Unit 4:

VERBS - VERB
TENSES -
IMPERATIVES
Section 4.1 Part 1.1

1
 Identify the form and use of the simple
present and present progressive tense;
the simple past and past progressive
tense; the simple present perfect and
present perfect progressive tense
LESSON
OBJECTIVES
Apply them in various contexts

2
The simple present The simple
and present past tense
progressive tenses

The simple
The simple past and present perfect
past progressive and present
tenses perfect
progressive 3
The simple present and present
progressive tenses

4
Pronunciation and spelling of the 3rd person, simple present

-s as /s/ after /f/; /p/ /k/; /t/

safes /seifs/; cups /kʌps/; books /bʊks/; units /`ju:nits/
-s as /iz/ after /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/
bus /bʌs/🡪 buses ˈ/bʌsɪz/; brush /brʌʃ/ 🡪 brushes /brә:∫iz/
relax /rɪˈlæks/ 🡪 relaxes /rɪˈlæksɪz/
-s as /z/ after all other sounds /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /ð/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ, /l/, /r/ and vowel + w
or r.
birds /bɜːrdz/; buildings /ˈbɪldɪŋz/; rooms /ruːmz/; cars /kɑːrz/windows /ˈwɪndoʊz/;
sees

5
 Spelling of the 3rd person, simple present

Add -s to most verbs: work/works, drive/drives, play/plays, run/runs.

She likes apples. / He plays tennis.
Add -es to verbs ending in -0: do/does; -s: misses; -x: mixes; -ch/-sh:
catches/pushes.
She goes to school./ It catches on quick.

6
Uses of the simple present tense: 'I work/he works’
1. 'The present period' (= 'this is the situation at present'):
My sister works in a bank./ Your mother cooks in the kitchen.
2. Habitual actions:
I brush my teeth every day./ - He usually gets up at 6 o'clock.
3. Permanent truths:
The sun sets in the west./ - The earth moves around the Sun.
4. Future reference (for timetables,…):
The train leaves at 2.30 pm. / - The flight starts at 7 am tomorrow.
5. Instruction:
First you weigh the ingredients.
6. Commentaries:
Backer serves to Lendl.
7. Observation & declarations
I hope so/ It says here that…I love you.
7
Stative and dynamic verbs

1. STATIVE VERBS: Refer to 'states'. A state has no beginning and no end.

We don't 'control' it, so we don't normally use stative verbs in progressive
tenses:
She loves her baby more than anything. (Not 'is loving')
He seems to be a visionary leader. ✔
He is seeming to be a visionary employee. 🗶

2. DYNAMIC VERBS: We can use them in two ways:

- in the simple present tense to describe habits.
I often make cakes.
- in the present progressive to describe deliberate actions in progress.
I'm making a cake.

8
Stative and dynamic verbs
3. We can describe three classes of verbs:
a) Dynamic verbs which have simple or progressive forms (most verbs in English):
I often listen to records. (simple present tense)
I'm listening to a record. (present progressive tense)
b) Verbs which are always stative:
This coat belongs to you. (simple present tense) (Not 'is belonging')
c) Verbs that have stative or dynamic uses:
I'm weighing myself. (a deliberate action: present progressive tense)
I weigh 65 kilos. (a state) (Not I'm weighing 65 kilos.)

4. There are five groups of stative verbs referring to:

feelings: like, love, care, like,…
thinking/believing think, understand,…
wants: want, prefer, wish…
perception: hear, see, sound, taste….
being/having/owning: appear, seem, belong, involve …
9
The simple present and present
progressive tenses

10
Spelling: how to add "-ing" to a verb: "wait/waiting"
• Add "-ing" to most verbs, without changing the base form: wait/waiting
Wait for me =》I am waiting for you.
• If a verbs ends in "-e", omit the "-e" and add "-ing": use/using
Use a broom =》I am using a broom.
• A single vowel followed by a single consonant double the final consonant:
sit/sitting
Sit down =》I am sitting down.
• Double the last consonant of two-syllable verbs when the second syllable is
stressed: be'gin/be’ginning.
Begin work =》I am beginning work.
• ic changes to "-ick": picnic/picnicking, "-ie" changes to "-y".
Lie down =》I am lying down.

