when altering
dams is built river channels.

Educate
farmers on
Wetlands must sustainable
be conserved.
farming
methods.

International
cooperation to Educate public
manage rivers
on water
that flow in conservation.
more than one
country.

68
 C. CATCHMENT AND RIVER MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
17.1 The FUGURE below show catchment and river management.

17.1.1 What is the main source of wastewater? (1 x 1) (1)

17.1.2 Discuss how the removal of the natural vegetation for human activities
increased the eroded soil and sediments in the river. (1 x 2) (2)

17.1.3 Explain how run-off from both settlements and cultivated land decreases
the quality of water of a river. (2 x 2) (4)

17.1.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss why sustainable

river management is important for all sectors of the economy. (4 x 2) (8)

69
17.2 Refer to FIGURE 17.2 showing catchment and river management.

17.2.1 What is river management? (1 x 2) (2)

17.2.2 Name ONE way in which the factory pollutes the river. (1 x 2) (2)

17.2.3 Explain the importance of the wastewater treatment plant in river

management. (2 x 2) (4)

17.2.4 State TWO ways in which fertilizers from the crop land can impact on
the ecology of the river. (2 x 2) (4)

17.2.5 Outline the negative impact of water pollution on the economy of a

country. (2 x 2) (4)

70
MAP IMPLICATIONS

17.3 2930CA MERRIVALE / 2930CA 5 MERRIVALE

17.3.1 Name features 1 and 2 on the orthophoto map. (2 x 1) (2)

17.3.2 Identify the slope represented by line 3-2. (1 x 1) (1)

17.3.3 Draw a rough cross profile from 3 to 2 to support your answer to

QUESTION 13.3.2. (3 x 1) (3)

17.3.4 Discuss how human activities, evident on the topographic map,

might influence the quality of water of the Midmar Dam. (2 x 2) (4)

71
18. POSSIBLE ANSWERS
5. DRAINAGE BASINS CONCEPTS
5.1 5.1.1 Surface runoff
5.1.2 Watershed
5.1.3 Ground water
5.1.4 Permanent
5.1.5 Water table
5.1.6 Confluence
5.1.7 Infiltration
5.1.8 Base flow (8 x 1) (8)

5.2 5.2.1 Total area drained by a river and its tributaries (1 x 2) (2)
5.2.2 Watershed: separates two drainage basins
Interfluve: separates two streams (2 x 1) (2)
5.2.3 Precipitation (1 x 2) (2)
5.2.4 Built up area will promote high runoff. (1 x 2) (2)
5.2.5 There are artificial surfaces.
No vegetation cover to increase infiltration. (2 x 2) (4)
5.2.6 Inadequate sewage collection and treatment are sources of
water pollution.
Cutting down trees does not give enough time for water to
infiltrate and be purified by the ground.
Use of chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides or insecticides
running off in the water, as well as livestock excrement, manure
and methane (greenhouse effect).
A huge amount of the industrial waste is drained in the fresh
water which then flows into canals, rivers and eventually in the
sea.
Garbage such as plastic, paper, aluminium, food, glass, or
rubber are deposited into the sea. (4 x 2) (8)

5.3 5.3.1 drainage basin (1 x 1) (1)

5.3.2 B: watershed (2 x 1) (2)
C: interfluve
5.3.3 Refer to D (1 x1) (1)
c) Easterly
d) Tributaries join the main stream in an easterly direction.
Contour lines point towards the opposite direction of flow. (2 x 2) (4)
5.3.4 F- confluence has more water joining the streams (1 + 2) (3)

72
6. TYPES OF RIVERS
6.1 6.1.1 a) A river that only flows after heavy rainfall, short duration (2) (1 x 2) (2)
b) Many rocks and boulders visible in the river course (1)
Dry river bed (1) (1 x 1) (1)
c) Regularity of rainfall/droughts (2)
Amount of rainfall (2)
Soil type over which the streams flow (2)
Underlying rock structure (2)
Rate of evaporation (2)
Vegetation density in catchment area (2)
The speed/velocity at which the water flows (2)
The volume of flowing water/floods (2)
The manner in which the water flows (2)
Infiltration rate (2)
Soil water content (2)
Gradient (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

