Unit - Mormon Management Mean momoy ~ Shoe pping - Confiquous eal P\locerson — Paging - Structure Page. Table - Sogmmantaton » Segmentation with Paging - Virtue] Memory — Sdomand Paging — Copy on lonte. — _aharhing « Page Replacement - Pllocaton 9 Frarnes Mornory Management » > Momo meneg emont 76 the proces 4 Gontroiing and Coordinanng @ Compuresn Mein Memo DIE ensures thet blous g memo Apace ore propery alioccted ke the Opercting System (os), appricetions maneged and Ener need comy Gna other Tunning prerses heve. the memen Oui their Operations > keep peveral procemes in memory Kk improve the Aystoms — perforrncree Main maemo ° Bib 16 Uoedd tora | opewuchiowy Gadi pretN data - | >The momow comprises a larga nay or group q toorls lor bytes each with ike ln location « | | | > Gre Poimay motive % Ga Computer Ayptom GR erecute | Programs qhere programs Along With the TAformetion They accers bhoutd be in the mein Memory — during execution « > P lange array | Words 01 hytos > Fach bord Jbyte has itr un aeldress a ooLn Basic Harawure : > Man Memon Ane Lhe Tegisters but Ene the. Prcemor Teootg 10 tha Only gonerel - Purprore aterege thet the CP CaO accem Ahroctly > Regi storn Thet ore builrinte the Cpa oro genereiuy @cCOMibla Within Ono Cyete % tha Cpu Clock > Cache wus reneged by cPu, the hevelware. aulomeabcelly Apeods Up Memon accers toithour any operering System — Conrol > Teo registers Ch) Bane Yogister Cw Limit rogister - Basa dagister : holds the Anvitest loge physicel Memony @alctross Limit Yagistor: > Species the S20 the Ye : : % te Operating Abbo0 | SdStem Prcxors Boooyo ~—____k ~—|Scoaye Process ite GRoqo _____ __ | nogeo Time Process @Bo0000 | foayooo For exemple Base dogister = B0064o Limrt register = M0400 Tha progrem = en Jegpilly accens All addresses from Socoye throgh 420134 @Memoy Spare ; Ory Spare Protaction DMamoy protection 13 a bay ki Conte) Wemony 2.¢co¥s a pee na Compute . > Prroction memory Ape Te accomplished by hewng The CPu herdlonre Compare evoy address gproreted tn User made. (With the Fogisters + | bese base Himit [ brap kb opercning Systern l Monitor - addressing enor —— | Pddrece Binding ! Ps the proces Converting the addross Used nh Progrem fi an actuel prysicl Ram address 5 Program yesides On a Aise Od binaw Cvecutable file . > The prgrerm must be brought ink memo ard pleted wolthin @ Proems « ~> Addresses In thea dource Program One Aymbalic. (As Veruble | | Count). P Compiler haprcelty binds — there. oyrihe, addresses te | Yolocerchle addresseeBinding Skaps : -S the binding Sf instauctions and data fo memory addresses Cen be dong by jhe. {oliacing cociyp » Compyle tne : D> PE Compile time Whero te proem Will reside in memo then absolute. Code Can be generctod . > Tha M8=Bo5 - Com-formet Progrems are. bound at Compile me - |2) Load ime: | Tp ik 1) neteeknoion at Compila He Whore the | t one rake Procom porlr Toside In Tromeny than the Coie ee. volocatable Code . | Source Program Compiler @ { Compile Be Ps3erp ley Load tma 1 Execution time Cun time) oOExacutin Time: H the pres can be Troved duang Tt eracution fom ene memory doginont fe another than Binding trent ho deleyod Unfil Yen fine ogy cal Vorsus Physical Aeldress Space: | Pin address goneretod by Te Chau Is Commonly | Wfowed fe cs bogcel addrossy Whereas An address Aosn by | the Mmomory unit thet 1s th Om loteted Inke H memory adelross | Pegistor q the Wmomoy —~ ig Cormmonly tefened eas @ physica! | address : | The Compile fime and load ime address os Methods gonoreta tdentreal leiccl anc physical addressos Dynamic tor 4 | ynernic acting : | 30 obtcin hotter memo Ape tienen we Cen Use | Oy nernie loading = both Aynamic loading @ Yourine 16 Not bocaed lee itn Called: Ph voutnes Gia kept on dis In @ Frolocctodble load —fprmat . The Imi Progrere 1s loutad Ink imamoy and is Otecubod - | Dynamic Anving and here tebraves: > Dynamically Winead hevevies ero. System librenes Wet on treed Gee paper’ Whoo the programs are tun | > Dyneric lining in Contrast 45 similer | dypemic lowcting » That 1b hating rather than locictrry ts postponed unnl execuron time ©> loin Aynamie Inking » @ plu % Included In The tage &e Proce % CGth Morany -reunne Teforonce . PB Stub ig a Amal! Coda that indicates holo [6 loceto the Appropric.te. m emo -Yosicdont Whesreany younne - —> Progrrcrns linteo al before thea now Woreany boos instclad hit Connue. using older ‘edareney this Systern 76 | @keo knoton as Ahered tibrevses | | > Nynamic Inning ane require help frm the Ope rem. stom . | ot | | SSePring 7 Sheied libyeries ge nercley | > & prem must be in memory bo ba gvacutod- | > P pre» can be Pwepped bemnporely Out qq rnemony | be a bacting pba @nd than — jrroug ht beck ne memory fer | Connrued ecacethon + > SIbWepping —mMatar iE possible for The betel physicel | [econ Bpece | al prowsses K axcoed the real physicel | Pemoy 4 fro. dystom Thus incraaning Tre degree | mulhiprogernming tn a oyreem | Qkandard — Sieappig: | > Standord AWEPP"G Jipvelves Imoving proesses betworn and a bacting Skore - The bacting Sboie ics Lan more} | | Coromonly a fast ddlSte muck be lege. onough k accomocteta. Copier 4 a aed Da for at aserr and it mest provete. abroct