Sd PE Tree BEET CTE Ty WCE ACD Ler ETT) 9 epeay Toren Guided Reading and Study Workbook Promotes active reading and enhances students’ study skills using innovative questioning strategies and exercises linked to the student text Builds a record of students’ work to use as a study aid for quizzes and tests Provides a wide range of question formats— for every section of the text—to reach a wide variety of learners Gives parents a handy resource to help students study and learn SecureGuided Reading and Study Workbook Teacher's EditionCopyright © 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, All rights reserved, Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage ina retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, ot ikewise, For information regarding permissions(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department ISBN 0-13-058709-5 2345678910 05040302Table of Contents What Is Science? Chapter 1 Matter and Energy 1-1 Describing Matter and Energy 1-2 Measuring Matter 1-3 Particles of Matter 1-4 Blements From Earth Chapter 2. Solids, Liquids, and Gases . 2-1 States of Matter 2-2. Gas Behavior 2-3 Graphing Gas Behavior 2-4 Changes in State Chapter 3 Relating Force and Motion 31 Describing, Measuring, and Graphing Motion 3-2. Force and Acceleration 3-3. Water in Motion Chapter 4 Cells: The Building Blocks of Life 4-1 What is Life? 4-2 Discovering Cells . 4-3 Looking Inside Cells 4-4 Introduction to Genetics Chapter 5 Cell Processes and Energy 5-1 The Cell in Its Environment 5-2. The Cell and Energy 5-3. Cell Division Chapter 6 From Bacteria to Plants 61 Classifying Living Things 6-2 Bacteria 6-3 Protists and Fungi 6-4 The Plant Kingdom Science Explorer Grade 6 17 a7 19 21 24 29 29 31 36 Al Al Ad 46 49 53 53 35 59 63 63 65 70 a Chapter 7 Animals 7-1 What Is an Animal? 7-2 Symmetry.......... 7-3. Sponges, Cnidarians, Worms, and Mollusks 7-4 Arthropods and Echinoderms 5 Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles 7-6 Birds and Mammals... Chapter 8 Ecosystems 8-1 Components of an Ecosystem 8-2 Studying Populations 8-3. Energy in an Ecosystem Chapter 9 Energy Resources 9-1 Energy and Fossil Fuels 9-2 Renewable Sources of Energy 9-3 Nuclear Energy 9-4 Energy Conservation Chapter 10 Solid Earth 10-1 Inside Earth 10-2 Minerals 10-3. Rocks and the Rock Cycle Chapter 11 Earthquakes and Volcanoes : 11-1 Plate Tectonics 11-2. Earth’s Crust in Motion 11-3. Measuring Earthquakes 11-4 Volcanic Activity 11-5. Volcanic Landforms Chapter 12 Fresh Water 12-1 The Water Cycle 12-2 Surface Water 123 Groundwater 12-4 Wetland Systems 12-5 Water Resources Guided Reading and Study Workbook 77 77 80 33 85 - 8B 93 93 96 98 101 101 104 - 108 110 113 113 14 7 -A2L 121 = 123 126 = 128 132 135, 135 140 143, 145, 148TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Chapter 13 Earth's Atmosphere .....151 Chapter 16 Components of the 13-1 The Air Around You 151 Solar System 187 13-2. Air Quality .......... sss.153- 16-1 Describing the Solar System 187 13-3. Air Pressure 156 16-2 Characteristics of the Sun 190 13-4 Layers of the Atmosphere 159 16-3. Characteristics of the Inner Planets. 191 16-4 Characteristics of the Outer Planets ..195 Chapter 14 Weather Factors ........163 16.5 Comets, Asteroids, and Meteors 198 14-1 Energy in the Atmosphere ..........163 16-6 ‘Traveling in Space 200 14-2 Integrating Physics: Heat ‘Transfer. .165 14-3, Winds 168 14-4 Water in the Atmosphere 171 14-5 Precipitation 174 Chapter 15 Weather Patterns 177 15-1 Air Masses and Fronts 177 15-2. Storms 179 15-3. Floods 182 15-4. Predicting Weather Change ....... 183 iv Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class Wuat Is Science? (pages 10-19) This section describes how scientists explore problems and seek answers to questions about the natural world. The section also describes the branches of science. > Introduction (page 10) Science is a way of learning about the natural world and 1, What is science? the knowledge gained through that process 2. The many ways in which scientists explore the problems and seck answers to questions about the natural world is referred to as scientific inquiry > Thinking 3, What skills do scientists use? _P0sing questions, making observations and e a Scientist (pages 11-15) inferences, developing hypotheses, designing experiments, collecting data and making measurements, interpreting data, and drawing conclusions. Match the term with its definition. Term Definition 4. observation a. An interpretation based on gathered a information and prior knowledge 5. inference b. Using sight, hearing, smell, and sometimes taste to gather information 6. A possible explanation for observations that relate to a scientific question is called a(n) hypothesis Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 1Name Date Class What Is Science? (continued) 7. A hypothesis can be tested by observation or _°*Perimentation 8. Complete the compare/contrast table. Variables Type of Variable Definition Manipulated variable Variable that the scientist changes Responding variable Variable that changes as a result 9. Is the following sentence true or false? In a controlled experiment, scientists keep all the variables constant. false 10. Is the following sentence true or false? Scientists who study processes that take millions of years cannot conduct experiments. false LL. The facts, figures, and other evidence collected in an experiment are called ___98@_ 12. Circle the letter of the units of measurement that are used by scientists worldwide. a. IS units b. International units ©ST units d.Data units 13. A model that imitates something in the real world is called a(n) simulation > Scientific Laws and Theories (page 16) 14. A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions is a(n) __Scientific law 15. A well-tested scientific concept that explains a wide range of observations is a(n) scientific theory 2 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6 ° = “ouName Date Class 16. Is the following sentence true or false? If tests fail to support a theory, scientists do more tests until the theory is supported. false > Laboratory Safety (page 16) 17. Why is it important to follow safe laboratory practices? _ They protect everyone from injury and make investigations go more smoothly. > Branches of Science (page 18) 18. What are the four main branches of science? Physical science, Earth science, life science, and environmental science. 19. Knowledge about Earth and its place in the universe is referred to as Earth science 20. Circle the letter of each kind of work scientists do. (@\Test water supplies (®)study weather ©Design safer cars @study rain forests 21. astronomers ientists who study the universe are called 22. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about environmental scientists. they study the effects of using Earth’s resources. (@)They determine the effects of human activities on the environment. ©They try to solve problems such as pollution. d. They focus on the solar system. 23. Is the following sentence true or false? The branches of science are not = & ° separate from one another. (rue > Technology and the Internet (page 19) 24. What are two ways that technology helps scientists? _Technology helps scientists collect and analyze data. It also helps them communicate their discoveries to other scient ts and to the public Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 3Name Date What Is Science? (continued) WordW ie Class Use your knowledge of the key terms to solve the crossword puzzle. o[t{rfe['[' [ela e[ife[»[e[e r vfalrfFila[b file a n a fafaltfa f w i e ° Frle|s|plo|nfa nig e n ¢ Phly|plolt{hlels Clues across Clues down 1. Experiment in which only one variable is manipulated 3. Way of learning about the natural world and knowledge gained through that process 4, Any factor that can change in an experiment 7. The facts, figures, and other evidence gained through observation 8. The variable that changes as a result of the manipulated variable 9. A possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question 4. Guided Reading and Study Workbook 2. Use of all five senses to gather information 5. An interpretation based on observation and prior knowledge 6. A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time 10. Units of measurements used by scientists Science Explorer Grade 6 ° = “ou= ° Name Date Class Matter AND ENERGY Describing Matter and Energy 1-1 (pages 24-33) This section describes matter and energy. It also describes properties of matter and explains the two basic ways that matter can change. > Defining Matter and Energy (pages 24-25) 1. In science, what is the meaning of the word matter? Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space 2. Is the following sentence true or false? Air is not considered matter because it is invisible. false 3. What is energy? _Eneray is the abilly to do work or cause change. 4. What is chemistry? _Chomistry is the study of the properties of matter and how matter changes > Classifying Matter by Its Physical and Chemical Properties (pages 25-26) 5, What two groups of properties are used to identify, describe, and classify matter? a. _Physical properties p, chemical properties 6. A single kind of matter that has distinct physical and chemical properties is called a(n) ___Substance 7. Color, texture, odor, and the temperature at which a substance melts are examples of _Ph¥sical properties Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 5Name Date Class CHAPTER 1, Matter and Energy (continued) 8. A characteristic that is observed when a substance interacts with another substance is a(n) _Chemical property __ > Kinds of Matter (pages 27-29) 9. What is an element? _AN element is a substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or physical means. 10, What is a compound? _A compound is a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a set ratio. 11, Table sugar is an example of a(n) compound A mixture is made from two or more substance: 12. What is a mixture? elements, compounds, or both—that are in the same place but are not chemically combined. 13. Is the following sentence true or false? Most matter occurs in the environment as mixtures. ive 14. What are two ways that mixtures differ from compounds? a, The substances in a mixture keep their individual properties. pb, The parts of a mixture are not necessarily present in set ratios. 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6 ° = “ouName Date Class 15. Complete the concept map about types of matter. is classified as ‘Compounds > Changes in Matter (pages 30-31) 16. What are two kinds of changes in matter? a, _Physical changes p, chemical changes 17. What is a physical change in matter? 4 Physical change is a change that alters the form or appearance of a material but does not make the material into another substance. 18, What are the three principal states of matter? a, Solids b, liquids ¢, gases 19. Is the following sentence true or false? Water remains the same substance regardless of its physical state. true 20. What is a chemical change of matter? A chemical change is a change in. matter that produces new substances. 21. Another name for a chemical change is chemical reaction 22. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about what can occur in a chemical change. (@)Compounds may be broken down into elements. (®Elements may combine to form compounds. c. Compounds may change from one state to another. (@Compounds may change into other compounds. Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 7Name Date Class CHAPTER 1, Matter and Energy (continued) 23. Complete the table by classifying each change as either a physical change or a chemical change Changes in Matter Change Physical or Chemical Change? Milk turns sour Chemical change Wood is chopped in halt Physical change Wood is burned. Chemical change Ice melts into liquid water. Physical change > Energy and Matter (pages 31-33) 24, Is the following sentence true or false? Energy is always involved when physical and chemical changes in matter occur. true 25. Energy related to the motion or position of matter is mechanical energy thermal energy 26. The energy you sense as heat is 27. Is the following sentence true or false? If thermal energy is added to matter, the particles of matter move more slowly. false 28. Light, X-rays, TV signals, and ultraviolet rays are examples of electromagnetic energy 29, In a microwave oven, electromagnetic energy is changed to thermal energy, elect 30. The energy of moving electric charges is called energy 31. Electrical energy can be turned into Mechanical energy | which turns motors. 32. The energy that is transferred to other forms of energy in a chemical reaction is called __Shemical energy _ B Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6 ° =Name Date Class Measuring Matter 1-2 (pages 34-39) This section explains the difference between mass and weight. It also explains what the density of a substance is. > Mass (pages 34-35) 1. A measure of the force of gravity on an object is called weight 2. Why would you weigh less on the moon than you do on Earth? The force of gravity is much less on the moon than it is on Earth. 3, What is mass? _Mass is a measurement of how much matter an object contains. 4. Why do scientists rely on mass rather than weight as the measurement of how much matter an object contains? Mass does not change if the force of gravity changes, but weight does change 5. What system of units do scientists use to measure the properties of matter? They use the International System of Units. 6. The SI unit for mass is kilogram > Volume (pages 35-37) 7. The amount of space that matter occupies is called its volume 8. What formula do you use to find the volume of a rectangular object? Volume = Length x Width x Height 9. What are the SI/metric units for volume listed in Figure 11 on page 38? cubic meter (m*) p, liter (L) Inililiter (mL) 4, cubic centimeter (cm*) Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 9Name Date Class CHAPTER 1, Matter and Energy (continued) > Density—A Physical Property of Matter (pages 32-39) 10, What is density? _Density is a physical property that relates the mass and volume of an object or material. 11. Why does a kilogram of bricks take up a much smaller space than a kilogram of feathers? _Bricks and feathers have different densi 12. What formula do you use to calculate the density of an object? Density = —Mass_ Volume 13. One unit of density is g/cm’. How do you say that unit in words? Grams per cubic centimeter 14. What unit of measurement is often used for the density of liquids? Grams per milliliter, or g/mL 15. If you drop a block of gold and a block of wood into water, the gold sinks and the wood floats. What can you conclude about the density of gold and wood compared to the density of water? _Water has a density _ of 1.0 g/cm®. Since wood floats, its density must be less than 1.0 g/cm’. Since gold sinks, its density must be greater than 1.0 g/cm’. 16. Is the following sentence true or false? The density of a substance varies ° = with the samples of that substance. false wo Reading Skill Practice Outlining is a way to help yourself understand and remember what you have read, Write an outline of Section 1-2, Measuring Matter. In your outline, copy the headings in the textbook. Under each heading, write the main idea. Then list the details that support, or back up, the main idea. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper. The major heads of students’ outlines of the section should be Mass, Volume, and Densily. The section's subheads should form the next level of the outline. 10 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class Particles of Matter 1-3 (pages 41-45) This section explains what atoms are and describes how scientists model atoms today. > Early Ideas About Atoms (page 42) 1. Who was Democritus? _Democritus was a Greek philosopher. 2. Why did Democritus call the smallest piece of matter atomos? _That is the Greek word for “uncuttable” 3. The smallest particle of an element is called a(n) atom > Dalton’s Ideas About Atoms (pages 42-43) 4. Who was John Dalton? _He was a British school teacher. 5. Complete the table about Dalton’s ideas about atoms. Atoms: Datton's Ideas Result ‘Atoms can’t be broken down into Atoms are nearly impossible to break apart. ‘smaller pieces In any element, all atoms are ‘An element always has the same properties. exactly alike Atoms of different elements are Different elements have their own set of properties. different ‘Atoms of two or more elements can combine | Compounds break down into elements. toform compounds Atoms of each element have a The atoms of any element have an identifiable mass. unique SS The masses of elements ina compound are_| In any sample of a compound, the ratio of the masses of always in a(n) constant ratio _ | elements is always the same Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 11Name Date Class CHAPTER 1, Matter and Energy (continued) 6. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about how Dalton’s ideas are considered today. a. Scientists have discovered that all of his statements are true. iis ideas form the basis of our understanding of atoms. ©)Scientists have identified exceptions to Dalton’s statements. d. His ideas have been completely abandoned by modern scientists. > Ideas About Atoms Today (page 44) 7. Is the following sentence true or false? Each dot of ink on a newspaper contains a few hundred atoms. false 8. What tool did scientists use to capture the image of silicon atoms, as shown in Figure 15 on page 44? scanning tunneling microscope > Atoms and Molecules (page 44) 9. What is a chemical bond? _4 chemical bond is the force that holds two atoms together. 10. Circle the letter of the term that often means a combination of two or more atoms that are bonded together. a. atom b.compound — €)molecule d. clement 1L. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about molecules. @Some molecules are made up of atoms that are alike. b. There are no molecules that contain over a million atoms. ° ©Most molecules are made of more than one type of atom @eEach water molecule contains only 1 oxygen atom. > The Atom as a Model 45) Amodel is a diagram, mental picture, mathematical 12. What is a model? statement, or object that helps explain ideas about the natural world. 12 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6= & ° Name Date Class Elements From Earth 1-4 (pages 46-50) This section explains how the density of gold allows it to be separated from other substances. It also describes how copper and iron can be separated from rocks that contain them. > Gold and Density (pase 47) 1. Why can density be used to separate gold from surrounding material? Gold is much denser than the sand and dirt with which it is mixed, and it is also much denser than its look-alike, pyrite. Gold's density is 19.3 g/cm’, xv What is gold’s density compared to pyrite? while pyrite's density is only 5.0 g/cm’ 3. The technique of separating gold from a mixture of gold, dirt, and sand is called ___Panning 4, Today, gold mining is done with big machines called dredges > Copper and Electrolysis (pages 47-49) 5. How are most elements found in nature? _Most elements are usually found as compounds. 6. What is an ore? _AN 0fe is any rock that contains a metal or some other economically useful material. 7. What must be done to obtain an element from its compound ore? 1? obtain an element from its compound ore, it is necessary to cause a chemical reaction to take place. 8. A process by which an electric current breaks a chemical bond is called electrolysis Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 13Name Date Class CHAPTER 1, Matter and Energy (continued) 9. What are the metal strips called that are placed in the copper compound solution during electrolysis? __*!es'fodes > Iron and the Blast Furnace (page 50) 10. What must be done to iron ore to produce the element iron? element iron must be separated from its compounds by a chemical reaction 11. Where does the carbon that is used to purily iron come from? comes from a material called coke, which is made from coal. 12. Complete the flowchart about how purified iron is produced. Miners mine iron. ore ., of rocks that contain iron compounds, Chunks of iron ore and a material called —___°°K® are placed in a(n) blast furnace. At very high temperatures, the —__©2"P0"_in the coke reacts with the __°”/9°N_ in the iron ore. 1 The result of the chemical reactions in the blast furnace is the element fon 1 The iron is then mixed with other elements to make steel 14 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6 ° = “ouName Date Class Complete the following paragraphs using key terms from Chapter 1 below. Each term may be used only once. Word Bank atom chemistry density molecule element mixture chemical change mass compound __chemical bond physical change volume weight The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes is called chemistry A substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances element by chemical or physical means is a(n) A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a specific ratio is a(n) —__COMPOUNT a(n) mixture is made of two or more substances that are in the same place but are not chemically combined into a new substance. ‘There are two basic ways that matter can change. A change that alters the form or appearance of a material but does not make the material into another substance is a(n) physical change ‘A change in matter that produces new substances is a(n) chemical change There are all sorts of ways of measuring matter. The measurement of the force of gravity on an object is weight ‘The measurement of how much matter an object contains is mass ‘The measurement of the amount of space that, matter occupies is volume . The physical property that relates the mass and volume of a material is density’ ‘The smallest particle of an element is a(n) —___*°™ __. The force that holds chemical bond two atoms together is a(n) . A combination of two or more atoms that are bonded together is a(n) molecule Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 15Name Date Class CHAPTER 1, Matter and Energy (continued) MathWise For the problems below, show your calculations. If you need more space, use another sheet of paper. Write the answers for the problems on the lines below. > Calculating Volume of a Rectangular Object (page 36) 1. Volume = 10 cm X 5 cm X 6 cm = 300 cm’ 2. A box has a length of 25 centimeters, a width of 8 centimeters, and a height of 12 centimeters. What is its volume? Volume = 25 cm x 8 cm x 12. cm = 2,400 cm* Volume = 2,400 om* Answel > Calculating Density (pages 32-29) 3. Density= 48 = Sg/em* Bem 4. A sample of water has a mass of 13 grams and a volume of 13 milliliters. What is the density of water? Density = Bt 1 g/mL mi Answer: Density = 1 g/mL 5. A sample of metal has a mass of 94.5 grams and a volume of 7 cubic ° e centimeters. What is its density? 2 Density = 24 59 = 13.5 gicm® 3 7 cm’ g Density = 13.5 g/cm? Answer: 2 A sample of liquid has a mass of 26 grams and a volume of 20 milliliters. What is its density? 