11
Uses of the present progressive tense
• Actions in progress at the moment of speaking:
He's working at the moment.
• Temporary situations/actions, not necessarily in progress at
the moment of speaking:
My daughter is studying English at Durham University.
• Planned actions (+future adverbial reference):
We're spending next winter in Australia.
• Repeated actions with adverbs like always, forever:
She's always helping people.

12
The simple past tense

13
The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs
• We usually add -ed to the base of verb
play-> played
marry -> married
• Pronounce /id/: end in /t/, /d /
wanted, needed, posted
• Pronouce /t/: end in /s/, /f/, /p/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /k/.
hoped, coughed, fixed, washed, catched, asked
• Pronounce /d/: remaining cases
opened, played, arrived
*NOTE: A few verbs are pronounced and spelt /d/ or /t/: burned/ burnt,
dreamed/dreamt, learned/learnt,...
14
Irregular past forms
• Having the same form in all parts:
hit-hit-hit, cut-cut-cut
• Changing one part only:
keep-kept-kept, think- thought- thought
• Changing 2 parts:
go- went-gone, ring- rang- rung

15
Uses of the simple past tense
We use simple past to talk about events, actions, situations happened
in the past and are now finished.
We often use time references like yesterday, ago, last...
We use the past:
+ to describe actions which happened in the recent or distant past
I went to school yesterday.
+ to describe past habit
Last summer, I ate 2 snack packs a day.

16
Irregular verbs past forms
• A small number of irregular verbs have the same form in the present as in
the past: burst/ burst, cost/cost, cut/cut, hit/hit, put/put.
• We have to remember, especially with such verbs, that the third person
singular does not change in the past:
He put on a clean shirt yesterday. (past)
He puts on a clean shirt every day. (present)
• After I, you, we, and they, the context or the adverbial tells us the tense:
I put on a clean shirt yesterday. (past)
I put on a clean shirt every day. (present)

17
THANK YOU

18
Unit 4:
VERBS - VERB
TENSES -
IMPERATIVES
Section 4.1 Part 1.2

1
B. Uses of the past progressive tense: 'I was working'
There are five basic uses of the past progressive tense. We use it for:
1. Temporary actions in progress in the past: I was living abroad in 1987.
We often use all to emphasize continuity (all day, all summer): It was raining all
night.
2. Actions which were in progress when something else happened:
Just as/when I was leaving, the phone rang.
These are often introduced by conjunctions like when, as, just as and while,
but the shorter action can be introduced by when: We were having supper
when the phone rang.
3. Actions in progress at the same time: While I was reading, Joan was playing
the piano.
4. Repeated actions with e.g., always: When I worked here, I was always
making mistakes.
5. Polite inquiries: I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
2
 The simple past and the past progressive in
story-telling

• We often use past tenses (simple past, past progressive and past
perfect) for story-telling.
• We use the past progressive to set the scene at the beginning of
the story.