acto & those Memon irnegos * > Mn Mytom meintand a rocdy Quoc Conn 4 AN Premer Whore Memory Images G10 on 7te. backing plore. or hn mee and are foady fo run: > Whenover the Chu Achadutor alocotes We execute a Proer jit celts the Alsporchar- The disperchar chactor Ke Poe bokother the. Nett frotarr in th queue te In memo Prowss SP © Shoop out é ® Snxp in Ps, 1 | User | Pee Backing Stove | Main Tarnony / The Contoxt - Ateitth fima in puch & Awepping | ayes is fory hgh © ger an jiaoa § Context Awiich hme Joth asnurne ghat the User prowXs 13 loomB in size and the oth backing ntore. to Atinderd bard dis with a brensfor rete RMB per Sotond + Tha actucl Erensfor «4 tm loom® pres Ip or from mncin reemony bakes | @condr * loo Mp) MB per pecond = 2 PP - boo mart => the dwep hme. a ooo minting cones S)nce 46 Qhout ooo Pwap bot our and in the toad Alp Firne |% miMpecends - > Skanderd hwepping 4o nok Wed in modern ond Opereting —rydtorns - UE Toguives fo much — Plwepping Time One [pronaes leo little oxacunon nme bb he a reasonable | memory manegomont Avlution - Stepping on Mobile Systoms : 5 Mobiia dencor genarclty se {iosh Memon rether Ehen more dpacious hard diots ay their pernistont Atoreg - > The vasutiznt Ope Combcint is one redron | bohy mobile Opdraning dystorm> dlasignorn @verd pccppirg . | ~> Other reasons Inctude thea limitted number 4 |tevitor thet flash memoy can telercte. afore. jt becomes Unroichle | end the Poor throughput hbetioa-n mein tremoy and flesh momory yn there = levices > Pretoid doo not he - MEPPOE pucpping Ord adopts Q /bretogy Dmnilar That nod by ios. mey bormimeto. Q proce y Aufpiaent froo Memo jp cvcilcble - Bofora be, TM na Hy Precens Pndwid bories its Appheetion ptcte . sah ng & mo, fo that it cm be quicely renterted . mow orContiguous Momow Allocate: |e romery is aivded Inks oe persons ~ Om fo | He Yosido nt opening Ayptem ancl one pr usr Prowssos | > Svar uso, powmes k& yoside in Imemow at tha Aéma brn . boo The ro fora nocd hk Consider how be oliwecte available Mmamor kk the poume thet cre In tho. inpet Fuecee loaiting Io be brought ink mmarnorg « > In Conhgucus Marrow allecction 24th forowews (18 Contained ty, a Dingle Aocton q remony thet 1b Conrigucws be the po ction Conmciving the Neck precers . _ Memes Protaction : —S The Cpa Achaduler potocts a prow jor exocutton the Aspetchor loacs th vloceHon Ard bmit Yoginlers Colth tre Comect values as pert q the Contest Aloiich > Because Overy cldross ip Jenorcte d boy te Cpu 1% chactod Ageia thana. Yogipters Wo. Cen pprotoct [both the Operahra aypcom and Orbe oserr progrems and Acta from being model by this inning prow - > Tre Yelacton reg later Conttims tha velue 4 ltt. bmellest phypicel addiew , tha hroit Toginter Conteints tm vores 4 logieel addr wor ( Yelocaton = Lecco and Neeit > Iyboe) «Fach logrecl address must fell citi tha verge. Ah lint — raginter [peep by irri ag @~ by QAding, u The Value tn The Mu Imepa the logical addtoss dynemicelly the Yelocetton roginter. sthin mapped Reldioge, In ont memory. > TH Pelocetion rYediater Achome Jrondes an boay allows the Opremcelty a © ffoenve opereting aprons D120 kk Cheng. bep ! Adarossing 2no1 | Memory Pllocetion * | >The pymplart method Allocesing memon Ja k | dinde Memory inte Pavercl fined gan pperiiom - Each Peahition ‘roa Contcin Cracty om. prowm- | ~ In mutnpe Pasion methad bohen a peatition )s | free O procom jr olectod fm The input queue and i6 |loaded Ine — free peatition - hen & proces barminates qh. lpavinon becomes aveille for another prem, > In vanalte — parntion pchome. ‘te eporering Ayntem | keep» ee ad coe 4 ey AT eNcileble lard which ara octapiod «LS the Agptem >lwhen a pros amives ond neods Wmey this prowys Aearchods the poe for a hole thet }> large onough hor Pp 2 1 Sh the hale ig yoo brge it \s split ine bao parts One. pare a Allocated — Fe the oriving prowns Ho other 3s retumed k& he pot q hates > bh gonore ay namic dtocge allocenron problem y bohich Conan how aanry a Feguet sizon fom a list G free holes. the glutton be this Prblom are fist bits best fit and lore fit [Fist Bi: PMocate. ta fist hole that fs big enough Searching \en pte either at te beginning g the pet g holes or at the loxehon lwhero the Previous dust bit Aoerch onded Bost Fit: Plioveto. the —rmaliost hele that iis big enough boo. must Aecich the onbre list eunloss the list ig Ordorodl by Qze «This produces the Areliest loge over hole + Worst Fit: PMocate the lergent hole - Pgjcin wo rut pocich the entra lat Uploss It 1s Aorted by si20. this abe be gy Producer tha largest leftover hele, Which ey be more. Wafel then the pretest leftover hte frre a be fic Ghproach - ®| Freq mometon : > : EBxtomelt Peg monteron exines bwhon there 1A enough Stel Memo mor Opec is Pek rgy a V oquose hut the @vailele Spaces aro not Connguois ~ Pkorege in fregrnanted Inte lergox Rember % rma holes > Tre memory alioccted K 2 proam meg be Algntly levgex then the Yequer tod memory . the difference Pettoorn ther. boo numberh Is Inteimel — fregmenterion - uncured Memory thet 13 Intern! ob a Portion - > one Scluhon & the pwhlem G external Gregmenterion ts Gompacton. the goal tals Ahuggla The meme Contents Ao as & ple all free re mony bogathar in one largo block . j Sagrnon bation : | | > Sgmemeon is a memory maeanegement Acheme. | thet Aepporth this Prpcrmmer wew GQ memory pd lagice | | | Qd dross Opece is Q Colloction 4 dogmenis - | | = > Each Degmeniaiion has a heme ant lorem. the. laddresor pouty beth the Hogrmat reme Ord the Art Erithin the. dograeck tho. pregrcrnmer theo fore Apeaper eech aetelrocs [hy Kiso quantities 5 Q hayrment Pame and On of ro J Sogmonth a | > In implormentanon ; Sogrnan ra Pumberod ene are | rojonea bs ky a Hegrneat Number ther than hy a Pegrent neme .