6.1.2 a) Exotic river (2) (1 x 2) (2)

b) Gains water in much wetter areas – Drakensberg Mountains
(2)
Stream flow volume exceeds infiltration rate (2)
Fed by tributaries in high rainfall areas (2)
Reliable ground water close to the source (2)
Construction of dams to regulate the flow of water (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
e) Regular water supply (2)
Irrigation (2)
Stock farming (2)
[ANY ONE – ACCEPT OTHER] (2 x 2) (4)

7. DRAINAGE PATTERNS
7.1 7.1.1 Total area drained by a river and its tributaries. (1 x 1) (1)
7.1.2 Trellis Pattern (1 x 1) (1)
7.1.3 Tributaries join the main stream at right angles (1 x 1) (1)
7.1.4 Steep slopes at R more erosion. (1 x 1) (1)
7.1.5 3rd order (1 x 1) (1)
7.1.6 a) At S (1 x 1) (1)
b) More water in the river Gentle gradient (1 x 1) (1)
c) More load and the river is entering the sea
Plant more vegetation along the river banks
Building artificial levees
Divert the channel flow of rivers (4 x 2) (8)

73
7.2 7.2.1 F
7.2.2 D
7.2.3 E
7.2.4 H
7.2.5 B
7.2.6 A
7.2.7 C
7.2.8 B (8 x 1) (8)

7.3 7.3.1 The way in which streams are arranged within a drainage basin/
The surface pattern formed by a river and its tributaries. (1 x 2) (2)
7.3.2 A. Radial pattern
C. Rectangular pattern (2 x 1) (2)
7.3.3 Pattern B: found on a rock with a uniformed resistance to erosion.
Pattern C: found on an igneous rock with cracks and joints. (2 x 2) (4)
7.3.4 High lying area at the center.
Streams are flowing outwards from a central elevated point.
Dome like structure at the center will cause water to flow in all
directions.
(Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)
7.3.5 In the dendritic pattern water is widely distributed in the drainage
basin and water is accessible
Longer tributaries therefore water is more accessible
Occurs over flat/gentle land (middle/lower course) thus more
suitable for farming
Larger floodplains with access to fertile soils (2 x 2) (4)
7.3.6

(2 x 2) (4)

7.4 7.4.1 Permanent (1 x 1) (1)

7.4.2 Because of the bridge to cross the river. (1 x 2) (2)
7.4.3 C – Parallel D – Trellis (1 x 2) (2)
7.4.4 C – steep slope all streams flowing down in one direction.
D – tributaries join main stream at right angles 90°. (2 x 2) (2)
7.4.5 The Dam is located in the basin.
Lots of tributaries flowing towards the center. (2 x 2) (4)

74
8. ACTIVITY DRAINAGE DENSITY
8.1 8.1.1 Total number of streams found in an area. (1 x 2) (2)
8.1.2 A. density is high
B. density is low (2 x 2) (4)
8.1.3 High vegetation cover results in high infiltration rate and less
streams on the surface.
Little rainfall will lead to few streams on the surface
High porosity and permeability will result in high infiltration and
less streams. Gentle slopes will lead to high rate of infiltration and
less runoff.
Soil with little moisture will lead to high amount of infiltration and
low density. (2 x 2) (4)
8.1.4 Clearing of natural vegetation/deforestation will increase run-off
(2)
Overgrazing by animals removes natural vegetation which
increases run-off (2)
Incorrect ploughing methods can result in more water flowing
down the furrows (2)
Over-cultivation of farmland destroys vegetation and top soil (2)
The loss of topsoil due to human activities can result in the
formation of gullies (dongas) (2)
Building of settlements increases artificial surfaces therefore more
run-off (2)
Building of canals to divert run-off create more river channels (2)
Building of roads reduces natural vegetation which increases run-
off (2)
Open cast mining causes removal of natural vegetation
increasing run-off (2)
Trampling of soil by livestock decreases infiltration (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