3
Circle the simple past and the past progressive verbs in this story.

THE SECRET AGENT

It was just before the Second World War. Tom was only 20 at the time and was
living with his mother. He was working in a bank and travelling to London every
day. One morning, he received a mysterious letter. It was addressed to 'Mr
Thomas Parker'. The letter, which was signed, 'A Friend', asked Tom to go to
The Crown Inn during his lunch hour. All morning, as he was dealing with
customers, Tom was wondering whether he should do this. At lunch time he
decided to go to the inn. It was full of people and Tom couldn't recognize
anyone. He was just wondering if he should leave, when a stranger introduced
himself and said he had known Tom's father, who had died when Tom was a
baby. The stranger explained that Tom's father, Bill, was a secret agent in the
First World War. Through this meeting, Tom was recruited to be a secret agent,
too, and was already working in France when the war began. 4
 THE SECRET AGENT
It was just before the Second World War. Tom was only 20 at the time and
was living with his mother. He was working in a bank and travelling to
London every day. One morning, he received a mysterious letter. It was
addressed to 'Mr Thomas Parker'. The letter, which was signed, 'A Friend',
asked Tom to go to The Crown Inn during his lunch hour. All morning, as he
was dealing with customers, Tom was wondering whether he should do this.
At lunch time he decided to go to the inn. It was full of people and Tom
couldn't recognize anyone. He was just wondering if he should leave, when
a stranger introduced himself and said he had known Tom's father, who had
died when Tom was a baby. The stranger explained that Tom's father, Bill,
was a secret agent in the First World War. Through this meeting, Tom was
recruited to be a secret agent, too, and was already working in France when
the war began.

5
The simple present
perfect and the present
perfect progressive

6
 A. Using
There are two ways to use:
+ Describe actions beginning in the PAST and continuing up to the PRESENT moment:
• Time references such as: before (now), ever, never… before, up till now, so far.
I have received 20 cards so far.
I have never tasted mango (before).
• Since/for:
I have lived here since 1990.
I have lived here for 20 years.
+ Describe actions without an unspecified time in the PAST:
• No time reference at all: Have you passed your driving test?
This could mean “very recently” or “at any time up to now”
• Recent time such as: just, recently, already, still, yet:
I have just eaten.
• Repeated or habitual actions: I have watched him on TV several times.

7
The present perfect progressive tense
• Using: we want to emphasize something has been in progress throughout a
period:
❖ Instead of saying: I have worked all day.
I have been working all day.
• Some continuity verbs: learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, study, wait, work,….
We often use them with since and for.
• They can be used in the present perfect tense: I have waited here for two hours.
NEVERTHELESS
• We most often use them in the progressive: I have been waiting here for two
hours.
Emphasizing the action that still goes on up to the present.

8
The comparison: the present perfect progressive and
the simple present perfect

• With the present perfect progressive:

I have been painting this room. (means the action is unfinished)
• With the simple present perfect:
I have painted this room. (means the action is definitely finished)
The comparison: the simple past and the simple present
perfect
• With the simple past: we have to say or imply “when” something occurred :
I finished the job yesterday/ an hour ago.
• With the present perfect: we do not say “exactly when”:
I have finished the job / I have just finished the job
Still not having “exactly when”
9
THANK YOU

10
 Unit 4:
VERBS - VERB Part 2.1
TENSES -
IMPERATIVES
Section 4.1

1
 Identify the form and use of simple past
perfect and past perfect progressive
tenses, the simple future tense, the simple
future, the future progressive, the future
perfect, ‘going to’ and other ways of
LESSON expressing the future and the imperative.

OBJECTIVES
Apply them in various contexts.

2
 The simple past perfect & past
perfect progressive

The simple future tense

Content The simple future, the future

progressive, the future perfect

‘Going to’ & other ways of

expressing the future

The imperative

3
 Use of the simple past perfect tense
• When we have two past references, we are not obliged to use the
simple past perfect:
After I finished work, I went home.
• But we often need the past perfect for the event that happened first
to avoid ambiguity:
When I arrived, Ann left. (at the moment)
When I arrived, Ann had left. (before I got there)
• We often introduce the past perfect with conjunctions like when,
after, as soon as, by the time that.
• We use adverbs like already, ever, never…before.
4
Subject had +Verb Rest of Sentence
(V3)
(Past
Participle)

I / You / We / had met him before he

They became famous
He / She / It
had lived here for three years
by the time we met

Form of the simple past perfect tense

 The past perfect progressive tense

Usage Example
Describe actions in progress She was very tired. She had
throughout a period. been typing all day.
Some verbs like learn, lie, live,
wait, work, naturally suggest I’d been waiting for three hours
‘continuity’ before he arrived.
He’d been phoning every night
Repeated actions for a month.
Her eyes were red. It was clear
Drawing conclusions she’d been crying.
 Past perfect
progressive
To form the past
perfect progressive,
use the auxiliary
(helping) verb had +
been + verb-ing
(present participle)

7
The past perfect progressive tense
The past perfect progressive can tell us that an action
was uncompleted then:
When I got home, I found that Jill had been painting her
room.
The simple past perfect can tell us that an action was
completed then:
When I got home, I found that Jill had painted her room.