> leyncet Addross Gonnints G @ hoo liple » 4 Segmont ~numbor + offret) > Normetty hen oa progr ts compiled The Compilev atddomance tty Combucts dea manh> reflecting the inpeh program - >ec Compiler Tmght Cocke peperete egrnenhs | for the following, I the Code - 2. Glokx! varchles - 3. The heap, fem which memory is alloccted We The Sbecks Used by acth throed | . tha Sknderd C brew . <> Lbrenes thet cre linked tn dung Compile hme. Pmight be arsryned — Aepercba Dog ments + The. alt thane degmenth are asskin than ’ go, boccer doutd take. gment numbers . Segmentation Hardware ! > % map kwo- dimensional Progicmmer — degined addresses Ink — one olimensional Physial addrosses. cthig repping | 4¢ eyloctod by a degment table -=> Leach enby tn fhe Seqrno at tchia. har & 304 mo, Sent bo & Sogront firme ho Ne Goora bake Ce bie Peabng physic! Address 1, Ohera tha. Sogrmont restelas tr) Memon And tha . gment — Nim ‘Species the lene o the Segment ea i | ad brep: addressing over Physree roemoy “>The use 4 segment della 15 HMustrcted in | | Above — figura - P logicel address consintn q boo perth, a | Degrnant number $3; and en Afpree In that Pogment dq . the Sogmeat nurnker )p ned as an index fe the begmeat tchle - The Off rot Aa the legrel adeross must be botwan © and the dogrmat limit > Whon an offpee ta legal jit is added be tha Segment bane be produce the addross In physrec) Mmomon the. desired byto - | ®Paging : > Sogmenretion pormicn tha. Physical aetdress — Bpate Ba prem bs be Non. Contiguous - > Peging awids exkornel pregmentaron and the neod for GmMpeaction , Whoroas Segmentation doos Nc. - TE also Solves Hho Consiclerabe problem filing momony Chunks & Vorying zen on b& the bacting Store - Bastc Method : > The basic morhed for Implementing peging | Invelves broating Physicel momon Wh fred sized blocs | Catlocd fame ana brocking legreal memory Me biocks On The Aemea 922 Called pages - > Whon @ pwer is k Ie erocuted its egos Qre loaded Into ang available memow frzmes from their Soure Ca file System or bacueing Qbipre) . ~> The becking Stora te caved Inti f)nod — Sed bloacs thet are tha Sema sze as the Memon frames or Clusters @ muthple frames Hardwore Support : —> Evony address — genercted by Tha cpu 6 Awided ink boo pats 6) Page number (P) and page ofret(d) > Tha pege nummer 18 Weds as an tndox inlb a pege table - Tha page table Contzims the bora, Addross pech poge In physrcel memory . ©| | | | | Cpu Fuse : Pap table Physical roemory Paging Modal of - Logreel and Physical Mammon, >The base address fs Combined with the Pege ofpre define. tha physical Memory Qeletross ‘that 15 pont 16 the memory Unit . Frere number ° —— page 0 oft "| Pye o__| page | yy — Pose +B] * eee page # 37 4 | Page! lat rey pege table ° 7} Pages Physical memory | abgp Logrcal Rddress « page nurber m-n hors, =p 18 6? lecarment fithin the Page oe n qndex ink the pagetchle and dey theFrames { thas nme - | Fach pegs gq the procs peoey one fier be aveilebe |dtn Press roguinas NM Joagor at Joost 0 frome must be D> The frst pega gq the prowess fe loaded Inte One 14 tha allocebed frees sand He fome number 1S put Jn the page tcble fpr this proens tha noxt page is loccled ine andlter “frome vite freme number is put ink He pege taba and soon: fin memon| | | | | | Free- frame lite LL Turene ine % ‘8 Is ica n & \ wpa ld s A le ° Page © x in re | i" 3 }—__ | poe & . ba ‘i 7 a & | RON protens a al ha | }+——} “ 7 at = Q\tocetion 1c) bofpre allocation ate 1] = [aa] JLB Paging Herdwore @lth FT ae > The pecp- tale 16 apt in main momony and @ page teble bone ogister (PTBR) points kb tin pega ble . chenging pogo teble rogues Cherging only this One rogister » dubAprcnfially toducing a | Context porch me * X a Rpedel » gral) + fast lootap herdwese. Cethe > 7 una led @ brensiction — look - agde buflevCTLB) . the TLB Is Calle tive. shigh Speed mmomon] - Bath @nby in the This Consinth 0Sso06e! (or beg) and @ Value . hoo arth 1 & key 4 § bso fe ys>The pega number 16 not in The TLB miss, @ momo te] orence. B the p69) tk > When the frzime humber 6 obbtcined Wwe Can We! | Accom Memon Chetow figure). In addition boa aetd the peg Dumber and fice humber be tha TUB - i Physical ramon page table > The powentege % fmes that the pega number | Intorost 16 found in tha TP Ie called te hit retro - > For etemple go -penent hit Ycho @nd | | 200 nano peconds k accom memoy than, bb find Obfoctiva momen acess tra hay ts Probes leg a, Effoerve Recess Nme= 0.90% too + 0.20 x a0 = |20 nencpoconss - In ths t00 efter do. > Peswont Glow down in Averegs. memony | Qccory Prime - |= For 9q poront hit ratio ten | Effecave Aco We = 0-949 X!00 40-0) x go9 | ® = ll Nanoneconady . 