269 Density = 269 = 1.3 gmt Y= 30 mL st “Answer: Density = 1.3 gimL. 16 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class Soups, Liquips, AND Gases States of Matter 2-1 (pages 56-60) This section explains how shape, volume, and the motion of particles are useful in describing solids, liquids, and gases. > Solids (pages 57-58) 1. Which state of matter has a definite volume and a definite shape? 2. Why do solids have a definite shape and a definite volume? _T¢ particles in a solid are packed tightly together and stay in fixed positions. 3. When a crystalline solid is heated, it melts at a distinct temperature called its metting point 4. Complete the table about types of solids. se Type of Solid Description Examples Melting Point Crystalline solids Made up of crystals | Salt, sugar, sand, snow | Distinct melting point Amorphous solids Particles not arranged | Plastics, rubber. glass No distinct metting point in a regular pattern Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 17Name Date Class CHAPTER 2, Solids, Liquids, and Gases (continued) 5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about particles in a solid. a. They are completely motionless. ©They vibrate back and forth. d. They switch positions occasionally. They stay in about the same position. > Liquids (pages 58-59) 6. Which state of matter has no definite shape but does have a definite volume? liquid 7. 1s the following sentence true or false? A liquid’s volume does not change no matter the shape of the container. rue 8. What does a liquid do when it is not in a container? _!t spreads out into a wide, shallow puddle, 9. Circle the letter of the term that means the resistance of a liquid to flowing, a. amorphous b.solid QOviscosity dinsulator 10. Is the following sentence true or false? Liquids with high viscosity flow quickly. false ° = > Gases (pages 59-60) 11. Which state of matter has neither definite shape nor volume? gas 12. If you put a gas into a sealed container, what will the gas do? _!t will spread apart or squeeze together to fill that container. container 13. ‘The volume and shape of a gas are determined by its 18 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class 14. In the containers below, draw how the particles are arranged in the three states of matter. Solid Gas Behavior 2-2 (pages 61-67) This section explains how the volume, temperature, and pressure of a gas are related. > Measuring Gases (pages 62-63) 1. The volume of a gas is the same as the volume of its container 2. What is temperature? Temperature is a measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance. 3. The force of a gas’s outward push divided by the area of the walls of its container is the gas’s Pressure 4, What is the formula you use to calculate pressure? Force Pressure = Area > Relating Pressure and Volume (pases 63-64) 5. What does Boyle's law say about the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas? _When the pressure of a gas is increased at constant temperature, the volume of the gas decreases, When the pressure is decreased, the volume increases. Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 19°Name Date Class CHAPTER 2, Solids, Liquids, and Gases (continued) 6. Complete the table about the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas. Pressure and Volume of Gases at Constant Temperature Change Increases or Decreases? Pressure decreases Volume increases Pressure increases Volume decreases Volume increases Pressure decreases Volume decreases Pressure increases > Relating Pressure and Temperature (pages 64-65) 7. How is pressure affected by the collisions of gas particles? _The more collisions there are, the greater the pressure will be. 8. Suppose a gas is kept in a closed, rigid container. If the temperature of the gas increases, what happens to its pressure on the container? The pressure increases. 9. If the temperature of that gas in the container decreases, what happens to its pressure? _The pressure decreases. > Relating Volume and Temperature (pages 6¢-67) 10. What is Charles's law? _When the temperature of a gas is increased at constant pressure, its volume increases. When the temperature of a gas is decreased, its volume decreases. 11. Is the following sentence true or false? At higher temperatures, the particles of a gas move slower. false 20 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6= & ° Name Date Class 12. If the volume of a container can change, what will happen to a gas in the container if the temperature is decreased? _The volume of the gas will decrease. 13. What would happen if a partially inflated party balloon were heated? The air inside the balloon would be heated. As the temperature of the air increased, so would its volume. The increasing volume of the gas would make the balloon grow larger. wo Reading Skill Practice By looking carefully at photographs and illustrations in textbooks, you can better understand What you have read, Look carefully at Figure 12 on page 64. What important idea does this illustration communicate? Do your work on a separate sheet of paper. The illustration communicates visually the relationship known as Boyle's law. As the pressure of a gas increases at constant temperature, its volume decreases. Graphing Gas Behavior 2-3 (pages 68-71) This section describes graphs for Charles's law and Boyle's law. > Introduction (page 68) 1. What is a graph? _A 9°@ph is a diagram that shows how two variables, or factors, are related. 2, Is the following sentence true or false? Graphs show how changes in one variable result in changes in a second variable. {rue Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 21Name Date Class CHAPTER 2, Solids, Liquids, and Gases (continued) > Temperature and Volume (pages 69-70) 3. In the experiment represented in Figure 17 on page 69, what is the volume of gas when the temperature is 0°C? 50 mL 4. When the temperature of the gas rises to 353 kelvins, what is the volume of the gas? 66 mL 5. On the graph below, label the x-axis and the y-axis, s 2 50 3s es x-axis Manipulated variable (units) 6. Write labels on the graph above that show on which axis the units for the manipulated variable should be placed and on which axis the units for the responding variable should be placed 7. Where did the data come from that was used to create the graph in Figure 19 on page 70? The data came from the experiment shown in Figure 17. 8. Compare Figure 18 on page 69 with Figure 19 on page 70. In Figure 19, what is the manipulated variable? _The manipulated variable is the temperature in kelvins of the gas. 9. What is the responding variable in Figure 19? _The responding variable is the volume in milters of the gas. 22 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6 ° =Name Date Class 10. When a graph of two variables is a straight line passing through the (0, 0) point, the relationship is linear and the variables are said to be directly proportional to each other. 11. What does the graph of Charles's law show about the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas? _The graph shows that __ the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature under constant pressure. > Pressure and Volume (pages 70-71) 12. In the experiment shown in Figure 20 on page 70, what is the volume and pressure of the gas when the experiment begins? _The volume is 100 mL and the pressure is 60 kPa. 13. In that experiment, does the pressure increase or decrease as the volume decreases? _ The pressure increases. 14, On the graph in Figure 21 on page 71, what is the manipulated variable and what is the responding variable? _The manipulated variable volume in mililiters, and the responding variable is pressure in kilopascals. 15. When a graph of two measurements forms a curve that becomes less steep close to the horizontal axis, the relationship is nonlinear and the measurements are said to __Valyinversely other. with each 16. What does the graph for Boyle's law show about the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas? _The Pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume at constant temperature. Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 23Name Date Class CHAPTER 2, Solids, Liquids, and Gases (continued) Changes in State 2-4 (pages 74-79) This section explains how energy is transferred when substances change state, It also describes changes in state, > Energy and Changes in State (pages 74-75) 1. What is thermal energy? _Thermal energy is the energy that the particles of a substance have. 2, ‘Thermal energy is transferred from one substance to another as heat 3. Is the following sentence true or false? Thermal energy always flows from a cooler substance to a warmer substance. false 4. Complete the table about the transfer of thermal energy. Transfer of Thermal Energy Cause Effect on Particles of Substance Heat flows into a substance. | The particles gain energy and move faster. Heat flows from a substance. | The particles lose energy and move more slowly. 5. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about thermal energy. a. The particles of a solid have the most thermal energy. b. The particles of a liquid have the least thermal energy. ©the particles of a solid have the least thermal energy. (@The particles of a gas have the most thermal energy. 24 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6 ° =Name Date Class 6. When does a substance change state? _A substance changes state when its thermal energy increases or decreases by a sufficient amount. > Changes Between 7. The change in state from a solid to a liquid is called __™2"0'9_ jquid and Solid (pages 75-76) 8. How strongly a substance’s particles attract one another is what determines the substance’s __™elting point 9. freezing ‘he change of state from liquid to solid is called 10. Is the following sentence true or false? When water freezes, the temperature stays at 0°C until freezing is complete and all the water molecules have formed ice crystals. true > Changes Between uid and Gas (pages 76-77) 11. The change from the liquid to the gas state of matter is called vaporization 12. Complete the concept map about vaporization. \Vaporization __— includes. _— Evaporation Boiling = & ° which occurs which occurs On surface of the liquid Throughout the liquid Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 25Name Date Class CHAPTER 2, Solids, Liquids, and Gases (continued) 13. Each liquid boils only at a certain temperature, which is called its boiling point 14. Why is the boiling point of water lower in the mountains than it is at sea level? _ Al pressure is lower in the mountains. The lower the air pressure above a liquid, the less energy that liquid molecules need to escape into the air. 15. The change in state from a gas to a liquid is called __condensation 16. Is the following sentence true or false? Condensation is the opposite of vaporization. true 17. When condensation occurs, does a gas lose or gain thermal energy? It loses thermal energy. Match the term with its example. Term Example b 18. vaporization a. A pot of water on a stove reaches its boiling point. 319, evaporation BP ° b. Liquid water changes into water 2 4 __ 20. boiling vapor. 