8
The simple future
Affirmative: S + will/ shall + infinitive
without "to"
I will go
Negative: S + will not/ won’t +
infinitive without "to"
They will not see
They won't See
Interrogative: Will/ Won't + S +
infinitive without "to"
Will/ she ask?
Won't
Some uses of ‘will’ and ‘shall’:
1.’Will’ and ‘shall’ are modal verbs.
2.We often use ‘will’ and ‘shall’ to make predictions (the simple future
tense):
It will rain tomorrow. I don’t know if I shall see you next week.
3.We use ‘will’ and ‘shall’ in many other ways, apart from predicting the
future:
-intentions/ promises: I’ll never let you go.
- request/invitations: Will you close the door?
- offers: I’ll wash the dishes.
- suggestions: Shall we go for a swim tomorrow?
-threats: Just wait! You’ll regret this!
-decisions: I’ll stop and ask the way.
 ‘Will’ and ‘shall’ to refer to the future
Form of ‘will’ and ‘shall’
1.When we are referring to the future, we use ‘will’ with all
person (I, you, he, etc.) but in British English, we often use
‘shall’ with I/we. (Not*he/she/it/you/they shall*)
I/ We will (I’ll/We'll) get married in December. Or I shall/ We
shall get married in December.
 ‘Will’ and ‘shall’ to refer to the future
2. In speech, we weaken ‘shall’ to /ʃəl/.
We use often ‘ll in place of ‘will’ in speech and sometimes in writing,
especially after vowels:
I’ll meet her at the mall.
We also use ‘ll after consonants:
Henry’ll go to the library tomorrow.
3. Negative short form are: I’ll not, won’t (= will not) or shan’t (=shall not):
I will not be late/ I won’t be late/ I shan’t be late.
She will not get the job /She won't get the job.
 ‘Will’ and ‘shall’ to refer to the future
Use of the ‘will/shall’ future
1. Prediction: We describe prediction, or we say what we think will happen:
I think our team will win the baseball game.
She is pretty sure that her cat will hate her new puppy.
2. In formal style we say what will happen for events that have been
arranged:
The wedding will take place at St Andrew’s on June 27th.
The meeting will begin at 10.00 am. Coffee will be available from 9.30
onwards.
3. We use ‘shall’ and ‘will’ to express hopes and expectations:
I hope she’ll get the job she’s applied for. She’ll get a surprise – I expect she
will.
THANK YOU!
 Unit 4:
VERBS - VERB Part 2.2
TENSES -
IMPERATIVES
Section 4.1

1
 The future progressive

Usage Example
To emphasize actions that will be in progress in the
near or distant future, especially when we imagine By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach.
ourselves doing something. (Not ‘I will lie’)
When will you finish these letters? (e.g., boss to
assistant)
The progressive ‘soften’ the effect of will + verb and When will you be seeing Mr. White? (e.g.,
sounds more polite. assistant to boss)
We’ll be spending the winter in Australia is the
same as:
We use the future progressive like the present
progressive for planned actions. We’re spending the winter in Australia.
The future progressive
I will be staying at
Will + Present the hotel in Nha
Affirmative S Trang at 1 p.m
be participle(-ing)
tomorrow.
The children won’t
be playing with their
will Present friends when you
Negative S not/ participle (-ing) come this weekend.
won’t +
be
Will you be
Will/ waiting for the train
Interrogativ Be + Present at 9 a.m. next
Wo S
e participle (-ing) Monday?
n’t
 . The future perfect
1) When do you use the future perfect tense?
a) The Future Perfect tense expresses an action in the future before another
action in the future:
The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at
9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.
b) The Future Perfect tense expresses an action in the future that will be
completed before a certain time in the future:
I will have completed my military service next year.
 S + will + have + I will have finished my
Affirmative assignment by the end of this
V(P-II) (Past Participle) week.
My mother will not have
S + will not/ won’t + have + V (P-
Negative come home by 9 p.m. this
II) (Past Participle)
evening.
Will/ Won’t + S + have + V (P-II) Will we have played some small
Interrogative
(Past Participle)? games by then?