1Protoctton B ent 1S > Momoy protection in @ paged e@nrenne | | ° 20h frome - | accom plinhoat hy prtection fits amsocated with 24 t | > OMe be cen define a pege kk bo ocd — lonite. | O Wad only. Evoy roforence fs Imcmon goos through the page table be find the Conoct frome narnber - Shoe can erecte herdiwcia 15 pronde road-onlys Weed-tovike » cy execute only pretoction ar hy Proweting Paperete | | | Protecnon bits fe ech kind g@ accom | > One additional bit is gonerelly attethed | Cath anby tn the eee Echt. - a velid and Invalid bit « Dhhen jm bit ip got K valid 4 the Gtnociated Peg is in the Prowss lojreel addross Space and isa lagal | Cor valid) pege | > When the bit 16 pot hk Jnvalrd the. page Is het in the proms logreed address Speco . Tegal addrosses ara bepped by tne 4g the velrd ~ invalid bik ; | 00000 ay Neb Anetta it A Page o = : a ite ‘ | Pogo 2 +} , giv Paes ef : Poge ol t| ' Ieee Het ar louse " a Pogo tebe Figures Vatideo) or trvatid (Bie Ina pap tableShared Pass : i Po adventege g paging 15. fh posiviiky § Shenng ein @ommon Cole» The Considerion Is peatauterly lnpevten Ama -Shering — enmonment d | > Consider a System that dupportr do usern 1 ecth & Whom oxecutes a boxt ectitor. gS} the Lext edikoy Consiabh of IDkB § Code. and kB J dete apece ; toe need goooks be | Ouppat qo users . DT the Code 18 Yeentrent Code 1 pore code , Wowever ie cen be herd ar phon im helow figure - es : | + fs — | ad 3 es | dara! ad 3 fe 2] dare & | | eta. | odt 3 ad | | Cates Fee CEB | Prowss PI " ed [a | | ad 8 6 5 ooo dane | Lt c| eas | at bi 3 Pag tel eae as a Prowse Poe pr Pa ; = as — abo deri $ a -————_ page teble to Prowss Ps for Ps P| ea | - ——————_— > Roorment Code. 18 Pon- seth modifying code y it never Changs aluang ercoutton - Thus boo OY moe proemer ean Crocute the Acme Coda at te farm hme - 9 an henry Mramony arora prowssen On A byte ve pemiter fo the dhowrg g the address Opste 4c task by throcas . eyStructure q Page Table: > most common bachniquas for peruenaing the page table | Meteding hierarchical peaings hashed proge Lables » @nd Inverted page tables « | Hararehieal Paging: > Modern — Computer years Auppore a larga logreal Address Abaco 2 964 In puth an enmronment the pega lade | Toots becomer excoively lage + > One wey 15k Use & beo-lovel paging algorithm In | bohich the page table ikney is also peged - | DD bee levet paga—fuble Scheme | O I iy + }LeE tay} | 00 E | _ ° bcs . ‘i : 7 . “toe ; : — Outer page. 434 . kable : : qoo 484 Pago 4, ‘ tabk. Poe mamony=D logical padres Page number age offnet L_ pt pa a | lo lo Ia P!> I an Index Inte the Outer prego table Pa > '8 te eplccarent loithin the page o inner pega. keble . >The address Lremletion pooren | from tha 6butor pege. tebe. | Inwerd 2 TH echo In also lenown oO fpriserd ~mepped Pago table - VAX Prekikecture + > NPA architecture. Aupported @ Vercton 9 boo -loval peging - ~> VAX architecture. 18 or fpltovs , Seeron : page Offret s Pp a 4 a) 4 S$ > Sechon number D> trdex int Page. table - AD Asplacernent within tha pege. - => For a syptem coith 64-bit the address look like thins logical acldross Apace , then Ovbar pags. Wrerpege oft net Pi a a qa le a = Tr Gnotier vooy addrass mey be, sp. Outer page. Inner page Offrat Pp < ee io lo| Hashed Page Gable : “> P Common approach for handling address Apaces leer Ehren 32 bith Ip bb use. @ hashed poga Echle , With the. hash Value boing ite vintual pega number > Fan anby im the hash fable Conrins a linked list { clormonts that hosh be the bcrm. location Bach element Comssnth Three frets - 1) Wirtuel Pegp rurslper | 2) Velug, % mepped pege prenne - 3) @ panter te nert obment in the linked Vine * logical Physica) | Aye addrass | LPi 4 | [r]a Tash +4} 6) sul tes physical roe! bee hash tzble W The virtual pege number in tie Virtue! addross in hod wrk te hash teble - @ Jha wrtul poge number 9s Compered toith flold 4 in the first Oleront In the ned hat - there ib rreteh Tha Covresparsting page Fra desned Physical address - St thore 1» no mech Aubnegeeny amines in the. linked lat fens i Wood Ke form Are Aearthed fOr & Wekhing Write] Page number ae .Marked Page rabies; > Po Inverkod pege table has one 2ony for each rel Pege. oF Memo. Fach on Py Conmnte 3 virtual address a the Poge stored in thet roel memory locahon tarth Information | About the proces thet ovons the. pege - Thus only one pocge teble in the. Apter ane 4} has Only one army for ath page g physreal | Mamony « logical Physeal ce pate] pain cee 1 Merny eal Pp | Pege table. | | < proens—id » pega —Nurmber 4 of4ner> > Bath ynverted Page -teble enby fs. per | < prow id Pege. ramberS there the Proess-id sumer the role § the address space ideohpior. => Syston that wre — nvartod pege tchles have. lif iicac eg frmplementing dhered erceny . > Shared memory 1s Usually Implemented an rout nple wrtuel addresses thet are repped om Physica} Address ®| Viraal Memory => Virtual rrornony je a Eochnique. that Gliows the oxecution Procrses that cae hot Compete ly in among. One. _ repr elventeqa. % thin Achere 18 thet Progremms Can bo larqor ‘thon physeel memory. Obj cctavas : YW To dereribe, the bore. | 5 fits G4 wrtual tmemow Agotom To exp) ‘plein the. Concepts domend Paging 5 pago — Vplacament algo Gomhmns » and alloccHon 4 page frarnes ”) & . NO disceus the. P%repies 4 looreing — pot model. | WO) fovarne the ‘rela ronshi Qnd Mmamens— Mepped piles - ») To Qrplore holo kernel Toareony In rmancaod Virtue! memory 4 > Vatu) Memory Involves the bepextion 4 logue! momoy Qs Perceived by tuners from physical Tmamory . Thib pe peretion Qllows an axtramaly largo. Nortua) Marnowy w® bp pprovieled fer | Progicrnmech —bohan Onley a dreeior Phypical Meron 41> aveileble - > Vital remo mater ato bask progreroming | Louch aamer becaue the. Nerney 0 longer needs ko | Pe "I i loony aout the amount § php Memon available, fe Can Conenneta intocd on the Problem fh bo Progremnoed . 