3 © 21. condensation ¢. Clouds form from water vapor in = the sky. 4.A puddle dries up after a rain shower. > Changes Between Solid and Gas (pases 72-79) 22. The change of state from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state is called __ Sublimation 26 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class 23. Why does “dry ice” keep materials near it cold and dry? AS solid carbon dioxide changes directly into a gas, it absorbs thermal energy. That keeps materials near it cold. Since it does not pass through the liquid state, materials near it stay dry. > Identifying Substances Through Changes of State (page 79) 24, Is the following sentence true or false? Comparing melting points and boiling points can help identify an unknown substance. true 25. Suppose you know that a liquid is either ethanol or chloroform, but you don’t know which it is. How could you identify the liquid? The liquid could be identified by observing at what temperature it boils, since ethanol boils at 79°C and chloroform boils at 61°C. 26. Use Exploring Changes of State on page 78 to complete the flowchart. oC The temperature of ice stays at OC while ice melts because the molecules rearrange but do not move faster. Water exists in the solid state below 1 = z Water's temperature rises above °C once all of the substance is in the liquid state. ° ¥ During vaporization, water's temperature stays at 100°C Water's temperature rises above 190°C _ once all of the substance is in the gas state Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 27Name Date Class CHAPTER 2, Solids, Liquids, and Gases (continued) WordWi The block of letters below contains 10 key terms from Chapter 2. Use the clues to identify the terms you need to find. Then find the terms across, down, or on the diagonal. Circle each term in the hidden-word puzale. se Clues Key Terms The force exerted on a surface divided by the total area over Pressure which the force is exerted The change from the liquid to the gas state of matter vaporization A state of matter with no definite shape or volume gas. ‘The resistance of a liquid to flowing S008 Vaporization that occurs on and below the surface of a liquid bolling A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite liquid volume freezing ‘The change in state from a liquid to a solid A state of matter that has a definite volume and a definite shape sol The change in state from a solid to a liquid metting graph A diagram that shows how two variables are related s jel n £ ws] m x [al m tirlic 2B Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6= ° Name Date Class Revatine Force AND MOTION Describing, Measuring, and Graphing Motion 3-1 (pages 86-95) This section explains how to recognize when an object is in motion and how to determine how fast it is moving. > Changing Position—Recognizing Motion (pages 87-88) motion 1. An object is in when its distance from another object is changing 2. What is a reference point? _A teference point is a place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion. An object is in motion if it changes position relative to a(n) _@ference point > Desc! ig Distance (pages 88-89) 4, Complete the table about SI. sl Question Answer What is its whole name? International System of Units What number is it based on? | Ten What is its basic unit of length? | Meter 5. How many centimeters are there in a meter? 100 6. How many meters are there in a kilometer? 1,000 Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 29Name Date Class CHAPTER 3, Relating Force and Motion (continued) > Calculating Speed (pages 90-91) 7. What is the formula used to calculate the speed of an object? Speed = Distance Time 8. How would you find the average speed of a cyclist throughout an entire race? _Divide the total distance the cyclist traveled by the total time, > Describing Velocity (pages 92-93) 9. Speed in a given direction is called velocity 10. An approaching storm is moving at 15 km/hr, What do you need to know to determine its velocity? _ The direction in which itis moving > Graphing Motion (pages 94-95) 11. Ona graph of motion, on which axis is time shown? _The horizontal, or xaxis, 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Time (rin) 12. The motion graph above graphs the motion of a jogger on a run one day. How far did the jogger run in 15 minutes? 400 m 30 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6 ° =Name Date Class 7 8 9 10 W1 12 13 14 15 16 Time (min) 13. The motion graph above also shows the motion of a jogger on a run one day. The line is divided into segments. The middle segment is horizontal. What does that tell you about the jogger’s progress between minute 6 and minute 8? _The jogger traveled no distance during those minutes; the jogger rested. Force and Acceleration 3-2 (pages 98-105) This section describes how unbalanced forces cause motion. It also describes what happens to the motion of an object as it accelerates, or changes velocity. > Forces and Motion (pages 98-100) 1. What is a force? _4 force is a push or a pull on an object. 2. List three ways an unbalanced force can affect an object’s motion. = ° a, Start it moving pb, Stop the object ¢. Change the direction it is moving Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 31Name Date Class CHAPTER 3, Relating Force and Motion (continued) 3. Complete the concept map, can be Balanced Unbalanced 4. The overall force acting on an object is called the net force 5. When a net force changes an object’s motion, the force is said to be a(n) unbalanced force . 6. Equal and opposite forces acting on the same object are called balanced forces 7. Is the following sentence true or false? An unbalanced force will not change an object’s motion. false > Types of Forces (pages 100-101) 8. What is a contact force? _When two objects are in contact, each exerts a force on the other that pushes it away. This force is called a contact force. 9. The force that one substance exerts on another when the two rub against each other is called friction 10. Is the following sentence true or false? Earth's gravitational force pulls everything near Earth's surface toward Earth’s center. true 32 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class 11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about forces @Friction helps you walk and run. b. Mass is a measure of the force of gravity. @Like poles of magnets repel. @Blectrical forces result from charged particles. > Acceleration (pages 102-103) 12. What is acceleration? _Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. 13. Acceleration involves a change in what two components? speed and direction 14, Any time the speed of an object increases, the object experiences acceleration 15. Is the following sentence true or false? Acceleration refers to increasing speed, decreasing speed, or changing direction, —__W®___ 16. Deceleration is another word for acceleration in which speed. decreases 17. Is the following sentence true of false? An object can be accelerating even if its speed is constant. ___ "Ue 18. Circle the letter of each sentence that describes an example of acceleration. @)A car follows a gentle curve in the road. A batter swings a bat to hit a ball. ¢. A truck parked on a hill doesn’t move all day. @A runner slows down after finishing a race. 19. The moon revolves around Earth at a fairly constant speed. Is the moon accelerating? _Th® moon is accelerating because itis constantly changing direction as it revolves around Earth. Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 33Name Date Class CHAPTER 3, Relating Force and Motion (continued) > Calculating Acceleration (pages 103-105) 20, What must you calculate to determine the acceleration of an object? The change in velocity during each unit of time 21. What is the formula you use to determine acceleration? Final velocity — Initial velocity Time Acceleratior 22, Is the following sentence true or false? To calculate the acceleration of an airplane, you must first subtract the final speed from the initial speed, false 23. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about calculating the acceleration of a moving object. @)If an object is moving without changing direction, then its acceleration is the change in its speed during one unit of time. @)if an object’s speed changes by the same amount during each unit of time, then the acceleration of the object at any time is the same. ¢. To determine the average acceleration of an object, you must calculate the change in velocity during only one unit of time. @If an object’s acceleration varies, then you can describe only average acceleration. 24, Suppose velocity is measured in kilometers/hour and time is measured H-2Onusid in hours, What is the unit of acceleration? Keni > Graphing Acceleration (page 105) 25. Ifa graph of distance versus time is a straight line, the graph shows a(n) linear relationship. 34 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class 26. Ifa graph of distance versus time is a curved line, the graph shows a(n) nonlineat___ relationship. 8 yy BB £ 3 3 eo ws a 27. The graph above shows the motion of an object that is accelerating What happens to the speed of the object over time? _The speed increases 28. The graph line is slanted and straight. What does this line show about the acceleration of the object? _The acceleration is constant. = ° ere Reading Skill Practice Knowing the meanings of the key terms in a section will help you better understand what you are reading. Make a list of key terms in this section, Write the meanings of these terms using your own Words. In this way, the Key terms become a natural part of your vocabulary. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper. Definitions for the key terms should be written in the students’ own words, but based on the information on pages 98-105. Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 35Name Date Class CHAPTER 3, Relating Force and Motion (continued) Waiter in Motion 3-3 — (pages 108-112) This section describes how moving water shapes Earth’s surface and tells how a flood affects the land near a river. > Rivers Shape the Land (pages 108-109) 1. What is erosion? __Efosion is the process by which fragments of soil and rock are broken off from the ground and carried away. 2. ‘The process by which soil and rock are dropped in a new location is called deposition 3. How does the force of moving water shape Earth’s surface? _Rivers wear away landforms through erosion and build new landforms through deposition 4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about rivers. @The faster water flows, the more force it has. b.A river deposits lighter sediments before heavier ones. (©Water flows faster down a mountain than across a flat plain. @The more water in a river, the faster the river flows. ° > Profile of a River (pages 109-111) 5. The many small streams that come together at the source of a river are called the headwaters 6. The broad, flat valley through which a river flows is called the flood plain 36 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class 7. How does a meander become an oxbow lake? A meander is a looping curve in a river. The river channel may break through the ends of the meander, carving a new, straighter channel. The crescent-shaped, cutott body of water that remains is called an oxbow lake. 8. Complete the flowchart n of a Delta [At its mouth, a river flows in to another body of water slow down 1 sediment 1 The deposits build up, forming an area called a(n) The fast-moving waters of the river The river deposits most of its delta > Rivers and Floods (pages 111-112) 9. How do floods change land features? _A flooding river can erode and deposit huge amounts of soil, sand, and gravel. Floods can uproot trees and pluck boulders from the ground. = ° 10. Deposits along a channel build up over time into __vee®S_, long ridges that parallel the river. Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 37Name Date Class CHAPTER 3, Relating Force and Motion (continued) WordWise Match each definition in the left column with the correct term in the right column. Then write the number of each term in the appropriate box below. When you have filled in all the boxes, add up the numbers in each column, row, and two diagonals. All the sums should be the same. A. When an object's distance from another object is 1. reference point changing 2. meanders B. A place or object used for comparison to determine 3, yelocity if something is in motion 4. acceleration C. The process by which soil and rock are dropped in 5. speed a new location 6. motion D. The basic SI unit of length 7, meter E. The distance an object travels in one unit of time 8. deposition FE. Speed in a given direction P 9. net force G. Looping curves in a river H, The overall force acting on an object I. The rate at which velocity changes 15 A B Cc _ 15 6 1 8 ° D E F _ 46 = 7 5 3 G H I 48 2 9 4 = = = 15, 15 15 15, 3B Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class MathWise For the problems below, show your calculations. If you need more space, use another sheet of paper. Write the answers for the problems on the lines below. > Calculating Speed (pages 90-91) 32m 1, Speed 4mis Bs 2. A car travels 66 kilometers in 3 hours. What is its speed? Speed = SEM _ 99 km/h 3h “Answer: Speed = 22 km/h > Average Speed (page 91) 00 km _ 3. Average Speed = 2 40 km/h Shr 4. Suppose a car travels 60 kilometers the first two hours and 15 kilometers the next hour, What is the car’s average speed? 75 km 3 ‘Average speed = = 25 km/h “Answer: __ Average speed = 25 km/h 5, Ona trip ina car, you travel 180 km for the first two and a half hours, then stop for a half hour, and then travel 40 km in the last hour. What is the car's average speed for the trip? 220 km Average speed = = ge SpE ah = 55 km/h “Answer: __Average speed = 25 km/h Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 39Name Date Class CHAPTER 3, Relating Force and Motion (continued) > Graphing Motion (page 95) E z 6. The graph shows the motion of an object. What is the object's speed at the point marked on the graph? Speed = 2™ -3 mis 2s Answer: Speed = 3 mis ° > Calculating Acceleration (pages 103-105) z 7. Acceleration = 2omis—Anis ams? é s 8. A cheetah accelerates from 2 m/s to 16 m/s in 7 seconds. What is the cheetah’s average acceleration? _ 16 m/s—2 mis _ Acceleration = AMSA MS _ 2 mist 7s Acceleration = 2 m/s? Answer: 40 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class Ceits: THe BuiLoine BLocks oF Lire What Is Life? 4-1 (pages 122-128) This section explains the characteristics of living things and what living things need to survive. > The Characteristics of Living Things (pages 122-125) 1. What is an organism? A" o*ganism is a living thing, 2. List six characteristics that all living things share. a Made of cells b. Contain similar chemicals ¢, Use energy 4, Stow and develop ‘¢, Respond to th surroundings £, Reproduce 3. The basic units of structure and function in an organism are cells 4, Is the following sentence true or false? An organism's structure is the way it is made. ‘rue 5. Is the following sentence true or false? An organism made of many cells is a unicellular organism. false 6. Circle the letter of the most abundant chemical in cells. a. proteins b.carbohydrates. — (©)water d nucleic acids 7. Lipids and ___P/'8NS_are the building materials of cells. 8, Is the following sentence true or false? ‘The cells of organisms use energy for growth and repair. rue Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 41Name Date Class CHAPTER 4, Cells: The Building Blocks of Life (continued) 9. What is development? Development is the process of change that occurs during an organism's life to produce a more complex organism. 10. Circle the letter of a change in an organism's surroundings that causes the organism to react. a. growth beresponse _ @)stimulus d. development 11. Give one example of an external stimulus and one example of an internal stimulus External stimulus: _ANSwers might include temperature, light, or sound. Internal stimulus: _ANSWerS might include hunger or thirst reproduce 12. All organisms can , or produce offspring that are similar to the parents. > Life Comes From Life (pages 125-126) 13. Is the following sentence true or false? Frogs can sprout from mud in ponds false 14, The idea that living things can come from nonliving sources is called spontaneous generation 15. What did Francesco Redi show in his experiment? _He showed that flies | do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat. 16. The factor that a scientist changes in a controlled experiment is the variable 17. Look carefully at Exploring the Experiments of Redi and Pasteur on pages 126-127. Circle the letter of the variable in Redi’s experiment. a. meat b.jars ©doth d.flies 18. Is the following sentence true or false? Louis Pasteur used a controlled experiment to show that bacteria arise from spontaneous generation. false 42 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6 ° = “ouName Date Class > The Needs of Living TI 19. Complete this concept map to show what living things need to survive. 1S (pages 127-129) — need - Stable internal conditions. 20, Is the following sentence true or false? Living things use food as their energy source to carry out their life functions. tue 21. Organisms that make their own food are called __2uotrophs. Organisms that cannot make their own food are called heterotrophs 22. Is the following sentence true or false? Living things can live without water for long periods of time. false 23, What property of water makes it vital to living things? _Waler can dissolve more chemicals than any other substance on Earth. 24. Is the following sentence true or false? Some organisms must compete with each other for space to live. true 25, Why must living things be able to maintain homeostasis, or stable internal conditions? _Conuitions in the surroundings of a living thing can change significantly. Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 43Name Date Class he Building Blocks of Life (continued) CHAPTER 4, Cells: wo Reading Skill Practice Illustrations can help you understand what you have read. Look at Exploring the Experiments of Redi and Pasteur on pages 126-127. Study the diagrams showing Pasteur's experiment. Use your own words to describe Pasteur’s experiment. Identify the variable in his experiment. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper. Students should describe Pasteur's experiment, The variable is boiling the broth, Discovering Cells 4-2 (pages 131-137) This section describes how the invention of the microscope led to the development of a theory on cells. The section also explains how a light microscope works. > First Sightings of Cells (pages 132-133) 1. An instrument that makes small objects look larger is a(n) microscope 2. Is the following sentence true or false? A compound microscope has only one lens, false 3. Complete the following table about the first people to observe cells. The First People to Observe Cells Questions Robert Hooke Anton van Leeuwenhoek What kind of microscope did he use? Compound microscope | Simple microscope What did he first look at with the microscope? | A thin slice of cork. Pond water What did he name what he saw? Cells Animalcules 4. Is the following sentence true or false? Theodor Schwann worked alone to develop the cell theory. false 44 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6 ° == & ° Name Date Class > The Cell Theory (pages 134-135) 5. List the three points of the cell theory. a, Allliving things are composed of cells. py, Cells are the basic unit of structure and funtion in living things. All cells are produced from other cells. 6. Is the following sentence true or false? The cell theory is only true for living things that are small. ___‘@/8¢__ > How a Light Microscope Works (pages 136-137) 7. Is the following sentence true or false? Magnification is the ability to make things look larger than they are. —__"U 8. How do the lenses of a light microscope make an object look larger? The lenses bend the light that passes through them, center 9. In a convex lens, the of the lens is thicker than the edges 10. What is resolution? _Resolution is the ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object. > Electron Microscopes (page 137) LL. A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to examine a specimen is called a(n) —__Steston microscope 12. Circle the letter of the microscope that has better resolution. light microscope @aectron microscope Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 45Name Date Class CHAPTER 4, Cells: The Building Blocks of Life (continued) Looking Inside Cells 4-3 (pages 138-147) This section describes cell structure and function in plant cells, animal cells, and bacteria. > Introduction (pages 138-139) 1. What are organelles? _They are tiny cell structures inside a cell that cary ‘out specific functions within the cell > Cell Wall (page 139) 2. The rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds plant cells is the cell wall 3. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the cell wall. @Call walls are made of cellulose. Plant cells have cell walls. ¢. Animal cells have cell walls. 4. Water and oxygen cannot pass through the cell wall. > Cell Membrane (pages 139-140) 4, Where is the cell membrane located in cells that have cell walls? The cell membrane is just inside the cell wall ° = 5. Is the following sentence true or false? The main function of the cell membrane is to control what comes into and out of a cell, —_"¥® > Nucleus (pages 6. The cell's control center, which directs all of the cell’s activities, is the nucleus 46 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class 7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the nucleus. @Materials move into the nucleus through pores in the nuclear membrane, Chromatin contains the instructions that direct the functions of a cell. ‘The nucleolus is part of the nuclear membrane. @Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus. > Organelles in the Cytoplasm (pages 14: ~145) 8. Circle the letter of the part of the cell that is the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus. a, organelle b. nucleus ©ovroplasm d. chromatin 9. In the table below, describe the function of each organelle in the cytoplasm. Organelles in Cytoplasm Organelle Function Mitochondria, Produce most of the energy the cell needs to carry out its functions Endoplasmic reticulum Carries proteins and other materials from one part of the cel to another Ribosomes Produce proteins Golgi bodies Receive proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, package them, and send them to other parts of the cell Chloroplasts Found only in plant cells; capture energy from sunlight and use it to make food for the cell Vacuoles Ae the storage areas of the cell Lysosomes. Contain chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones and break down old cell parts Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 47Name Date Class CHAPTER 4, Cells: The Building Blocks of Life (continued) > Bacterial Cells (page 145) 10. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about bacterial cells. a. Bacterial cells are eukaryotes (© )Bacterial cells have a cell wall and a cell membrane. ©Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus. Bacterial cells do not have genetic material > Structure and Function in Cells (page 146) 11. The structure of specialized cells enables them to perform their functions 12. How does the structure of nerve cells help them carry messages throughout the body? _Nerve cells are long and thin, ike telephone wires. > Levels of Organization (pages 146-147) 13. List the four levels of organization in the body of a multicellular organism, starting with the smallest unit. Cell, tissue, organ, organ system 14, The stomach, heart, and bones are examples of organs 15. How does the strength and hardness of bones help the skeleton perform its functions? _The strength and hardness of bones make it ° = possible for the skeleton to support the body and protect internal organs. 16, What is a population? _A Population is all the members of one kind of organism a particular area. 17. Why do many environmental scientists add population as another level of organization? _EVe"Y organism interacts with other organisms and the environment in which it lives. 4B Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6= ° Name Date Class Introduction to Genetics 4-4 (pages 149-152) This section compares asexual and sexual reproduction. It also describes how traits are passed from parents to offspring. > Introduction (page 149) 1. What are traits? _Taits are the physical characteristics that an organism can pass to its offspring. > Parents to Offspring (pase 149) 2. The process by which traits pass from parents to offspring is called heredity 3. Why do offspring resemble their parents? _O!'spring resemble their parents because they inherit genetic material from their parents. 4, Is the following sentence true or false? Genetic material is contained in cells. fue 5. What is genetics? Genetics is the scientific study of heredity, > The Role of Genes in Inheritance (page 150) 6. The genetic material that carries information about an organism is DNA 7. A section of DNA that controls a trait that an organism inherits is called a(n) gene Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 49Name Date Class CHAPTER 4, Cells: The Building Blocks of Life (continued) > Asexual and Sexual Reproduction (page 150) 8. Complete the concept map. Reproduction 9. Is the following sentence true or false? Asexual reproduction is a reproductive process that involves only one parent. true 10. The offspring of asexual reproduction have genes that are identical to those of the parent organism. 11. In sexual reproduction, new organisms are produced by the joining of sperm and eggs 12. Is the following sentence true or false? Only the egg contains genetic material, ___f@lse_ > Sexual Reproduction and Change (page 151) ° = 13. Is the following sentence true or false? The offspring of sexual reproduction look exactly like their parents. false 14. Why do organisms that reproduce sexually change from generation to generation? _The genetic information is re-sorted, over and over, each time reproduction occurs 50 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class > Changing Traits by Selective Breeding (pages 151-152) 15, What is selective breeding? _Selective breeding is a technique used to prove the quality of organisms by selecting, or choosing, certain organisms for reproduction. 16. Is the following sentence true or false? In selective breeding, the desired traits in the offspring are produced by the combination of genetic material that the offspring inherit from both of their parents true 17. Give two examples of organisms produced by selective breeding. a, Prize-winning racehorses p, cotton plants that yield strong fibers 18, Santa Gertrudis cattle were produced through mating Brahman cattle shorthorn with cattle, 19. What desirable traits do Santa Gertrudis cattle have? They are heat__ resistant and produce tender, flavorful beef. > Changing Traits in Nature (page 152) 20. Is the following sentence true or false? The changes that occur in organisms naturally over generations often help those organisms survive in their environment. fue 21. How does a population of insects become resistant to pesticides over many generations? When a pesticide is first used on a field, itkills almost all the insects in the field. But a few insects survive because they have genes that help them resist the pesticide. The surviving insects reproduce. Some of their offspring inherit genes that enable them to resist the pesticide. After many years, most of the insects in the field will be resistant to the pesticide. Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 51Name Date Class he Building Blocks of Life (continued) Match each definition on the left with the correct term on the right. Then write the number of each term in the appropriate box below. When you have filled in all the boxes, add up the numbers in each column, row, and two diagonals. The sums should be the same. Some terms may not be used. A. Acts as the cell’s control center 1. cytoplasm B. Area between the cell membrane and the nucleus 2, stimulus 3. magnification C. Male sex cell 4, autotroph D. A change in an organism's surroundings 5. prokaryote E. Basic unit of structure and function in living things 6. cell FE. Organism whose cell lacks a nucleus 7. response 8. nucle G. Make things look larger than they are mucieus 9. sperm H. Process by which traits pass to offspring 10. resolution I. Organism that makes its own food 11. heredity = 18 12. heterotroph A B c = 18 8 1 9 D E F = 18 7 6 5 G H 1 = _18 3 a 4 = = = 18 18 18 18 52 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6 ° =© Prentice-Hall, Inc. Name Date Class CeLL Processes AND ENERGY The Cell in lis Environment 5-1 (pages 158-162) This section tells how things move into and out of cells. > The Cell Membrane as Gatekeeper (page 158) 1, The cell membrane has a structure that makes it selectively permeable 2. Is the following sentence true or false? A selectively permeable membrane allows all substances to pass through it. false 3. Is the following sentence true or false? A cell membrane is usually true permeable to oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide. 4, Complete the concept map. enter or leave a cell by Aclive transport > Diffusion—Molecules in Motion (pase 159) 5, Is the following sentence true or false? Diffusion is the main method by which small molecules move into and out of cells. rue Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 53Name Date Class CHAPTER 5, Cell Processes and Energy (continued) 6. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of higher lower concentration to an area of concentration. 7. What is concentration? _ The concentration of a substance is the amount of that substance in a given volume, 8. Draw molecules on Part B of the diagram below to show how the molecules are distributed inside and outside the cell after diffusion has occurred. > Osmosis—The in of Water Molecules (page 160) 9. The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis: Match the shape of each red blood cell with the concentration of water it is floating in. See Figure 2 on page 160. Shape of Cell Water Concentration ° = 10. normal a. Low concentration of water molecules outside the cell 411. shrunken b. Concentration of water molecules is the £12, swollen same inside and outside of the cell c. High concentration of water molecules outside the cell 54 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6£ & ° Name Date Class > Active Transport (pages 161-162) 13. Two ways of moving things into and out of cells that do NOT need diffusion energy are ___‘iffsion ang _osmosis 14. Moving materials through a cell membrane without using energy is passive called transport. 15. How does active transport differ from passive transport? Active transport requires the cell to use energy while passive transport does not. 16. List two ways that the cell moves things by active transport. a, Transfer proteins carry molecules into and out of the cell. p, The cell membrane engulfs a particle. > Why Are Cells Small? (page 162) 17. Is the following sentence true or false? As a cell gets larger, it takes longer for a molecule to reach the middle of the cell. sue The Cell and Energy 5-2 (pages 163-168) This section explains how plants make food by using the energy from sunlight. This section also explains how cells get energy from food. > What Is Photosynthe: 1. In the process of photosynthesis, plants use the energy from '? (page 163) sunlight to make food chlorophyll 2. The green pigment in chloroplasts, called , absorbs light energy from the sun. Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 55Name Date Class CHAPTER 5, Cell Processes and Energy (continued) > The Events of Photosynthesis (page 164) 3. List the two stages in the process of photosynthesis. a, Capturing the sun’s energy p, Producing oxygen and sugars 4. Is the following sentence true or false? Besides the energy from sunlight, the cell needs water and carbon dioxide to make sugar. true 5. Circle the letter of each product of photosynthesis. a. water b.carbon dioxide oxygen @)sugars 6. Write the chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis. 6CO, + 6H,O —» C,H,,0, + 60, 7. What word does the arrow in the chemical equation stand for? yields 8. Circle the letter of each raw material of photosynthesis. (@arbon dioxide b. glucose ©vwater d. oxygen > Storing and Releasing the Energy in Food (page 165) 9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the products of photosynthesis. @Plant cells use the glucose for food. @®some of the glucose is made into other compounds, such as cellulose. ©)Most of the oxygen passes out of the plant. d. Most of the glucose passes out of the plant. 10. Is the following sentence true or false? Photosynthesis produces the carbon dioxide that most living things need to survive. false 56 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6 “oul ‘reH-2onueid @Name Date Class 11. Complete the following table about how living things use the sun's energy. How Living Things Use Energy From the Sun Living Thing | Autotroph or Heterotroph? | Obtains Energy From the Sun Directly or Indirectly? Plant Autotroph Directly Caterpillar | Heterotroph Indirectly Bluebird Heterotroph Indirectly 12. How do cells get energy? Cells break down stored food to get energy. > What is Respiration? (page 166) 13. What happens during respiration? _C2lls breals down simple food molecules such as glucose and release the energy they contain. 14. Why do cells carry out respiration continuously? Because living things need an ongoing supply of energy 15. Is the following sentence true or false? Respiration that takes place inside of cells is the same as breathing air in and out of the lungs. false 16. Write the chemical equation for the process of cellular respiration. C,H... + 60, > 6CO, + 6H,0 + energy Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook $7Name Date Class CHAPTER 5, Cell Processes and Energy (continued) 17. Use the table below to list the raw materials and products of respiration Respiration Raw Materials Products Glucose Carbon dioxide Oxygen Water Energy > Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration (page 167) 18. Complete the cycle diagram below, which describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration. See Figure 9 on page 167. Photosynthesis Respiration m~ oxygen Plants produce ve Animals use oxygen carbon dio» Plants use carbon dioxide ° = ‘Animals produce 19. Is the following sentence true or false? Together, photosynthesis and respiration form a cycle that keeps the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide fairly constant in Earth’s atmosphere. true 5B Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class > Fermentation (pages 167-168) 20. What is fermentation? _Fetmentation is an energy-releasing process that does not require oxygen. 21. Is the following sentence true or false? Fermentation releases more energy than respiration. false 22, List the two types of fermentation, and tell where each takes place. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast. p, Lastic-acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells in the body. 23. Is the following sentence true or false? Lactic acid fermentation takes place when cells use oxygen more slowly than it is replaced, false or Reading Skill Practice Writing a summary can help you remember the important ideas of what you have read, Write a summary of the process of photosynthesis. Your summary should be much shorter than the text on which it is based. Do your work on a separate sheet of paper ‘Summaries should be about one paragraph long. Check students’ answers with the information given in the textbook on pages 163-165. Cell Division 5-3 (pages 170-177) This section explains how cells grow and divide. > The Cell Cycle (page 171) 1. The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo is called the cell cycle Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 59Name Date Class CHAPTER 5, Cell Processes and Energy (continued) > Stage 1: Interphase (pages 171-172) 2. List three things that the cell is doing during interphase. a. Growing to its mature size pb, Making a copy of its DNA Preparing to divide into two cells 3. Circle the letter of the process in which the cell copies its DNA. a. interphase b.cell cycle ©)replication d. division > Stage 2: Mitosis (page 172) 4, Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about mitosis. a. The cell makes a copy of its DNA. b. The cell divides into two new cells. (©The cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei. @One copy of DNA is distributed into each daughter cell. 5. List the four phases of mitosis. prophase p, Metaphase anaphase ,telophase 6. Label the parts of the structure in the diagram below. ° = Centromere Chromatids [— Chromosome 60 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6£ & ° Name Date Class > Stage 3: Cytokine: 7. During cytokinesis, the are divided between the two new cells. (page 173) cytoplasm divides and the organelles 8. Is the following sentence true or false? During cytokinesis in plant cells, the new cell membrane forms before the new cell wall does. true > Length of the Cell Cycle (pages 173-175) 9. Is the following sentence true or false? All cells have a cell cycle that lasts the same amount of time, 8° 10. Look at the circle graph in Figure 13 on page 173. How long is interphase in a human liver cell? __2" how's > DNA Replication (pages 176-177) LL. Why does a cell make a copy of its DNA before mitosis occurs? DNA replication ensures that each daughter cell will have all of the genetic formation it needs to carry out its activities 12. Circle the letter of each molecule that makes up the sides of the DNA ladder. @ deoxyribose b.glucose (©)phosphate d.nitrogen 13. Name the nitrogen bases that pair up to make up the rungs of the DNA. ladder. Adenine thymine pairs with b. Guanine cytosine pairs with 14, Is the following sentence true or false? DNA replication begins when the two sides of the DNA molecule unwind and separate. {rue 15. At the end of replication, —_®_ formed, new DNA molecules are Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 61Name CHAPTER 5, Cell Processes and Energy WordWise Answer the clues to solve the crossword puzzle. Date Class (continued) fo[n[a i i ft] Pelylt]o[klilnfe]s]ils t] [hn t uf [er fc [h |i foro |p ]h ly [i |i fo[s|m[ofs]ifs i m n[t le [r [p [h [fa [s Je o| [o s c n] [s t ° i Pt fe[r[mle[n]t]alt fi fo [n v e e ‘Clues down, Clues across 1. Process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration 2. The stage of the cell cycle in which the cell's nucleus divides 3. Condensed genetic material, or chromatin, that is double stranded 7. The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy is__ transport. 62 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 1. Nucleic acid that is passed from parent to offspring 3. The final stage of the cell cycle in which the cytoplasm divides 4. A pigment found in chloroplasts 5. The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane 6. The first stage of the cell cycle in which the cell prepares to divide 8. A process by which cells get energy from food without using oxygen Science Explorer Grade 6 ° =Name Date Class From Bacteria To PLANTS Classifying Living Things 6-1 (pages 184-189) This section tells how scientists divide living things into groups. It also describes how scientists name living things. > Why Do Scientists Classify Organisms? (pages 18: ‘The process of grouping things based on their similarities is classification 2. Why do biologists use classification? Biologists organize living things into groups so that the organisms are easier to study. 3. The scientific study of how living things are classified is called taxonomy 4, Is the following sentence true or false? Once an organism is classified, a scientist knows a lot about that organism. true > The Classification System of Linnaeus (page 185) 5. Is the following sentence true or false? Linnaeus placed organisms into groups based on their features that he could observe. rue 6. In Linnaeus’s naming system, called ____binomlal nomenclature each organism is given a two-part name. 7. Is the following sentence true or false? A species is a classification grouping that contains similar, closely related organisms. false Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 63Name Date Class CHAPTER 6, From Bacteria to Plants (continued) 8. In the scientific name for mountain lions, Felis concolor, which is the genus name and which is the species name? Felis concolor Genus: Species: 9. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about binomial nomenclature. @An organism’s name is its genus and a species name together. Genus and species names often are in Latin. c. The genus name begins with a small letter. d.Each species includes several genera. > Clas: 10. List three things biologists consider when they classify an organism. ation Today (pages 186-187) a. its structure p, how it develops ¢, its DNA LL. List the seven levels of classification used by modern biologists in order from the broadest level to the most specific level. _Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species 12, Is the following sentence true or false? The more classification levels that two organisms share, the more characteristics they have in ° = true common, 13, Look carefully at Figure 2 on page 187. What order does the great horned owl belong to? _l* belongs to the order Strigitormes 64 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6£ & ° Name Date Class > Six Kingdoms (pages 12: 188 14, List the six kingdoms of living things. archaebacteria p, oubacteria ., Protists 4, fungi «, plants £, animals 15. Complete the concept map to show how organisms are placed into kingdoms. Organisms are placed in kingdoms based on their Number of cells in their bodies Type of cells Ability to make food 16. Is the following sentence true or false? All organisms in a kingdom share many characteristics and are very similar, __ 8° 17. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about archaebacteria. @archaebacteria can be autotrophic, or able to make their own food. @archaebacteria are prokaryotes. c. Archaebacteria have a cell nucleus. d.Archaebacteria do not have nucleic acids. 18, Eubacteria are unicellular —_Prokaryotes 19. Is the following sentence true or false? Eubacteria have a similar chemical makeup to archaebacteria. false 20, Are eubacteria autotrophs or heterotrophs? _Some eubacteria are autotrophs while others are heterotrophs. Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 65Name Date Class CHAPTER 6, From Bacteria to Plants (continued) 21. Is the following sentence true or false? Protists can be either unicellular or multicellular. rue 22. How do protists differ from archaebacteria and eubacteria? _Protists are eukaryotes—their cells contain nuclei 23. Is the following sentence true or false? Mushrooms, molds, and yeast are all fungi. true 24, Circle the letter of each characteristic of fungi. (@eukaryotes __ b. prokaryotes c.autotrophs @)heterotrophs 25, What do most fungi feed on? _Mst feed on dead or decaying organisms autotrophs 26. Plants are ; they can make their own food. 27. Is the following true or false? All plants produce flowers, false 28, Circle the letter of each characteristic of animals. a.unicellular (b)heterotrophs @eukaryotes — d. autotrophs ° = 29. Is the following sentence true or false? All animals are multicellular. true 30. Is the following sentence true or false? At some point in their lives, most animals can move from one place to another. true 66 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6£ & ° Name Date Class Bacteria 6-2 (pages 190-193) This section explains what bacteria are, their positive roles, and how they reproduce. > The Bacterial Cell (pages 190-191) 1, Bacteria are __Prokaryotes not contained in a nucleus. ‘The genetic material in their cells is 2. Is the following sentence true or false? Bacteria are living organisms because they use energy, grow, and respond to their surroundings. true 3. What three shapes can bacterial cells have? a. Spherical p, rodlike «¢, SPital shaped 4. Label the parts of a bacterial cell in this diagram. Genetic material Cytoplasm Flagellum Ribosome Cell wall Cell membrane 5. Circle the letter of the cell structure that helps a cell to move. a. cell wall b.cytoplasm —c. ribosomes @)flagellum 6. Is the following sentence true or false? Air, water, and clothing can move bacteria from one place to another. fue Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 67Name Date Class CHAPTER 6, From Bacteria to Plants (continued) > Energy Needs (page 191) 7. List the two ways in which autotrophic bacteria make food. Capture and use the sun's energy p, Use the energy from chemical substances in their environment 8. How do heterotrophic bacteria get food? _Heterotrophic bacteria consume autotrophs or other heterotrophs. 9. Is the following sentence true or false? All bacteria must use oxygen to break down food for energy. false > Reproduction (page 192) 10. Complete the table below about reproduction in bacteria. Reproduction in Bacteria Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Name of Process Binary fission Conjugation Number of Parents One Two What Occurs in Process | The cell duplicates its genetic material. | One bacterium transfers some of its Tren the cell divides into two separate | genetic material into another through cells. a thin, threadiike bridge that joins the cells. Result of Process ‘Two cells that contain the same Bacteria that are genetically different genetic material from parents > Survival Needs (; 11. When do bacteria form endospores? _Bacteria form endospores when conditions in the environment become unfavorable for growth, 6B Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6 ° = “ouName Date Class > Bacteria and The Living World (page 193) 12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about bacteria a. All bacteria are harmful and cause disease. ()Methane gas produced by archaebacteria living millions of years ago helps to heat homes. ©)Bacteria help produce foods such as buttermilk and cheese. (@Pecomposers recycle Earth's matter. 