The future perfect: form

 The future ● We often use the future perfect
perfect: form progressive with verbs like learn, lie,
live, rain, sit, wait and work which
naturally suggest continuity to say
that what is in progress now will be
in progress in the future:
By this time next week, I will have
been working on this book for a
year.
 'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future
There are three basic uses of the 'going to'-future:
● Predictions: We often use ‘going to’ to predict the future, especially
when we can see something that is about to happen:
Look out! She's going to faint. (Not 'will’)
Or we can describe something which we know will take place in the
future:
Angus and Margaret are going to be married in May.
● Intentions: We often use going to rather than will in informal style:
I'm going to practice the piano for two hours this evening.
I'm going to be successful one day.
'Going to' and other ways of expressing the future

● Planned actions: We use ‘going to’ like the present progressive

or future progressive:
We're going to spend the winter in Australia. Or: We're spending
the winter in Australia.
Or: We'll be spending the winter in Australia.

●We use ‘will’ when we decide to do something at the moment of

speaking:
We're lost. 1'11 stop and ask the way.
(= I've just decided to do this.)
 'am/is/are to', 'be about to', 'be due to
We use ‘to be to’ for:
● formal arrangements/ duties:
OPEC representatives are to meet in Geneva in May.
● formal appointments/ instructions:
Three tablets are to be taken twice a day.
● prohibitions:
You're not to tell him anything about our plans.
● ‘to be about to’ refers to the immediate future:
Look! The race is just about to start.
We often use ‘to be due to’ to refer to timetables:
The plane is due to land at 2.15.
 The future-in-the-past
● Sometimes we want to refer to events which were 'destined' or
planned to take place in the past ('the future-in-the-past'). We
use was going to, was about to, was to and was due to. We use
these forms for:
● Events we couldn't foresee:
They didn't know they were to be reunited ten years later.
● Events which were interrupted:
We were just going to leave, when Jean had an accident.
● We also use ‘would’ for ‘destiny’ in story-telling:
They had already reached 9,000 feet. Soon they would reach the
top.
 The imperative
Some use of imperative to express different functions:
1. We don’t use imperative just for “giving orders”. We can use it e.g., for:
● offering: Have another sandwich.
● prohibiting: Do not walk the grass.
● directing: Take the next turning left.
● warning: Look out! A bus is coming!

An imperative can be made more polite or more urgent with “do”. Compare:
● ordinary imperative: Help yourself!
● polite imperative: Do help yourself!
● negative imperative: Don’t help yourself!
 The imperative
The imperative to address particular people:
When we say “Wait here!” we might be addressing one person or several.
What we are saying:” You(singular or plural) wait here!”
If we want to speak to someone in particular, we can:
● add you (unstressed) for instruction, “You wait here for a moment.”
● add you (stressed) to express annoyance, “You keep quiet.”
● use you with (or without) a name: “You wait here, Henry” or “Henry, you
wait here.”
● add yourself to a verb like help, enjoy or behave. “Help yourself!”
 The imperative
If we are to talking to group of people, we can use the imperative
with:
● everybody: “Everybody keep quiet.” or “Keep quiet everybody.”

● somebody/nobody, “Somebody answers the phone!”, “Nobody

answers the phone!”

● Don’t …. anybody, “Don’t say a word anybody.” or “Don’t

anybody say a word.”