8Trermeny map Page ¥ Virtual marnou Virtual Pddress Spate | Dh Vilucl address Spare § ¢ prem Yejorb | B® the logreat “or Viihel Wow § how & proen 13 Shored In ema . >This view Is a pra begin at a Concin | | bounced addross bey Address 0 and ante in Contiquows memo. > The physic! Mmamory may bo orgem2ed In Jocgo | fiomer and ther tie physcel poge- frame> amigned be a pros | tre rot bp. Connguous - > lb 13 uple tha memoy — rnanagoment- Unit (hau) fe rep lege! pages k physiel pa fremes In memorySD It Allow the heep be grow UpWerd in roomon os it ip Wed be dynamic memory a\lece. fon Max -———_—-—— Gkaek heap data Code. Shared libre using Virtual Memory : | ae " | >Vre me mow alloun om prow” be Crecle @ Yagion g memory Arar ib Cen Shee With anojhar prow - > Provemes phearg This vegron Cormier 1k peat @ thor | vintucl Address Spece yor the Qctuel Physical Pages g Memon are shaved | Sttele ; : Skaek | i _ Se | if “| Qhered : J | | Srerad bre Poges Shred Norexy | 7 4 _ aed hoap : hazp : data data | =| | ods. fenBenegits . hbrerncs Cen be Dhere ) 245tare Abrecgh repping Ww Poannas Can dha. meme Cormmunicete. Trtugh The 0h 4 Ww Pager can be bbered during prow cmee forte cy dyptem cell + Thus ppeeding up proms ¢ _Domand Paging: az) Loading the = anme proyicm | 14 Ip Noacmny the grecutctble code fpr | Nooded . this bochriqua I known as | | 4 Papen Ie jhe dhered object bb a | bl herkor OF hot Gn Ophon yh —ulmctety baleetod by Toe | pn cleinctive, Mbrctegy ib load pager only an they ere *O0 a0 6 0 eo i3f4O sO by poveral prose” tual address d spot” dhewed Ymaenony * jon Wort? the. yoution - __ ink mamonf pooulth cit opttons rajerdloss h cyer - dorend peging and ib Gormmonly ewad In vine] Momeny Synberns - O50 ed 1 7 A 4 Man memory=> P donend paging Ayrkaro yp pimiler be & Paging ryptom With Plc pping + whe re. [rower vosida in Poconcdony eed. > Swapping the onBre procns Inte MMereony oe | Gee lay Atocpper. b le2y Avpper never Hlocps pepe. no Memory unless — that pege voit be nooded - “> PB blocppor manipulates enksve pro@ser boher0an & | Pégpr Yb Comemed With the indiideel pages 9 a prow | Baric Coneaptr: — When a proam I be ba pwepped in, the peger | Guessos bohrch peges win be. Uned bofpre. tre. prowm 13 Atocpped poner ae , > Whn te bit is dot & Velid the amouched page | 4 both legal and in Memon - St the bit 1p pot bk Invelid”® the pega aithar is pot valrd or is valid but is currently on the disk - : 2 ee 4 | ' B : Gs 0 S| > | ¢ Oo |} ‘Le a | Le ; | 6 D | tal 74 i | logical ly gO | Memory Kkinks M8 poge -Lable entry for a page thet 16 brought amon wh pet as Wwusl , but the pege -tcble onby for & page the j + Is hot fanrentty In memoy i> either imply tmerkod invalid Or ¢ | onteins the addross Gh te pega. on ide - Page Fautr: > Pees ba Page Frerked invelid comes @ | Pege boult . Th. Pegrrg herdwcre. brerseing the address | Thrash tre ego teble toil hotica that the tnelid bit 1s see Causng a bep be dhe. Oparering dystem - => This bep 34 dre result G tre. Opercniry dypstomis fellena i bing the. dosrred Pace inte Memon. The Procederro. ia henetling this pega foutt Is Ohaightforoord -Stops jn hendling Q pega faut: Cheek an bohe ther Aleem - 2) H the Ve feronca Inteinel table for this prowas le determine. the Teferonca boar & velid of an Invalid mamony as Invelcl boo kormincte th prowess 3) Wwe find a free frame . 4) boo AChedalea Q disk Oporetion K Yoad tha desired pogo \ni the newly allowted frome - P) When the. alice ocd 15 CoPmplata.1 toe Mmetify the Interne] fable kept wath dhe Pree and the poge tcble . 6) $00 ostcrt tHe. Inntruction thet lows Internpted by brap. Page Fable : this table has the abs ik bo perk an entry \valid Through @ Veld— invalid bit or a Dpecicl velue 5 | be, . | Protection bith Secondary ae, | >this Memon holes those pegos That cra. hot present | ly a high Nie rein roamey The. eCondany Memory Ib Covally a. high Zpood disk. Ik is Knolon ah pWwep deuce , and this dovce ned for this Spurpore. Io known Os weap Apeea . Dar formence. 4 dernand Pogirg : -> Demand paging can Pigrificently Affect the. P21 pimence a Computer puptom . 