Subject Name: Signal and Systems

Subject Code: EC-4002

Semester: 4th
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Unit- VI : Systems with Finite and infinite duration response: Recursive and non-recursive discrete time
systems-realization structures-direct form-I, direct form-II, Transpose, cascade and parallel forms, state space
analysis: Representation and solution for continuous and discrete time LTI system.

Realisation of Structures:
There are four types of system realisation of continuous time LTI systems. They are
(i) Direct form – I (ii) Direct form-II (iii) Cascade form (iv) Parallel form

A transfer function can be realized using either integrators or differentiators. Since the differentiator amplifies
the high frequency noise, the integrators are most commonly used in the realization of system as they
suppress the high frequency noise. The adder and multipliers are used along with integrator to realize the
continuous time systems.

Type of Operator Ideal Transfer Function Block Representation

Y s
Integrator H s = = = s− X(s) s-1 Y(s)
X s s

X1(s) X1(s)+ X2(s)- X3(s)

Adder X1(s) + X2(s) – X3(s) X2(s) +
-X3(s)

+K X3(s)
Multiplier KX(s) X(s) +K

Note: The non-causal systems are not physically realizable. Therefore the system must be causal in this
realisation.

(i) Direct Form-I : Direct form-I realization of system is the simplest form of representation of differential
equation. In this separate integrators are used for input and output variables.

Example 5.1: Realize the system with the following transfer function in direct form-I:
s + s+
H s =
s + s+
Solution: To realize the system in direct form-I, the numerator and denominator of given transfer function has
to be expressed in power of s-1.
Y s s + s− + s− + s− + s−
H s = = =
X s s + s− + s− + s− + s−
Cross multiplying the above equation,
Y s [ + s− + s− ] = X s [ + s− + s− ]

Let W s = X s + s− X s + s− X s

∴ Y s [ + s− + s− ] = W s

Y s = W s − s− Y s − s− Y s

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W(s) = X(s)+4s-1X(s) + 3s-2X(s) W(s) -2s-1Y(s) -5s-2Y(s)

X(s) + + Y(s)

s-1 4s-1X(s) + 3s-2X(s) -2s-1Y(s) -5s-2Y(s) s-1

4s-1X(s) -2s-1Y(s)
s-1X(s) 4 + + -2 s-1Y(s)

s-1 s-1

s-2X(s) 3s-2X(s) -5s-2Y(s) s-2Y(s)

3 -5

Fig.5.1 : Direct form-I realization of example (5.1)

Example 5.2: Realize the system with the following transfer function in direct form-I:
s+
H s =
s + s+
Solution: To realize the system in direct form-I, the numerator and denominator of given transfer function has
to be expressed in power of s-1.
Y s s s− + s− s− + s−
H s = = =
X s s + s− + s− + s− + s−
Cross multiplying the above equation,
Y s [ + s− + s− ] = X s [s− + s− ]

Let W s = s− X s + s− X s

∴ Y s [ + s− + s− ] = W s

Y s = W s − s− Y s − s− Y s

X(s) s-1
W(s) = s-1X(s) + 5s-2X(s) W(s) -2s-1Y(s) -4s-2Y(s)
-1
s X(s) + + Y(s)

-2s-1Y(s) -4s-2Y(s) s-1

s-1
-2s-1Y(s)
-2
s X(s) 5s-2X(s) + -2 s-1Y(s)
5

s-1

-4s-2Y(s) s-2Y(s)
-4
Fig.5.2 : Direct form-I realization of example (5.2)

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(ii) Direct Form-II : Direct form-II realization of system uses minimum number of integrators. An intermediate
variable is used to integrate the input and output variables.

Example 5.3: Realize the system with the following transfer function in direct form-II
s + s+
H s =
s + s+
Solution: To realize the system in direct form-I, the numerator and denominator of given transfer function has
to be expressed in power of s-1.
Y s s + s− + s− + s− + s−
H s = = =
X s s + s− + s− + s− + s−
Divide the transfer function into two parts,
Y s Y s W s
H s = =
X s W s X s
Where
W s
=
X s + s− + s−
and
Y s
= + s− + s−
W s
Cross multiplying the above equation,

X s = W s + s− W s + s− W s
W s = X s − s− W s − s− W s
Y s = W s + s− W s + s− W s

Realize W(s) and Y(s) separately and cascade them to get H(s) as shown in Fig. 5.3(a). Since the inputs and
outputs of the integrator are same, they can be commonly used as shown in Fig. 5.3(b).

W(s) = X(s)-5s-1W(s) -2s-2W(s)

X(s) + + Y(s)

-5s-1W(s) -2s-2W(s) s-1 s-1 3s-1W(s) +4s-2W(s)

-5s-1W(s) 3s-1W(s)
+ -5 s-1W(s) 3 +

s-1 s-1

-2s-2W(s) 4s-2W(s)
-2 s-2W(s) 4

Fig.5.3 (a): W(s) and Y(s) realization of example (5.3)

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W(s) = X(s)-5s-1W(s) -2s-2W(s)

X(s) + + Y(s)

-5s-1W(s) -2s-2W(s) s-1 3s-1W(s) +4s-2W(s)

-5s-1W(s) 3s-1W(s)
+ -5 3 +
s-1W(s)

s-1

-2s-2W(s) 4s-2W(s)
-2 4
s-2W(s)

Fig.5.3 (B): Direct Form-II realization of example (5.3)

Example 5.4: Realize the system with the following transfer function in direct form-II
s+
H s =
s + s+
Solution: To realize the system in direct form-I, the numerator and denominator of given transfer function has
to be expressed in power of s-1.
Y s s s− + s− s− + s−
H s = = =
X s s + s− + s− + s− + s−
Divide the transfer function into two parts,
Y s Y s W s
H s = =
X s W s X s
Where
W s Y s
= − −
and = s− + s−
X s + s + s W s
Cross multiplying the above equation,

X s = W s + s− W s + s− W s
W s = X s − s− W s − s− W s
Y s = s− W s + s− W s
The given transfer function is realized in Direct Form-II as shown in Fig. 5.4
W(s) = X(s)-3s-1W(s) -5s-2W(s)
X(s) +

-3s-1W(s) -5s-2W(s) s-1

-3s-1W(s) s-1W(s)
+ -3 + Y(s)

s-1

-5s-2W(s) 4s-2W(s)
-5 4
s-2W(s)
Fig.5.4: Direct Form-II realization of example (5.4)

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(iii) Cascade Form : The given transfer function is represented as product of several transfer functions. These
transfer functions are realized in direct form-II, and then all of them are cascaded to get the complete
realization of given transfer function. The input is connected to the first block and output is taken from last
transfer function realization.

Example 5.5 : Realize the system with the following transfer function in cascade form
s + s+
H s =
s + . s + s+

Solution: Express the given equation as product of several transfer functions, we have
s+ s+ s+ s+
H s = =
s+ . s+ s+ s+ . s+ s+

W(s)
X(s) +

s-1

X1(s) X2(s) Y(s)

W1(s) W2(s)
-0.5 4 + + + +
s-1W(s)
s-1 s-1

-2 -4 3
s-1W1(s) -1
s W2(s)
Fig.5.5: Cascade Form realization of example (5.5)

(iv) Parallel Form : The given transfer function is expressed into its partial fractions. These factors are realized
in direct form-II, and then all of them are connected in parallel to get the complete realization of given
transfer function. The input is connected to the each one of these blocks and outputs are added together.

Example 5.6 : Realize the system with the following transfer function in parallel form
s s+
H s =
s+ s+ s+
Solution: Express the given function in its partial fraction form
s s+ A B C
H s = = + +
s+ s+ s+ s+ s+ s+
s s+ =A s+ s+ +B s+ s+ +C s+ s+

where the values of coefficients A ,B and C are calculated as,

− − +
A|s=− = =
− + − +

− − +
B|s=− = =−
− + − +

− − +
C|s=−5 = =
− + − +

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/ − /
∴H s = + +
s+ s+ s+

W1(s)
X(s) +

s-1

-2 2/3

s-1W1(s)

W2(s)
+

s-1

-3 -3 +
s-1W2(s)

W3(s)
+

s-1

-5 10/3 + Y(s)

s-1W3(s)

Fig.5.6: Parallel Form realization of example (5.6)

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