75
 8.2 8.2.1 The ratio between the total length of all the streams in a river
system and the area of the drainage basin that it drains (1 x 2) (2)
8.2.2 A: Dry season
B: Rainy season (1 x 2) (2)
8.2.3 In the wet season drainage density will be high due to high rainfall
(often soil is saturated) and a high rate of run-off occurs (2)
In the dry season the drainage density will be low due to low
rainfall and high rate of infiltration occurring (2). (2 x 2) (4)
8.2.4 IMPACT OF DRAINAGE DENSITY ON DRAINAGE BASIN
ORDER
In the wet season there will be higher rainfall, which leads to
higher volumes of water (2)
leading to more 1st and 2nd order streams/rivers (2)
The area will have high rates of run-off (2),
as soils will be saturated (2)
This increases the drainage basin order (2)
In the dry season there will be less run-off due to less rainfall (2)
Less 1st and 2nd order streams will be found (2)
The area will have higher levels of infiltration creating lower
drainage densities (2)
This decreases drainage basin order (2)
[ACCEPT OTHER REASONABLE ANSWERS] (4 x 2) (8)

9. STREAM ORDERS
9.1 9.1.1 High (1 x 1) (1)
9.1.2 Steep slopes will promote high runoff and less infiltration Areas
with little vegetation cover will have little infiltration and high runoff (2 x 2) (4)
9.1.3 3rd order (1 x 2) (2)
9.1.4 2nd order
Non perennial streams will dry up in dry seasons. (1 + 2) (3)

12. RIVER GRADING

12.1 12.1.1 Lowest level to which a river can erode (1 x 2) (2)
12.1.2 Dam / Waterfall temporary base level (1 x 1) (1)
12.1.3

(3 x 1) (3)

12.1.4 Ungraded (1 x 2) (2)

12.1.5 It has a knickpoint
12.1.6 Gradient is steep at the source and gentle at the mouth.
Backward erosion changes the gradient from source to mouth
More erosion in the upper course and deposition at the lower
course (3 x 2) (6)
76
12.2 12.2.1 A: upper course and
B: middle course (2 x 1) (2)
12.2.2 A: V shaped valleys in the upper course/straight stream/steep
slope/first order streams
B: open valley/ starting to meander (2 x 1) (2)
12.2.3 A: vertical erosion steep gradient.
B: lateral erosion/ more water volume. (2 x 2) (4)
12.2.4 3rd order (1 x 2) (2)

77
13. FLUVIAL LANDFORMS AND FEATURESM ACTIVITIES
13.1 13.1.1 a) The down-slope flow of water in a river under the influence of
gravity that is either smooth or turbulent. (1 x 2) (2)
b) Waterfall (1 x 1) (1)
c) Upper course (1 x 1) (1)
d) The area is steep (1 x 1) (1)
e) More resistant rock is found at X. (1 x 1) (1)
Water falls from the upper layers of the river (2 x 1) (2)
f) It serves as a tourist attraction Electricity can be generated (1 x 1) (1)
13.1.2 a) Knickpoint (1 x 1) (1)
b) Rafting (1 x 1) (1)
13.1.3 a) A meander is defined as a distinct curve or loop in the course
of a river channel. (1 x 2) (2)
b) In the middle course the river has more energy and a high
volume of water as a result of tributaries joining
Lateral (sideways) erosion starts to widen the river channel.
As the river erodes laterally (to the right side then the left side)
it forms large bends, and then horseshoe-like loops called
meanders.
The formation of meanders is due to both deposition and
erosion and meanders gradually migrate downstream (2 x 1) (2)
c) The slope is concave.
The river flows fast at this side.
Erosion, especially undercutting occur
The area is deep. (1 x 1) (1)
d) Oxbow lake (1 x 1) (1)
e) The valley will dry up over time. (1 x 1) (1)

