The CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies to the present study, taken from

books, published and unpublished materials and some references.

Related literature

Jeefusetal (2012), asserted that welding is a specialized task that usually requires

training and certification of abilities before a welder can work in the industry. Jeffus & Bower

(2010) stated that a young person planning a career in welding should possess good

eyesight, manual dexterity, and good hand-eye coordination.

Fleming (1937) indicated that welding training program have employed aptitude test

that evaluate mechanical ability, ability to judge shapes and sizes, ability to remember

designs, and manual dexterity, but not have extensively evaluate the predictive ability of

individual factors regarding future performance.

Choquet (2008), tates that virtual welding simulator can build motor skills such as

detecting the movement of head and hand during welding and helping students to identify

optimum point of view during welding process.

According to Phillips (2005), ensure the proper preparation, including cleaning and

beveling, to obtain a strong weld. He emphasizes the benefits of using automated welding

systems, which can improve consistency and reduce ce risk of errors. He notes that these

systems can also improve weld quality by providing real-time monitoring and feedback,

allowing for adjustments to make necessary.

The study was anchored by Hmed et al (2012), it explores the effect of surface

preparation on the quality of the weld the in pipe. Using different surface preparation

methods, the authors found that the use of mechanical cleaning and grinding resulted in
higher-quality welds with fewer defects. They also noted that the use of a bevelled edge was

critical in achieving a strong weld in pipes, as it provide a larger surface area for the weld to

bond to. Additionally, the authors found the use of backing gas, such as argon, during the

welding process helped to prevent oxidation and improve the quality of the weld.

Related Studies

Wang et al (2018), conducted a study to enhance the performance of the Shielded Metal

Arc Welding (SMAW) process for welding carbon steel pipes. The study aimed to investigate

the effects of varying welding factors on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the

welds. The researchers used different welding parameters such as welding current,

electrode diameter, and arc length, and evaluated their effects on the hardness, tensile

strength, and microstructure of the welds.

The results of the study showed that increasing the welding current while maintaining a

proper electrode diameter led to a significant increase in the tensile strength of the weld.

Moreover, the use of a larger electrode diameter combined with a shorter arc length

produced welds with better mechanical and metallurgical properties compared to those

welded with a smaller electrode diameter and a longer arc length. Furthermore, it was

observed that closely regulating the current during welding could underrate the weld defects

such as porosity, which can lead to lower tensile strength and reduced corrosion resistance.

The study also provided valuable insights into how welding parameters affect the

microstructure of the welds, which can impact the performance of the welded joints under

different conditions. The results of this study can be used to guide the development of more

effective SMAW welding procedures for carbon steel pipes, which can help to enhance their

durability and reliability in various applications.

welding current on the quality of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) joints. The authors

found that an electrode angle of 60 degrees and a welding current of 110 A produced the

highest quality welds, with minimal defects such as porosity and cracking. They noted that

these parameters allowed for optimal penetration and fusion of the materials being welded.

The study suggests that the choice of electrode angle and welding current is critical in

ensuring the quality of SMAW joints. The parameter allows for optimal penetration and fusion

of the materials being welded which in turn results in high-quality welds with minimum effect.

Accordingly, Sahu et l (2017), the effects of preheating and post-weld heat treatment

on the quality of SMAW joints were investigated. The study found that preheating the

materials before welding and performing a post-weld; heat treatment resulted in improved

weld quality, with reduced distortion and improved mechanical properties. The study

suggests that preheating and post-heat treatment are effective methods to improve the

quality of SMAW joints.

Additionally, a study by Sigh et al (2018) investigated the use of a novel coat

electrode coating material in SMAW for the production of dissimilar metal joints. The study

found that the use of novel coating material resulted in improved weld quality, with reduced

defects such as porosity and cracking. The authors noted that the coating material serve to

protect the weld from atmospheric contamination and provided additional alloying elements

to weld, improving Its mechanical properties. They also noted that the use of the novel

coating material allowed for a reduction the in amount of filler mate al required for welding,

contributing to cost savings. The novel electrode coating material is an effective method to

improve the quality of SMAW joints, particularly for dissimilar metal joints, this could improve

the mechanical properties of the weld.