LAB MANUAL

SUBJECT - MMC
Exp-1 :- Calibration of strain gauge
Aim: Calibration of strain gauge

Theory:

While there are several methods of measuring strain, the most common is trained girls or
device whose electrical resistance is in proportional to of the strain gauge, the most
widely used gauge is bent strain gauge, strain gauge consists of fine wire or more
commonly metallic coil arranged in a grid pattern. The grid pattern maximizes the
amount of metallic wire or subject that fails to strain in parallel direction.The cross
sectional area of the grid is minimized to see the effect of Shear Strain or poison strain.
The grid is attached directly to the test specimen.Therefore strange experience by test
strain got the response with linear change in electrical resistance available.

Formulas used:

∆𝑅/𝑅 ∆𝑅/𝐿
G.F.= ∆𝐿/𝐿
= 𝐸

The gauge factor for metallic strain gauge is typically around:

Procedure:

1. Make necessary arrangements of the apparatus, connect a voltmeter to the power

supply.
2. Connect the sensor to the power supply with the help of wire.
3. Connect the balance on the full end of the cantilever beam.
4. Suitable ‘ON’ power supply.
5. Take readings for the weight.
Observation Table:

SR NO. Mass Actual reading Observed Error Error %

(KG) (RPM) Reading (RPM) (RPM)
(RPM)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Calculations:
Advantages:

1. Strain gauge comes in gauge length, from as little as a few thousands of and
several inches in length.
2. Extremely short gauges are available
3. Gauge practical application

Disadvantages:

1. Difficult to use
2. High cost
3. Not reliable

Conclusion:
Exp-2 :- Calibration of LVDT
LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER
Aim: Calibration of LVDT

Apparatus: LVDT setup, Tachometer

Theory:

LVDT is a type of electrical transformer, used for measuring linear displacement. A

counterpart to the system that is used for measuring linear displacement is rotary variable
differential transformer.

The LVDT converts a position or linear displacement from a mechanical reference into a
proportional electrical signal containing phase and amplitude information. It doesn't
require electrical contact between the moving part and assembly but instead relies on
electromagnetic coupling.

Operation:

LVDT has 3 solenoidal coils placed end to end around the tube. The center coil is the
primary and the 2 outer coils are the secondary coils of cylindrical ferromagnetic core
attached to the object whose position is to be measured and slides along the axis of the
tube. An alternating current drives the primary coil and causes a voltage to be induced in
each secondary coil proportional to the length of the core linking into the secondary coil.
The frequency is usually 1-10 kHz. As the core Moves the primary linkage to the
secondary coil changes and causes the induced voltage to change. The coils are connected
in such a way that the output voltage is the difference between the top secondary voltage
and bottom secondary voltage. When the core is in center position equidistance between
the 2 secondary equal voltages are induced in them, but the output is zero, as the induced
voltage is having opposite sign.
Features:
1. Video applied to the primary winding can range from 50 – 25000 kHz.
2. Dynamic measurement is possible as the carrier frequency is 10 times greater than
The highest frequency component in dynamic signal.
3. The input range is from 5-15 W/A.
4. Power required is less than 1 W.
5. Range of sensitivity is from 0.02 - 0.2 V /mm.
6. Available in operating range + - 22 + - 150 mm.

Observation Table:

SR Actual displacement LVDT displacement Error Error %

NO. (mm) (mm)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Average Values: (for graph)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculations:
Advantages:
1. There is no contact between the LVDT sensor and the digital display unit as shown
in the manual.
2. Infinite resolution and no hysteresis.
3. High-sensitivity upto 40 mv/mm.
4. Low power consumption [ <1W ].
5. Better linear characteristics

Procedure:
1. Switch on the circuit and advance the LVDT case on one side.
2. Now Record the output.
3. Record the output and repeat the procedure for possible range i/p in regular steps.
4. Take O/P while drawing Input and repeat the same on the other side of null.
5. Plot the input process output graph.

Conclusion:
EXP 3 :- Calibration of Tachometer
HAND SPEED INDICATOR
Aim: Calibration of Tachometer

Theory:

Tachometer is a mechanical instrument used to measure the RPM of a rotating body. In

the case of an automobile, the engine shaft rotation is measured by means of Tachometer
readings obtained in RPM. There are two types of Tachometer.
-DC Tachometer
-AC Tachometer

The DC Tachometer is a device which measures the DC pulse and then divides by
number 60. In order to obtain the value of this is further applied to an open rate time for
counting the pulse. It is connected to the counter and / open get time 60 seconds this
gives the frequency of the rotating body which is the RPM.