13.2 13.2.1 Oxbow lake (1 x 1) (1)

13.2.2 In the lower course (1 x 1) (1)
13.2.3 A: slip off slope
B: undercut slope (2 x 1) (1)
13.2.4 A: There is deposition
B: There is erosion (2 x 2) (4)
13.2.5 The area will be dried up over time.
It will remain as a scar (2 x 2) (4)
13.2.6 Provides water and fertile soil for farming (1 x 2) (2)

13.3 13.3.1 Meandering stream (1 x 1) (1 x 1) (1)

13.3.2 Width and depth of the valley (2 x 1) (2 x 1) (2)
13.3.3 Slip off slope (1 x 1) (1 x 1) (1)
13.3.4 The boys do not understand the difference between the slopes on
the river bend/Where the slip off slope is, it is shallow and where
the undercut slope is, it is deeper (2 x 2) (2 x 2) (4)
13.3.5 Slope A – Undercut slope
It is the undercut cut slope that is associated with fast flowing
water Lots of energy resulting in the process of lateral erosion
It occurs on the outer bank of the meander
The slope is steep and concave
78
 Slope B - Slip-off slope
It is the slope that is associated with a slower flowing water More
friction and slower flowing resulting in deposition
It occurs on the inner bank of the meander
The slope is gentle and convex
[Any FOUR] (4 x 2 ) (8)

13.4 13.4.1 Braided stream (1 x 1) (1)

13.4.2 a) Sand banks (1 x 1) (1)
b) Bridge had to be built for navigation (1 x 1) (1)
13.4.3

a) (4 x 1) (4)

b) There is deposition of fertile soil at 1, good area for farming (1 x 1) (1)

13.5 13.5.1 There are meandering streams and oxbow lakes (2 x 1) (2)
13.5.2 Deposition of fertile soil promotes crop farming
Flat area is possible for construction of main road along the river (2 x 2) (2)
13.5.3 A: oxbow lake
B: marshes and vlei (2 x 1) (2)
13.5.4 Meander loop reduced the speed of water in the river and
increases chances of flooding.
When the loop is cut, the channel straightens and water moves
faster (2 x 2) (4)

79
14. RIVER REJUVENATION
14.1 14.1.1 Vertical erosion (1 x 1) (1)
14.1.2 Uplift of the surface (1 x 2) (2)
14.1.3 Isostacy /tectonic forces (1 x 2) (2)
14.1.4 Steeper slopes make it unsuitable for human living Deeper
gorges makes farming activity impossible Building infrastructure
will be more expensive
More specialized farming machinery will be needed Water will not
be easily accessible for human usage Narrow floodplains reduce
fertile farming land
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
14.1.5 A knick point will develop between the old and the new point of
erosion (2) Waterfalls develop at the knick point where there is a
sharp change in gradient (2)
Vertical (accept downward) erosion results in (paired) terraces (2)
Valleys within valleys develop as a result of a new valley floor (2)
Meanders deeply erode to form entrenched or incised meanders
(2)
Floodplains are narrowed (2)
[ALSO ACCEPT THE FOLLOWING]
Higher velocity may remove some braided streams (2)
Higher velocity may break through the levees (2)
Higher velocity may wash the existing deltas away (2)
Higher velocity may result in more oxbow-lakes (2) (4 x 2) (8)
[ANY FOUR]