13. Is the following sentence true or false? Bacteria are used to clean up oil spills and gasoline leaks. true Protists and Fungi 6-3 (pages 196-203) This section describes the characteristics of protists. This section also explains what fungi are and how they get food. > The Protist Kingdom (pages 196-197) 1. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about protists. @AII protists are eukaryotes, organisms that have cells with nuclei. b. All protists live in dry surroundings. ¢. All protists are unicellular. @some protists are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs, and some are both. 2. List the three categories into which scientists group protists. a. animal-like protists p, fungus-like protists ¢, Plantlike protists > Animal-like Protists (pages 197-199) 3. Circle the letter of each characteristic that animal-like protists share with animals. aautotroph (b)heterotroph —_c. movement. unicellular Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 69Name Date Class CHAPTER 6, From Bacteria to Plants (continued) 4, Another name for an animal-like protist is protozoan 5. Circle the letter of the cell part in an ameba that removes excess water. a. pseudopod bicilia ©contractile vacuole d.cell membrane 6. Is the following sentence true or false? Paramecia have two nuclei. true Match the animal-like protist with the cell part it uses for movement. Protist Cell Part & 7. ameba a. cilia 8. paramecium b. flagella b ¢. pseudopods 9. sporozoan a 10. Animal-like protists called __S?2"0z0ans on the cells and body fluids of their hosts. are parasites that feed > Plantlike Protists (page 200) 11. Plantlike protists are commonly called algae 12. The one characteristic that all algae share is that, like plants, they are autotrophs 13. Why are algae important to other organisms? _4!92® that live on the ° = surface of ponds, lakes, and oceans are an important source of food and oxygen 14. How does a colony of algae differ from algae that are multicellular organisms? Acolony contains few or no cells that are specialized to perform specific functions. A multicellular organism contains specialized cells. 7O Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6£ & ° Name Date Class > Fungus-like Protists (page 201) 15. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about fungus-like protists. @Like fungi, fungus-like protists are heterotrophs. b. Fungus-like protists do not have cell walls. (©Fungus-like protists use spores to reproduce. Fungus-like protists never move during their lives. > The Fungi Kingdom (page 201) 16. Circle the letter before each sentence that is true about fungi a. All fungi are multicellular organisms. (®Most fungi are eukaryotes. ©Most fungi use spores to reproduce. d. Most fungi are autotrophs. 17. What are three examples of fungi? _Examples include cricket-iling fungus, bread mold, mushrooms, and yeast > Cell Structure of Fungi (pase 202) 18. The cells of fungi are arranged in branching, threadlike tubes called hyphae 19. Is the following sentence true or false? Fuzzy-looking molds that grow on food have hyphae that are packed tightly together. false 20. Identify the structures of the mushroom Gills shown here. Hyphae Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 7Name Date Class CHAPTER 6, From Bacteria to Plants (continued) > How Do Fungi Obtain Food? (page 202) 21. Is the following sentence true or false? Some fungi are parasites. true 22. Describe the process by which a fungus feeds, _HyPhae from the fungus grow into a food source. Digestive chemicals ooze from the hyphae into the food. The digestive chemicals break down the food so the hyphae can absorb it > Reproduction in Fungi (page 203) 23. Fungi most often reproduce by spores 24, Is the following sentence true or false? Fungi reproduce sexually only when growing conditions become unfavorable. true ore Reading Skill Practice Concept maps are useful in organizing information, Make a concept map to show the characteristics of the four different types of animal-like protists. For more information about concept maps, see page 588 in the Skills Handbook of your textbook. Do your work on a ‘separate sheet of paper. Concept maps should include the name of each animal-like protist and include characteristics from pages 197-199. The Plant Kingdom 6-4 (pages 204-211) ° = This section explains the features that all plants have. It also describes what plants need to survive and how they reproduce. > What Is a Plant? (pages 205-208) 1. Circle the letter of each characteristic that all plants share. a.heterotroph —(b)autotroph c. prokaryote @) eukaryote 72 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6£ & ° Name Date Class 2. Some plants move water, minerals, and food with an internal system of tubelike structures called ___Vasculartissue 3. Is the following sentence true or false? Nonvascular plants can pass materials only from one cell to the next, US 4. Is the following sentence true or false? Nonvascular plants can become very large and tall because of their support system. false 5. What role do leaves play in a plant? Leaves carry out photosynthesis. 6. Carbon dioxide enters a leaf through tiny pores called —_Stmata_ which control the movement of gases into and out of the leaf. 7. List two characteristics that ferns and club mosses share. Have vascular tissue p, Use spores to reproduce 8. Is the following sentence true or false? Gymnosperms have seeds that do not have a protective covering, "Ue 9. A plant that produces seeds that are enclosed in a fruit is called a(n) angiosperm 10. List two functions of roots. Anchor plants in the ground p, Absorb water and nutrients from the soil 11, List three functions of stems. a, Carty substances between the leaves and roots pp, Support the plant ¢, Hold up leaves to the sun Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 73Name Date Class CHAPTER 6, From Bacteria to Plants (continued) > Reproduction (pages 208-210) 12. The process in which a sperm unites with an egg is called fertilization 13, Circle the letter of the name of a fertilized egg. a. spore b.sperm © 14. What is a seed? _A Seeds a plant structure that contains a young plant rygote dembryo inside a protective covering. Match the part of the seed with its function. Seed Part Function b 15. embryo a. Keeps the seed from drying out b. Young plant that develops from the © 16. cotyledon fertilized egg a —5— 17 seed coat 6. 4 seed leaf that stores food 18. Is the following sentence true or false? Seeds can begin to grow in any place they land. false 19. What do seeds need to develop into a new plant? Seeds need light, water, and nutrients. ° = 20. Describe three ways seeds are dispersed. Wind carries some seeds, Animals may eat seeds and deposit them elsewhere in wastes. Seeds may stick to an animal's fur and be carried to a new place. 74 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6£ & ° Name Date Class 21. Most gymnosperms have reproductive structures called —__©2N®S 22, What is pollen? Pollen contains the microscopic cells that will later become sperm cells. 23, A structure that contains an egg cell is a(n) ovule 24, Circle the letter of the reproductive structure of an angiosperm. seed @lower c. petals d. sepals 25. Label the parts of the flower in this diagram. Stigma Anth stamen —[ miner Filament Style [— Pistil > Plant Responses and Growth (pages 210-211) 26. What is a tropism? _4 tropism is a plant's growth response toward or away from a stimulus. 27. Circle the letter of each stimulus to which plants respond. @ouch light «. food 28. A chemical that affects how a plant grows and develops is a(n) hormone 29. How long is the life cycle of a perennial? _A Perennial usually lives for more than two years. Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 75Name Date Class CHAPTER 6, From Bacteria to Plants (continued) WordWise Match each definition on the left with the correct term on the right. Then write the number of each term in the appropriate box below. When you have filled in all the boxes, add up the numbers in each column, row, and two diagonals. The sums should be the same. A. Branching, threadlike tubes that make up fungi 1. protozoans B. Animal-like protists 2. binary fission C. A small, thick walled resting cell in side a bacterial cell 3. taxonomy 4. stomata D. Fertilized egg . . species E. A group of similar organisms that can mate and produce 6. hyphae fertile offspring 7. aygote E. Scientific study of how living things are classified 8. endospore G. Process by which one cell divides to form two identical 9. tropism cells H. Aplant’s growth toward or away from a stimulus I. Tiny pores in leaves - 15 A B c 15 1 e D E F = = 15 G H I _ 15 = = = 15 15 15 15 76 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class ANIMALS What Is an Animal? 7-1 (pages 218-220) This section explains the characteristics of animals and how biologists classify animals into groups. It also describes some animal adaptations. > Characteristics of Animals (page 218) 1. List four characteristics of animals. a. Many-celled organism p,Heterotrophs c, Most reproduce sexually ‘4.Can move from place to place 2. Animals get water, food, and oxygen from their environment 3. Is the following sentence true or false? An animal responds to stimuli in its environment. fue > How Ani als Reproduce (page 219) 4, What is sexual reproduction? _SeXual reproduction is the process by which sperm and egg unite, producing a new individual. 5. Is the following sentence true of false? A hydra reproduces sexually by forming buds that break off to form new hydras. false Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 77Name Date Class CHAPTER 7, Animals (continued) > Structure and Function in Animals (pages 219-220) 6. What is an adaptation? _A” adaptation is a characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment or reproduce. Match the type of animal with what it eats. ‘Type of Animal What It Eats © 7. herbivore a. both plants and animals b. other animals 2 8 carnivore a . plants only 9. omnivore 10. Carnivores that hunt and kill other animals are called predators . The animals that these carnivores capture and feed upon are called prey LL. Is the following sentence true or false? The bristly tongue of a bee is an adaptation for protection. false > Classification of Animals (page 220) 12. Biologists classify animals in the animal kingdom into about 35 major groups, called phyla 13. Complete the concept map. H-2Onusid can be classified as Invertebrates Vertebrates 14. Is the following sentence true or false? Most animal species are vertebrates. false 15, Circle the letter of the animal that is a vertebrate. @bird b. jellyfish c. spider d.crab 78 Guided Reading and Study Workbook Science Explorer Grade 6Name Date Class Symmetry T-2 ages 221-222) This section explains the balanced arrangement of animal bodies, > Introduction (page 221) 1. The balanced arrangement of the body of a complex animal is called symmetry 2. Is the following sentence true or false? The bodies of complex animals all have either radial or bilateral symmetry. true 3. Complete the drawing of the butterfly’s body on the other side of the line of symmetry. 4, Because the butterfly can be divided into two halves that are mirror images of each other, it has__Pl@ter@l_ symmetry. 5. Objects with many lines of symmetry that all go through a central point have__‘@4lal_ symmetry. > Animals With Radial Symmetry (pase 222) 6. Circle the letter of each object that has radial symmetry, a.oakleaf (b)seaanemone _ c. pair of eyeglasses @)bicycle wheel Science Explorer Grade 6 Guided Reading and Study Workbook 79