4 => lot Oa te Probevitity of a pogo feat COL pel), fo bo Clom k gow that id 1 Coouid expect foe boould 2x peer Pp | heve only @ few page facits_ The efectve acco time 0 then, Effochve becom hme = (J-p) Xma + PX Plaga facet heme Dm Compute the Ofocrva accom time Wa Must know how touch stnme tn Traded fe bonita a page fault. A posp foutt Cannes the foltousing doquere. K oceerr } a. 3. Wop bs the Ope resting Agptom - Savo ta cer Togators And proaxs dtate - Dotermne — thet the IMtempt leas a pege fautt - Yeferoree toes togal and dotormira the locaton g, the page on the dipk. sue @ doad from tm dibk ba free frre, @) Wet in 4. Chock tha page Guowe for tH done. cannl the raed voguest 1 pewied . 5 oat for te dever bark ond [or letery Hiroe. © Begin the berger g te. pee bo free frerme - 9~ Whife lociting allocate the CPu Kk pome Cher Wer - Rocive an Interrupt fom tre disk flo abate (Slo completed) Saree, hopitkerd and prow Sele for the ter Cher if Atop & 13 gtecuted) g. Leterme ther the Intenupt LOas from the disk. lo. Connect ta page tabk. and other tabs fi Show that ta Aesired page id Pow in Promo. 1. Wart for tha (Pa Fe be alloted fe this proom agein 2 Postora tha user voguterss 5 Proam Dtxte 2 Orel new prep table Qnd then resume fhe Inferupted inshuction @Um” Com ponents page faut Sema Time’ thro Mejor Component |. Service the. page - fowwt Inlorrept 2. Road tn tho pege- 3. Rostrat The prowss Copy on write : > foreey Aypeem call Crectes a child prowss Pret is dup) ccte. % its perent . “> Treditonally pow: worred hy Creanng @ Copy 4 parent > boworoy 1 Considering That meng Chile prowssos Toke The oxecd) pystero él immediately after crechons The corgong 9 tho. paronts address ppace may be unneceray « | <> Iiptead too can OA a technique Enowm a4 Copy on Lovie q 3 invbail | lohich, swore by altowirg the. porent ard Child prowmos inibeily | phave the bcm pegs | > There Dhored pegs aya. Merkod O24 Copy- on-lortra Pesos | | meaning that if gither prowss lontes BG dbwiod frege Q Copy g dhe. bhaod page i> crecied - Before prowss! modifies proge ¢ ——Prowss Pr A) ory ss Pa, | }-T et [ae 7 1 L_J Paseo. {| @)Péter Prowss} modifies Poge Prowss P, Physical Mernovy — ps) =| | Page Replacement : —> H we Increase our degree a mulpraypernnning » Wo Gre | Over - allocanng memory Yt loo Min Sik frewsses Oath % bohich Is ben Pages in size but actuelly ces only five pages , woo heve. higher Cpu uhh2etion and Throughput both ten frmes be ppere - ~> It 1s possible however that oech 4, these Proesson fer Parmer deta sok» Meg puddenly by be ose gh ten g Is poe resulhng jn & peed for Arty fremas lohen only boty are avilable . ~> Over aliccchon Memo meniferty Ibselg ab follows - While a User prow is executing a page. foult occas » Tha oper ring aysvero— datermines Whore. fit. dosirod pege Ib Yasiding on tho dis but ten fines thet tho ae ho free fremes on tho free — froma Int , all memoy ts In use . ®fae] o| » 1} load M a 2 pe 3\/ M logic). mamony for usr 4 a oO | 4D 3} £ logtat Momon ——pogp tale. for user & fpr aso Basic Page Raplecarmant : —>Pogs. ‘aplacarsent alos the following appaxth - I} po frome Is | free y ke find one thet 6 not Cunentty being used and groe ik. We [Con free @ fema by boning 195 Contents K Alxep apere and charging Tie. pega table fs Indicate that the. pega. is ho longer in =o noel fy Tho poe fault Servic. vane fk Inctucte. ‘the. Pega replacement by , | |. Fire tha locaton o tre dlesrredd pege on tha link - a. Fin a free frame - DY thr wa free feme ane it bt there is no froa fer 5 use « peop. replacement Aprithm k belek a victno frome. ©) Wowte “the Victiro frame hk the disk , Chango the pege. And — frame tables accordingly . Ga)ee Charge do frome.» 3+ Read the desired pega ink THe novoly freed f he pege and 4vame Fables Secured - 4. Comme the coor procers from whero. the. Page. faut Tr dol => Mo Nturtrete. poveral pega repletement algo Thr , "I PO Woe the the fellewing Abring « ) NOs 15% yO48 501192534043 92 519291571109 fr a Momoy worth throe fremes Ones Ae Praga _ Raplecament Algonthmns .: ver ra a hy O) Flro Page. Replacement « tet - p © Opa Pega Replacement: asa Wen m LRa Pega Repbcement « " jan Sy Gm bru Pppotime ton Rego Yaplecernent estrad WW) Peay ~Buftering Pgonthms - «) Pppiicarions and Page Replecomant - “FIFO Poop Replacement : | The Bmplest pega - replete onr Olgorithm Js FYFo algorithm >P Firo Teplecoment algorijhen amocictes bith ecth petpe The Hees Johon that Pega boas bright tke momay . > When a Pegs rust be yopleced > Hr oldont Peqe is Create BR Fifo Jucce bs hold AN pegp» tn rmomony. hoe veplee to prego at the. hoect & the [queue » hon a peep Ye broughs inke Momory 0 Mere ip | ar the cil g He. queue | ®Roforence Seng 10 1 203 4 [=]3| [a][a! [sj[2] 4 lo 9 |0) jal|s|is ml nice Pogo Prornes 70 > Three fremes ininnclly onnpfly - the iis: Three vaforonces (1.041 ) 3 - dhe nest Cone feqe fects and ere brought ints thesa. ornphy proves i é Voforonce (2) Teplacs page T> poco peg 7 voox braught in pis Gree O Yt tra next Yoferenta end o is alreedy memory hove no joult for this Teferonee - the first toferome by 3 YoRUIA '9 ‘Yeplecoment % Pege 1 Since it is how git 77 Tine - Boceure f this veplecemont the next referene & O , Com foerr » Pege is then veplated hy pep 0. Paladg’s Anomaly : the nomber @ fautts for four fromer Chen) £> gpecter then the Dumber g fuurtts fo hres brernas (nine) -1KS mont Unexpected Tosott ig knewn a& Beledyjs anomely for tome pay repkcement [Algortnn Tren pop - fast yore may jrure.cse. a the number ¥ Allezted freme» Increases - Opaml Fosp. Raplament : | >Baladys anomaly coos the eexch for én Opmmal pege- | | rpecemeet Algorthen — the Alyerthen Ther es tne lovoesh page fouit [re § 2" algortihns anel toll! never Aufjer from Pelady> | @nomely. Suth an algorithm does ovint and has been calted (OPT oF MIN. ®ha tong > Replace te pega that tofll not be uneel fo! oe . A Peres Rae pe apart algontheo guarantees jn lowest | Possible pacga f faut rete for a fired noraber ep premes * o! Sane aos 04 23083 ' a3 od = Pay) 2 : fl 5 : A iz : \° Ms I FI | Ht 2 Peep frome | For oxemple on our Aémpk. reference pieang > he | Optima! pege -replecement Algowrthn toould yietd nine pepe fours as phoan In abow figura the fist Throa veforonces (cure fous thet fill the dhneo ompky frmer - The Yoromne be pee 2 “Yepkter peqe 7 acawe Paz 7 collt hot ba uned unsil reference 1, | Whereas pao win be wed ar andl page [ate ly. tHe | Yefarente. pega $ Tplaces page | a pepe 1 Coflt ba the ast 19 the. Ehres peges in Memon bs ba. Yefpranted — agcin- LRu Page Replecemant : => JF the phic) algorithm .& not joasible. porhays an Qpprouireenon g, te. Ophireal algo hrn wb pomible . > um te YoMnt past Os en approximeton q te reer future. (that con replace the page. thar hos not boon Urod / dia longa porod g re This approath 15 the Joart racontly | used (LRe) algerthra- @NOTCA Men bioalve eult > | The LRu algonihrn — procuce> b E | tho first fre fouith are the Aarne ar thom fpr Ophirna) ap kearace | ohn the Yeforane ky pega y Occurs» however ,)Ru replecoment deen thet» @ tho emoe fremas in Memon page 2 Lode a loaxt vaceatly SThus th -LRu algonthen Yepracr pege &» nor Enotorng thet pege ® 18 about tb be wed. When dt thon fours jor pogo 2s Tro Lea algoathmn Toplates page 3 » Bina it 1h No the least | Tecontly UsSoel % the Eves pages In roemoy Voj{orance Staing ° 7 6o ia [5 fa) 2) fal yl fo Lu 4 | ol lo b | o| 8 alts al 3 ‘o oj) | "| 8 la al 2 [>| 3 3 [7| Pip fremes > LRa page voplecement algorithm Mey Togene Aubsentel alta so 4 88 3a! 20 ) hacciocre amiiance . “too Iroplementction : | 1) Countars : | > }p Omocete Lolth Qath ppege. tebe. or Q@ roe. ~ of case. ficld and add be the. CPA @ logical COoce or Counter lke Clore 1s [resend for 2¥0y memory Yeforonte . D) SHack: SWhenover @ page 13 Wforonted , 1k 18 Yemoved pow the | | pkack ard put on fia lop. ln thie locy fhe mont recently ewod pegs ib aluaugs at the hp 4 ptack and th loose Tocontly Used peg. |S alvacig at Ha bottom - |PUse 4 rkcee be record tha mont yecant pag Tepownus Toforonee Shing hg o471o1aia 712 % 2 | = 1 a 2 | ' | 1 rey $ | 4 Skner Stee boy tt befpra tae LRU Approxtmetion Poga Repleterent : The reference bit for a page 16 Act by the haretvoxre lohenever thet Pega ts Yejerancad Roforeme lait are Qxeucted boith c&ch ook to tre page. tceble > \ninelly an bHs are Cloerod Ce 0) hy the Cpeecting Aypkom . AS & Wer Proxems oxceutes the bik Orscexted coith Octh posp referenced Js sok Che 1) bey the. hardvocre. « 1) Bdditona! Rejorance. - Bits, P\gouthen : => Tha Nuenber 4, bit» % hyntony included in the hij veginter Cen be Varied § Courna. and Vs olacted be mere. the updonrg Os fast an porsible - | “> \n the Ckerome. Corey the Number can be redueed bs ow ;)oeing only tra reforene bE Tkneth this algorithm 18 Cclied the petond Chante poge - replacement algorithm, @4) Socond - Chante D\gonthen : > Tm have Algenthm Ff Pecona~Chence voplecoment 1" 4 Firo Ye plecernent algomthen > One wey ks Implement ‘The. AOcond-Chente algonthm *3 (@ Greuler queue . P printer jreliceres hich page. 1A te be. | Weplaced neve When & freroe Is needed the joointer adventos | cna ik finds a pega. with @ O Yegocwnte bik sit aalvenus it Clecrs the. Teforonce. bits - DOne A vicnrn page I> found » tha page is Topleced » j@ncl the New pose 1s imartod. In the Cérculer queso in het | Position | igeee | | | @ | Pert “ Vidin Girauter ques 7 begs Crrener quant 4 Pager BJ Enhanced Sotond ~Chanee ly onthe : > enhenwd pocond -Chente akorithen by onsicdeing ‘the . v | Veforence bit and dhe Modify bit A an op, par. Lorth | these to bits » be have The follow four possible ¢lasas , 0,0) neither rr Used Moy moe 1) (oe 1 recently 7 bed — best pege be replete 2) Cort) not recently used but hn ified — not ite. a5 gooa ee the page tt need & be boniten Out before replacement .G) ”BS (he) rocently ped but Clean- prokebly coil Qgzin poon - 1 c i) be. Used H) CLD ecently used and modified = prlochly Co! bontren ) bo. wrod Agein oon s Gnd the pega. bill boo novel te b0. Out be dark. bofore ik cen be. replecod ) Counting - Bored Pago Raplacarnent : > boo pchomos - => least Froquantty used CLru) pege reprecement algon'thm | Pegemos thet the pega woth th pmaliest Count be roplated - | tho voason Pr th dojaction Is thet en aunvely used pega Should hove a lage. Toforene @ount - => Most Frequently asad thea) Page. replacement algorithm 1S boned on the Argument Ther The peoe. Colth the Drreltest Count Coos probibly just bret In and has yot be bo. tused - Pogo. Bajjering Algouthrns « SDthis Idea 1s ke meinen a last Y modifiod pcges - Ohenever the. pagyng alome fe falte. 