14.2 14.2.1 When a river is eroding the landscape downwards in response to

a lowering/change of its base level (1)
River rejuvenation is a process where rivers (are re- energized to)
actively erode downward again (1 x 2) (2)
14.2.2 A drop in the sea level. (1 x 1) (1)
14.2.3 Waterfall/rapids. (1 x 2) (2)
14.2.4 Rejuvenated rivers will be ungraded/obstructions along the
course as a result of renewed downward erosion (2)
River will now show a multi-concave profile (2)
Temporary base levels of erosion will develop (examples:
knickpoint, rapids, waterfall) (2)
Over graded river as renewed downward erosion now takes place
(2)
Vertical erosion downstream of the knickpoint dominates (2)
The balance between erosion and deposition is disturbed (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
14.2.5 Knickpoints can form because of the old erosion level meeting the
new erosion levels
The knickpoint retreats upstream
Waterfall can form at the knickpoint due to the break/lowering
along the course of the river
Waterfalls can turn into rapids
Meanders will become more incised and entrenched (erode
vertically) River cuts into the flood plain and a new flood plain
80
 develops
A valley within a valley forms because of vertical erosion Valleys
with multi-terraced slopes will form
River channel becomes narrower
New floodplain is narrower than the original flood plain More
meanders develop
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

15. STREAM PIRACY

15.1 15.1.1 When one river captures/intercepts/robs/steals the headwaters of
another
river/When a more energetic river captures a less energetic river
The stream flowing at a lower-level
captures/intercepts/robs/steals the water of a stream flowing at a
higher level
[CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)
15.1.2 Headward/Backward erosion
Erodes upstream (from its source)
[Any ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
15.1.3 L – elbow of capture
M – wind gap (2 x 1) (2)
15.1.4 J – Misfit stream
K – Captor stream (2 x 1) (2)
15.1.5 a) It is a high lying area that separates two different drainage
basins [CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)
b) Lowering (vertically) of the watershed
Headwards movement/retreats horizontally
[Any ONE – CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)
15.1.6 It will increase the volume of the water in this upstream (1 x 2) (2)
15.1.7 The transport of water from other areas
Make use of wind pumps/bore holes to access ground water
Build (farm/small) dams
Recycling/purification of water
Reduce the number of livestock on farms
They would have to reduce the variety of crops on farms
Decrease the production of crops on farms
Change to crops that require less water
The use of GM/drought resistant seeds
Increase the use of fertilizers
More intensive irrigation
Use of canals and furrows for irrigation (accept examples)
More effective method of irrigation (e.g., drip irrigation instead of
sprinkler system) (2 x 2) (4)

15.2 15.2.1 S: Captor Stream

Y: Captured Stream (2 x 1) (2)
15.2.2 A: Elbow of capture
B: Wind gap (2 x 1) (2)
15.2.3 Higher rainfall causing increased headward erosion
Larger stream volume increase erosion
81
 S is flowing through softer rock S has a steeper gradient.
[Any TWO] (2 x 2) (8)
15.2.4 THE IMPACT OF RIVER CAPTURE ON THE VOLUME OR
WATER AND EROSIVE ABILITY

River B
The headwaters of B is captured
The volume of water in B will decrease
The abovementioned reduces the erosive ability
It will become a misfit stream

River S
River S captured the headwaters of river B
Water added to river S increases its volume
The abovementioned increases the erosive ability
The river becomes rejuvenated
[Any FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

16. SUPERIMPOSED AND ANTECENDENT DRAINAGE ACTIVTIES

16.1 16.1.1 Superimposed: The river now flows on an older uncovered rocks
that are uncovered by erosion
Antecedent: river flows on a young landscape altered by tectonic
forces (2 x 2) (4)
16.1.2 The river erodes downwards into the original surface to each
underlying rock layers (1 x 2) (2)
16.1.3 Knickpoint (1 x 2) (2)
16.1.4 Isostatic uplift (1 x 2) (2)
16.1.5 The rate of downcutting is faster than the rate at which the current
rock layer is exposed. (2 x 2) (4)
16.1.6 Steep areas impossible to build at
Expensive to construct roads (2 x 2) (4)