The imperative with question tags
We can make a request by adding a ‘tag’ like will you? to an
imperative:
● add will you?/won’t you?/can’t you? to express annoyance:
“Stop shouting, will you?”
● add would you?/could/can you? for neutral requests:
“Post this for me, would you?”.
● add will you?/won’t you? for friendly offers:
“Take a seat, will you?”
We show our feelings not just by adding a tag, but through stress
or intonation.
 Double imperative joined by ‘and’:
● When we have two imperatives together, we join them with
‘and’ ( not ‘to’):
Go and buy yourself a new pair of shoes. (not Go to buy.)
● Only exception is ‘try’. We can say: Try and help or Try to help.
THANK YOU!
 Unit 4:
VERBS - VERB TENSES -
IMPERATIVES
Section 4.2
Be, Have, Do

1
Identify the use of be,
have, do.
Apply them in various
contexts.

LESSON OBJECTIVES
2
 “BE” as a full verb
1. Be is a ‘helping’ ( or auxiliary) verb when it ‘helps’ other verbs, for

example to form the present or past progressive:

He is reading. He was sleeping.

2. Be is a full verb when we use it with nouns or adjective:

She’s a teacher. She’s tall.

3
3. Be + noun or adjective in the imperative has limited uses.
We use be with nouns to mean ‘act like’ or to mean ‘become’ or ‘pretend
to be’:
Be a dear and answer the phone!
Be a better cook!
Be a monster, granddad!
Don’t be is more common:
Don’t be silly!

4
4. We use be only with adjectives that describe ‘ passing behavior’:

Be + careful, patient, quiet, etc.

Don’t be + careless, impatient, silly, etc.

But not with adjectives which describe ‘states’, like hungry, thirsty,

pretty, etc.

5
 The use of ‘aren’t’
The full form AM I NOT is rare. We use Aren’t I…? (Not * Amn’t I*) in:
- negative questions: Am I not late? → Aren’t I late?
- negative wh-questions: Why am I not invited? + Why aren't I invited?
- negative question tag: I'm late, am I not? + I'm late, aren't I?
*We use aren't I only in negative questions and negative question tags,
never in negative.
statements: I am not late. + I'm not late. (Not *I aren't late')

6
'Be' in the simple present and simple past

In the simple present & simple past we use be as a full verb

with nouns & adj. Be careful of instances when English makes
use of be where other languages sometimes don’t:
I am hungry. ( Not “ I have hungry.”)
It’s cold. (Not “It makes cold.”)

7
Progressive forms of 'be' for 'temporary behaviour’

We use the progressive forms with adj that describe ‘passing

behavior’ like naughty & silly, not states, like ‘hurry’ and ‘thirsty’.

We often imply that this behavior is deliberate: He is being

naughty. We can use the progressive of be with a few noun as

well: He’s being a (silly) fool.

8
'Has been', 'have been', 'had been' + adjectives and nouns.
The rules for the present and past perfect apply to ‘have been’ and ‘had been’:
The actions or states begin in the past and continue into the present (have been)
or they refer to an earlier past (had been). We use was/ were when we have a time
reference:
- behavior/states/moods: She's been very quiet. I said she had been very quiet.
- the weather: It's been very cold lately. I said it had been very cold lately.
- professions, behavior: Have you ever been a teacher? She has been a real angel.
Compare: The baby was very quiet while you were out. (the past + exact time
reference).

9
'Have been' and 'have gone'

1. Have been and has been have the sense of 'visit a place and come
back’:
Where have you been? - I've been home. (= and now I'm back.)
2. Have gone and has gone have the sense of 'be at a place or on the
way to a place’:
Where's John?- He's gone home. (= he's either there now or on his
way there.)

10
3. Have been and have gone combine with to + noun:
I've been to a party. (= and I'm back) John's gone to a party. (= he's there
on his way.)
Have been combines with at and in.
I've been at a meeting. I've been in Paris.
4. Have been and have gone combine with adverbs like out and away:
I've been out/away. (= and I'm back.) John's gone out/away. (= he's not
here.)
and with home. (Not *gone/been to home*and not 'to the*to mean 'my own
home’.)
11
'Have been' with 'since' and 'for'
We often use “how long…?” with have been in questions and we use since/for in
answers:
1. How long have you been a nurse? - I’ve been a nurse for nearly a year.
- I've been a nurse since January.
2. Have been can have the following meanings:
- have lived/have been living: I've been in this flat for five years.
- have worked/have been working: Jane's been in the civil service since she
was 23.
- have waited/have been waiting: We’ve been outside the bank since 9.15.

12
 ‘There’ + ‘be’ as a ‘natural choice’
We use there is + noun, etc. (Not *it has* or *it is*) when we are talking about or
asking about the existence of people, things, etc. It is more ‘natural’ to say:
There’s a policeman at the door. than to say: A policeman is at the door.
We use there is, there was, there will be, there has been/ had been when we
want to:
• Announce or report events: There’ll be a meeting tomorrow. There’s been an
accident.
• Set a scene for story-telling: There had been no rains for months.

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‘There is’, etc. compared with ‘it is’, etc.
We show existence with There is, then we use personal pronouns (he, she,
it or they) to give more details:
There was a concert in our village last night. (‘existence’)
It (= The concert) was in the village hall. (‘more details’)
Note how this happens in the following sentence:
There’s a bus coming, but it’s full.
There’s a man at the door. It’s the postman.
There’s a man at the door. He wants to speak to you.
There are some children at the door. They want to see Jimmy.

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 Combinations with ‘there’ + ‘be’

1. There is, there are, there was and there were are the most common combinations:
There’s a phone call for you. There was a phone call for you this morning.
2. We also use there with different tenses, for example:
- Perfect tenses: There has (there’s) been an accident.
He said there had (there’d) been an accident.
- Future tenses: There will (there’ll) be a letter for me tomorrow.
3. There also combines with seem to be and appear to be:
There seems to be a mistake in our bill. There appears to be no one in.

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THANK YOU!

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 Unit 4:
VERBS - VERB TENSES -
`
IMPERATIVES
Section 4.2
Part 2
Be, Have, Do

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 Certainty and uncertainty with “be” and “seem” etc.
These verbs have nearly the same
4. Verbs related in meaning to“be”:
meaning as “Be”
appear, feel, look,
seem, smell, sound, taste, chance/
happen/ prove to be.

Verbs When we are certain about something,

we use Be or an ordinary verb: “He is ill.
related in He knows the answer.”

meaning
to “Be” When we uncertain about something, we
can use ‘modal verbs’: “He
may/might/could be ill.
He may/might/could know the answer.”
Or we can use verbs related to “be”.
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 Verbs related in meaning to “Be”
Can leave out ‘to be’
after ‘appear’ and
“To be” or not ‘seem’ in the simple
“to be”? present and simple
‘To be’ or not past.

‘to be’
Cannot use to be Include ‘to be’
after ‘feel, look, before adjectives like
smell, sound or ‘afraid’, ‘asleep’ and
taste’. ‘awake’.

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‘Process verbs’ related to ‘be’ and ‘become’
- Process verbs describe a change in state. Typical process verbs are
become, come, fall, go, get, grow, run, turn, wear:
When I asked him about it, he grew angry.
Leaves go brown in autumn.
Suddenly everything went black, and I lost consciousness.
- The most common process verbs are get, become and grow:
I’m getting tired.
You’re becoming lazy.
It’s growing dark.

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 We often use other verbs in fixed phrases: Come true, fall ill, go bad, run dry,
turn sour. I’ll make all your dreams come true.

- We often use get + adjective: get annoyed, get bored, get depressed, get
ill, get wet…
The students wouldn’t stop working and I was beginning to get annoyed with
them.

- Nouns aren’t so common after process verbs but note ‘become’ and ‘make’:

The ugly frog becomes a handsome prince.

Sarah will make a good nurse one day.

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5.“Have” as a full verb meaning “possess”; “Have
got” = “possess” “Have got” = “own” and
“Have” as a “have got” = “obtain”
full verb
• In British English, ‘have’ or ‘have got’
meaning mean 'possess’.
“possess”;
• In British English, we also use ‘have
“Have got” = (just) got’ (‘have gotten’ with American
“possess” English) as the normal form of present
perfect form of the verb get to mean
‘have obtained’ or ‘have received’.

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Uses of “have” and “have got” to mean possess
1. We often use have got in place of have in present:
I’ve got a goob job. Have you got a good job? I haven’t got a good job.
2. Do you have? and I don’t have are also common especially in AE:
Do you have a good job? I don’t have a good job.
3. We use the correct form of have, not have not, in other tenses to
mean “possess”:
By June, I will have had this car for three years.
4. In other tenses, “have got” means “obtained”:
When I saw him, he had just got a new car.

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 Common uses of “have” and “have got”
We can use ‘have’ and ‘have got’ to say we
“Have” as a full own or possess something. But note how we
verb meaning extend this idea of “possession”:
“possess”; “Have
I have/ have got a good dentist.
got” = “possess”
I have/have got an apartment.

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“Have” (=eat, enjoy, etc.) compared with “have” (= possess)
1. Have can mean “eat, enjoy, experience, drink, take, etc. We use
“have” like any other verb, in all tenses , including the progressive:

have breakfast/ lunch/ dinner/ supper

have a meal
have tea/ coffee/ a drink
have a bath/ a wash/ a shower
have a dream
have a good time
have a look
have a baby

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- I’m having a drink. (= I’m drinking something at the moment).

By comparison, “have” meaning “possess” does not have

progressive forms:

- The man has a car. The man has got a car.

- I have a drink. I have got a drink.
- I have a car. I have got a car. (Not “I’m having a
car”).
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2. In the simple present and simple past of “have” (=eat, etc.),
we use “do, does, did” to form questions and negatives:
Did you have a good holiday?
I don’t have a clue.

3. Note how “have” can be both an auxiliary and a full verb in:
I have had my lunch. (= I have eaten.)
He said he had had his lunch. (= He said he had eaten.)

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Common “have” + noun combinations
1. Have combines with many nouns:
- Let’s have lunch !
- Let's have a drink !
- I’ve had a good trip.
We can use it in the imperative:
- Have a sandwich !
- Have a good time !

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2. In place of common verbs like to sleep, to swim, we

often prefer to use have + noun:

Instead of: I danced twice with Molly.

we can say: I had two dances with Molly.

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Forms and uses of 'do' as an auxiliary and as a full verb

1. We use do as an auxiliary verb to form questions and negatives

in the simple present and simple past tenses:
Do you like Italian opera?
2. Do is also a full verb meaning 'perform an activity or task'. We
use it like any other verb in all tenses. This means do can be
auxiliary verb and full verb at the same time:
What did (auxiliary) you do (full verb) this morning?
I wrote a lot of letters.

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3. We often use do to avoid repeating a previous verb:

The washing machine often stops suddenly.

I don't know why it does that.

4. Do can also mean 'be in the wrong place' in:

What are these clothes doing on the floor?

5. We often use do + -ing for ‘named tasks’:

I’ve just done the ironing.

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'Do' and 'make' compared
1. Do often means 'be engaged in an activity'; make has the sense of

'create’:

What are you doing? - I'm making a cake.

What are you making? - A cake.

2. Sometimes both make and do are possible:

I’ll make/ l'll do the beds this morning, if you like.

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3. We often use do and make in 'fixed phrases'. Do and make go

with particular nouns:

do + : (me) a favor, damage, good, no good, harm, the housework,

a lesson, justice, one's teeth (= clean).

make + : an accusation, an agreement, a demand, a loss, a mess,

a mistake, a promise, a proposal.

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THANK YOU!

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