94 modi fied page. iy P&lectod and ja | ontten t the disk . He Yeahfy bit 18 then poset . Da tN "> theme. tnerecses the probebite that a pe Conn be clean when jt iy pelected poy rp \ 7 Nood k bo ntten out. Piseronok axel ‘ont nok Ppprcetors and Pega Replacement : > Pppheerions accessing deta threagh the. Sporering Systems Vinal mem. rgorm — Wore then 1{ the | ony per for 4 OPE Punter Provided ho buffering ate. | disk use hotter then door anPlloation 4 Frames: Dbwhen & wer pres ptcited execution s!k loould | Genera a hoquane 4 peg poults ° => Consider a dirgle cuser pgatam ith 186 kB memory Coraponed 4 pages 1 Bin gize - This System hob lag frermes THe Opererg, System rey free. Saka sleevirg 93 frees for Tho ney prowss - |Mirsrourn Number % frames: > Aliecerion fremes ara Constreined IN VerFoUs Watps - © Pllocete. mora then the tot! number G eveilable frernes and 16 allocate at joast @ minimum number 4 frernes - > Ona reason for Gliocehing at foost & minimum number % fremes involves Performence - > The pmnimum number % jremnes tr Alefsnad by the Computer architecture - => the minimum number 4 prernes Per prows Is | defned by the. archikectsre , fhe Mmeximum nember Is Aajined by ‘tho = armeunt % dnc leble physicel momo. | Pltocarion Plgoritnens - => For Inder If thera ara. AS froma Gnd five prowmad arth provers coill gor 18 fiernes The. Prec. logtover ~ fremes Can | bo cued as A froe—frerva. buffer pool. thin Acheme ys celled | equal allocetion - | => The wo g propor rionel allocation § jn tohich $e. allocete. | aveileble memory fb acth prow attording ts its Sia. te4 the. lg zag wuetel reerrory fo prow Pi be $1 and defme, ° 3: 63 G@)poo is ig m7 > Thon tha bote) hurnber F cveileble prarnes arnctely » . approas Allocate. 4% frame ks prow Pi yWhora ai ft» @PP’ ay = %/Sxm i ‘remes > bolth preporttonel alioceron woo would aplie 64 f 12) pages | between too prowrses Ona, 4 lo pages er of & pag! by atteceting 4 fremes and BI frames Yespecnvely , Since lo fiaq x 62 %y and 197X137 46a SRT Global versus local Allocation: > boo catogones - 1) Gloke) yeptecemant : | Ly altos @ prow be Aelect @ replecernent frome. from the pet gq ali fremes y oven tf thet fier is Carron bly Altoceted fs porna otter proum theris one prow Gn toe & fraree from another. D decal reptscernent : by roquires thet Q@éth prow delect from only ibs Own set gq allocetod breve: Non- Uniform Memory Accexs: > SYystorms in tshich roemony ALCO shes Very | Significantly re known Colieenvely Os hon-trifcimn me. oan | (Num) AYpcems and Colfhout Oreepton 5 Ly which memory | > Meregirg tohich Pogo locations Con Ogi freentty al the Dern Mother bourd . fremos Ore Atorod Ot cohen, [2cr Pek mence in NuMe Suse ®‘Thrashing : => The high peging ach jp ceed Threshing - B prow t 5 ; $ thrashing 14 )t 1s pending Move Nene peginy tren executing - | | | Caune thrashing: | > Thrashi MJ Tesultp in eevee parformence problems | D> Th oporenry A perctirg Agatem monibors Cpu arihzeton. Jd CPU | unb2etion TS boo lov» woo Inerouse the alegree ru ih preypernming by Inbeduting @ neko prow be tha aystom . > Cpu Schocluler Aoos tha Ole croasing Cpu Ufheetion and | the. Na Increases Alogroc. 4 Pau I iprege rong Or @ Yosult cmon Cpu utibzarion Agres q mulnpiogicraraing - DAS the legraa mu Iiprogieroming Yneveaser > cpu utihzerion also |INCTOLAS > although yore. plovoly unsil a maximum }s roathed - > St the degree gq Multiprapemming 4¢ Introased oven further ’ throdhong Deh ID 4 End CPU Ufh2etlon drops aherply - > pk this point bb Increase cpu afiizerion and Abp Anrcshing » two mest ale crease Ho logroe 4 Dauthiprogeennnning ©| Worting- Sct Model: yon > Worting - pet model 18 based on One eee $ | local the locetily this modet usos @ paremmetor sO fe dlepne fi Woorting - pet inca - DS The idea th K eramine tre mort recone 4 pege Veforances . the bet % ppeges In the mont rent DB pega Toforontes th the forming pet > The Mont Irporicne propedy the beoreing bee ‘thon fo its 920 - Jt We. Compute the. tome ing Sot $70. Wss7 ‘ie Oath prow In tm Ayrtom » 02 cin Consider that . D= & Wssi Whore D fe the ford dlereenl for fremes Poge Fautt Frequency : | > The Wooming pet Model is ductemful end knowledge. g, the. foneing bet Can b2 Unegul for Propeging , bur It scoms (a Clarnaq tocy f Conto| thrashing - Pp Shetegy thet Unes he page - jouer proquency CP RE) Fairs a more oaltroct Approach . Incroaw. number 4 frernas upper bound je - foult rete. lovaor bound Decrease number 4 promes . Dumber gq frames—————— > St the aetuai page faut rata axceecs the upper Hirmit > toe alocete. ‘the proven ancthar freme » Id the Page fault Tote Jols holes the lover limit 090 romova. @ frame trom the Pras. Thus 090 cen airoctly measure end Conte) the Pape —Jfaurr veto 1S prevent thrashing . Cone lading — Remmerics : > Perticiy Apeeking y Threshing and the repel fing Ate pping hava @ din agreeably large Impact On performance - > The Canent bost preci In Irapleeneanng @ Computes focibty WwW b& inclucte Oneugh physxa! mernony bohenever possible ® awid thrashing and Acocpping » > From pert phones fireugh rreinfremes providing enough memo b keep an taomting sets In Raemory Concer rently Orcope Under extrore Conelitions — givoh the bart User Qt penence