17. CATCHMENT AND RIVER MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES

17.1 17.1.1 Chemical waste/waste water could be released in the river
Industries (1 x 2) (2)
17.1.2 Removal of vegetation increases runoff thereby increasing the
rate of erosion. (1 x 2) (2)
17.1.3 CULTIVATED LAND
Fertilizers used on farms is washed into the rivers causing
eutrophication Pesticides used for crops is washed into the river
polluting the water
Soil erosion makes the water murky (2 x 2)
17.1.4 SUSTAINABLE RIVER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Access to clean fresh water for future generations (2)
South Africa is a water scarce country (low unreliable rainfall) (2)
Better quality crops will be produced with higher yields (2)
Most industries need a good water supply to function productively
(2)
Water is necessary for the production of products e.g. soft drinks,
82
 sweets, canned foods (2)
Higher exports with more profits from crops (2)
Healthier meat products with a better monetary value will be
produced (2)
Rivers are a less expensive mode of bulk transport (2)
Good river management encourages eco-tourism/tourism/
recreation (2)
Good quality of water sustains farming/mining/fishing/forestry
industry (2)
Maintaining rivers creates sustainable employment (2)
It allows for the generation of hydroelectricity which is an
alternative source of power (2)
Decreases purification costs of drinking water (2)
Decreases water borne diseases therefore workforce is healthier
(2)
Results in water being more affordable/cheaper (2)
[OR]
UNSUSTAINABLE RIVER MANAGEMENT
Increases purification costs of drinking water (2)
Increases water borne diseases therefore workforce is unhealthy
(2)
Acidic water stunts plant growth (2)
Acidic water can hinder crop cultivation (2)
Contaminated water poses a health hazard (2)
Polluted rivers will affect the fishing industry (2)
Polluted rivers can contaminate oceans (2)
[Any FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

17.2 17.2.1 Using river resources in a sustainable way so that it will still be
available in the future (1 x 2) (2)
17.2.2 Chemical waste/waste water could be released in the river
Acid rain caused by air pollution by the factory could end up in the
river
[Any ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
17.2.3 Waste water will be treated/purified at the wastewater treatment
plant so that it could be re-used/recycled
More fresh water resources will be available
The purified water will prevent and eliminate diseases
Protect aquatic ecosystems
[Any TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
17.2.4 Aquatic life threatened
Imbalance of the ecosystem
Reduced biodiversity
Increased nitrate encourages growth of algae/eutrophication
Reduced oxygen levels
[Any TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
17.2.5 Less clean/pure water resources for primary and secondary
economic activities (2)
Less clean water results in water restrictions (2)
Water treatment is expensive and increases the cost of water (2)
Finding alternative water sources will become costly (Accept
examples) (2)
83
 Less goods produced for home and export market (2)
Decreases the productivity of farming/manufacturing (2)
Negative influence on stock farming as the number of animals will
be reduced (2)
Poor water quality will negatively influence tourism due to the fear
of diseases by drinking poor quality water (2)
Fewer tourists will mean less income for the country (2)
[Any TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

17.3 17.3.1 1: Midmar Dam

2: Woodlands (2 x 1) (2)
17.3.2 Convex slope (1 x 1) (1)
17.3.3

(3 x 1) (3)

17.3.4 Chemicals and insecticides used for agriculture near the dam can
be washed into the dam and pollute the water
People living near the dam may pollute the dam by dumping
waste into the dam (2 x 2) (4)

84
19. EXAMINATION ACTION VERBS
ACTION WORDS (VERBS/COMMAND WORDS) FOR ASSESSMENT

VERB MEANING HOW TO ANSWER

Account to answer for - explain the cause Full sentences
of - so as to explain why

Analyse to separate, examination and Full sentences

interpret critically
Classify to divide into groups or types so One-word answers /phrases
that things with similar
characteristics are in the same
group - to arrange according to type
or sort
Comment to write generally about Full sentences

Compare to point out or show both Full sentences

similarities and differences

Define to give the concise and clear Full sentences

meaning
Describe to list the main Full sentences
characteristics of
something - give an
account of
Differentiate to show the difference between Full sentences
things
Discuss to examine by means of argument, Full sentences
presenting both sides and reaching a
conclusion

Determine Full sentences

Distinguish to recognise the difference between Full sentences

things

Draw/Sketch to show by means of a sketch A diagram is required

Evaluate to make an appraisal or express Full sentences

an opinion concerning the value -
to define, analyse and discuss

85
Explain to make clear, interpret and spell Full sentences
out the material you present
Give to state facts without discussions One-word answers

Identify to give the essential characteristics One-word answers

of - to name

Illustrate to show what something is like - to Full sentences

show that something is true / to
clearly demonstrate and supports a
point through the use of evidence

Justify to prove or give reasons for Full sentences

decisions or conclusions, using
logical argument
List to write an itemised series of One-word answers
concise statements

Locate to find the exact place where One-word answers

something is

Mention providing relevant facts Full sentences

Name to state something - give, One-word answers

identify or mention

Outline give a summary, using main points Full sentences

and leaving out minor details

Predict to say what you think will Full sentences

happen - to foretell - to say in
advance
Propose to suggest a plan - to make a Full sentences
formal suggestion

Provide to state facts without discussions Full sentences/one-word

answers

Recommend to advise that something should be Full sentences

done
Report to produce an official statement or Full sentences
written document

Select/Choose to choose something from a One-word answers

greater whole

86
Sketch to illustrate with a simple drawing A diagram is required

Solve to find a solution to something Full sentences

that is causing difficulties

State to present information plainly One-word answers

without discussion

Suggest to propose an explanation or solution Full sentences

Support to show that an idea/statement is true Full sentences

Tabulate to group like terms or activities One-word answers/phrases

under specific headings

Verify to check/prove that something is Full sentences

correct
Write to create a formal document Full sentences

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20. REFERENCES
1. Geography Bright Ideas Study guide
2. Geography CAPS document
3. http://www.geologyin.com/
4. https://tunza.eco-generation.org/
5. https://za.pinterest.com/
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/
7. http://practicalgeoskills.blogspot.com/
8. https://findingworlds.weebly.com/
9. Edu-Pass Geography Examination Aid
10. https://www.nps.gov/articles/meandering-stream.htm
11. https://valuewetlands.tamu.edu/landowner-education/upper-texas-gulf-coast-
land/permanent-rivers- streams/
12. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/oxbow-lake/
13. https://www.world-of-waterfalls.com/why-are-waterfalls-important/
14. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WaterfallCreationDiagram.svg
15. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aqc.885
16. https://www.ausableriver.org/blog/why-do-streams-meander
17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313253343_The_significance_of_meand
ering_channel_to_habitat_diversity_and_fish_assemblage_a_case_study_in_the_
Shibetsu_River_northern_Japan
18. https://valuewetlands.tamu.edu/landowner-education/upper-texas-gulf-coast-
land/permanent-rivers- streams/
19. https://www.nps.gov/articles/meandering-stream.htm
20. http://www.civilittee-hu.com/uploads/1/Hydrolgoy/2.pdf
21. https://findingworlds.weebly.com/rivers.html

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21. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Department of Basic Education (DBE) gratefully acknowledges the following
officials for giving up their valuable time and families and for contributing their
knowledge and expertise to develop this resource booklet for the children of our
country, under very stringent conditions of COVID-19:

Writers: Ivy Hughes, Jerome Meyer and Tsidiso Mphuthi

Reviewers: Davechand Rajendra, Pedro van Staden, Unizia Mokgohloa, William

Mmakola

DBE Subject Specialist: Pule Rakgoathe

The development of the Study Guide was managed and coordinated by Ms

Cheryl Weston and Dr Sandy Malapile