Construction:

1. Initially a magnet is used which generates the Eddy current by means of magnetic
flux that is developed in the system.
2. This Eddy current helps to develop torque which in turn rotates the cup again
spiral spinning disc rotator in the same direction as that of magnetic field.
3. The automobile speedometer operates on the principle of measuring reading on
calibration scale.

Working:

1. Experiment utilizes two types of Tachometer a contact and a non contact type
2. The control type is connected to the rotating wheel used to measure the RPM.
3. The actual values does obtained from the input and desired observed value is
obtained on digital tachometer
Observation Table:

SR NO. Actual reading Observed Error Error %

(RPM) Reading (RPM) (RPM)
(RPM)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 PHOTOELECTRIC TACHOMETER

TOOTHED WHEEL TACHOMETER

* Diagram of Digital Tachometer to be drawn on the back side of this page

Procedure:

1. Switch on power and supply voltage until the shaft attains speed and observe the
contact.
2. Bring a Tachometer in contact with diameter, observe the value after contact.
3. Compare observed and actual value.

Application:

● Pump
● Speedometer

Conclusion:
EXP 4 :- Speed measuring by Stroboscope
STROBOSCOPE MEASURING THE SPEED OF ROTATING PULLEY
Aim: Verify Rotational speed measurement of motor by using Stroboscope

Theory:

Also known as a strobe is an instrument used to make a cyclical moving object appear to
be slow moving or stationary. It consists of either a rotating disc with a slot or holes for a
lamp such as flash tube which produces brief repetitive flashes of light. Usually the rate
of Stroboscope is adjustable to different frequencies, it appears stationary. Thus
Stroboscopes are used to measure frequencies.

The principle is used for study of rotating reciprocating oscillating or vibrating objects.
Machine parts and vibrating strings are common examples. A Stroboscope used to set the
ignition timing of an internal combustion engine is called a timing light.

Procedure:

1. Set the motor speed to 1000 RPM and record the electronic frequency counter
reading.

2. Set the Stroboscope frequency to approximately the electric frequency counter

reading.

3. Fine adjust the Stroboscope frequency until the timing mark of their stationary.

4. Record this Stroboscope reading and sketch the mark on the gear face.

5. Without changing the motor speed, increase the Stroboscope frequency until it is
doubled.

6. Record the Stroboscope frequency Sketch the timing mark pattern.

7. Repeat above measurements for a Stroboscope frequency of 3 times true shaft

speed. Repeat above measurement for a Stroboscope frequency of half times true
shaft speed.
Observation Table:

SR Applied Number of Stroboscope Speed of Error %

NO. voltage markings Reading Motor

1.

2.

Calculations:

Results:

Conclusion:
EXP 5 :- Calibration of Pressure by Bourdon's Tube
Pressure Gauge
BOURDON’S TUBE PRESSURE GAUGE
Aim: Calibration of Pressure by Bourdon's Tube Pressure Gauge

Theory:

Bourdon tube pressure gauge is used for high-end medium pressure in this experiment,
the pressure to element consists of a metal tube which is approximately electrical in
cross-section. the tube used in the form of segment of circle and respond to pressure
gauge by deflection for shop

In this end of the tube while the other end is free to deform as shown, the fix is open and
connected to the pressure input line. The free end is closed and attached with a sector to
adjust table connecting lines. The sector message with Pinion on which the pointer is the
first phase of the scale provided is directly calibrated to load pressure.

When the pressure enters the oval section tends to become circular and this procedure has
a small displacement of the free end. This linear motion of the tip of bourdon tube is
converted into perpendicular rotary motion of the pointer that shows the input pressure on
calibrated scale.

Advantages:

1. Low cost and simple construction

2. High pressure
3. Good accuracy except at low price

Disadvantages:

1. Used for precise measurement

2. Susceptibility to shock and vibration
3. Hysteria and slow response to pressure changes
Observation Table:

Actual Observed Observed Average

SR NO. Pressure Reading Reading Reading Error
(kg/cm^2) (kg/cm^2) (kg/cm^2)

[ Forward ] [ Reverse ]

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Procedure:

1. Ensure that the exhaust and relief valve is off.

2. Operate the foot pump so as to apply the direct pressure in a gradual manner.
3. Air is allowed to pass from the tank in the bourdon tube which displaces the C
shaped frame.
4. Plunger gets rotated in a linear manner.
5. However, one can also observe the air pressure applied to comparatively dial
pressure gauge.
6. Write down all the readings.

Conclusion: