Digital

Fundamentals
Week 3

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 Basic System Functions

 And, or, and not elements can be combined to form

various logic functions A few examples are:
Comparator
A> B
A
Two
binary A= B Outputs
The comparison function numbers
B
A< B

Adder
A
Σ
Basic arithmetic functions Two Sum
binary
numbers Carry out
Cout
B
Carry in Cin
 Basic System Functions
HIGH
9 Encoder
8
7
6 Binary code
for 9 used for
The encoding function 5
4 storage and/or
3 computation
2
7 8 9 1
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad

Decoder
The decoding function
Binary input

7-segment display
 Basic System Functions

The data selection function

Multiplexer Demultiplexer
A D
Data from Data from Data from Data from
A to D B to E C to F A to D
∆t1 ∆t1
∆ t1 ∆ t2 ∆ t3 ∆t 1
B E
∆t2 ∆t2
∆t3 ∆t3
C F

Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input
 Basic System Functions
The counting function

Parallel output
lines

Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary

1 2 3 4 5 code for 1 code for 2 code for 3 code for 4 code for 5

Input pulses
Sequence of binary codes that represent the number of
input pulses counted

…and other functions such as code conversion and storage

Basic System Functions

 One type of storage function is the shift register, that moves and stores data
each time it is clocked
Serial bits
on input line
Initially, the register contains onlyinvalid
0101 0 0 0 0 data or all zeros as shown here.

First bit (1) is shifted serially into the

010 1 0 0 0 register.

Second bit (0) is shifted serially into

01 0 1 0 0 register and first bit is shifted right.

Third bit (1) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 0 the first and second bits are shifted right.

Fourth bit (0) is shifted into register and

0 1 0 1 the first, second, and third bits are shifted
right. The register now stores all four bits
and is full.
Integrated Circuits

 An Integrated circuit (IC) is a number of logic gated fabricated on a single

silicon chip
 ICs can be classified according to how many gates they contain as follows:
 Small-Scale Integration (SSI): Contain 1 to 20 gates
 Medium-Scale Integration (MSI): Contain 20 to 200 gates Examples: Registers,
decoders, counters
 Large-Scale Integration (LSI): Contain 200 to 200,000 gates Include small
memories, some microprocessors, programmable logic devices
 Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI): Usually stated in terms of number of
transistors contained usually over 1,000,000 Includes most microprocessors and
memories
 Cutaway view of DIP (Dual-In-line Pins)
Plastic
Chip case

Pins
7

The TTL series, available as DIPs are popular for laboratory experiments with logic
Integrated Circuits

 An example of laboratory
prototyping is shown The circuit is
wired using DIP chips and tested
 In this case, testing can be done by
a computer connected to the
system

8
DIP chips and surface mount chips
Pin 1

Dual in-line package) Small outline IC (SOIC)

Other surface mount packages

End view End view End view

SOIC PLCC LCCC
Test and Measurement Instruments

 The front panel controls for a general-purpose oscilloscope can be divided

into four major groups
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL TRIGGER
CH 1 CH 2 BOTH SLOPE
Ð +

POSITION POSITION POSITION LEVEL

VOLTS/DIV VOLTS/DIV SEC/DIV SOURCE

CH 1
CH 2
EXT
5V 2 mV 5V 2 mV 5s 5 ns
LINE
COUPLING COUPLING
AC-DC-GND AC-DC-GND TRIG COUP
DC AC

DISPLAY
PROBE COMP CH 1 CH 2 EXT TRIG
5V

INTENSITY
Test and Measurement Instruments

 The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital information or

show data in tabular form
Digital Multi-meter (DMM) 0 01 V

OFF V
Hz

V
 The DMM can make three basic
electrical measurements mV

 Voltage
A Range
Autorange
Resistance
1s

 Touc h/Hold 1s
10 A

Current
V


 In digital work, DMMs are useful for 40 m A COM

checking power supply voltages,

Fused

verifying resistors, testing

continuity, and occasionally making
other measurements
Programmable Logic

 Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are an alternative to fixed function

devices The logic can be programmed for a specific purpose In general, they
cost less and use less board space that fixed function devices
 A PAL device is a form of PLD that uses a combination of a programmable AND
array and a fixed OR array:

Fixed OR
Programmable array and
AND array output logic
 Selected Key Terms

Analog Being continuous or having continuous values

Digital Related to digits or discrete quantities; having a set of discrete values

Binary Having two values or states; describes a number system that has a base of
two and utilizes 1 and 0 as its digits
Bit A binary digit, which can be a 1 or a 0
Pulse A sudden change from one level to another, followed after a time, called the
pulse width, by a sudden change back to the original level

Clock A basic timing signal in a digital system; a periodic waveform used to

synchronize actions 15
Selected Key Terms
Gate A logic circuit that performs a basic logic operations such as AND or
OR
NOT A basic logic function that performs inversion

AND A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs only
when all input conditions are true (HIGH)
OR A basic logic operation in which a true (HIGH) output occurs when
one or more of the input conditions are true (HIGH)
Fixed-function A category of digital integrated circuits having functions that cannot
logic be altered
Programmable A category of digital integrated circuits capable of being programmed
logic to perform specified functions
Thank You…

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