Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Vol. 99, No. 1, Month 2099, pp. 1∼1x

ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v99i1.paperID ❒ 1

Performance Analysis For A suitable Propagation Model In

Outdoor With 2.5 GHz Band
Zaenab Shakir1 , Abbas Al-Thaedan1 , Ruaa Alsabah2 , Monera Salah3 , Ali AlSabbagh4,5 , Josko Zec6
1 ScientificAffairs Dept., Al-Muthanna University, Samawah, Iraq
2 Information
Technology Dept., College of Information Technology and Computer Sciences, University of Kerbala, Iraq
3 TeleWorld Solutions, Chantilly, VA 20151,USA
4 Al-Taff University College, Kerbala, Iraq
5 Ministry of communication, ITPC, Kerbala, Iraq
6 Computer Engineering and Science Dept., Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901,USA

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: As demand for mobile wireless network services continues to rise, network plan-
ning and optimization significantly affect development. One of the critical el-
Received month dd, yyyy
ements in network planning is predicting pathloss. Thus, propagation models
Revised month dd, yyyy predict pathloss in indoor and outdoor environments. Choosing the appropriate
Accepted month dd, yyyy propagation model for the area out of existing models is essential for network
planning. Selected propagation models suitable with 2.5GHz, such as Friis Free
Keywords: Space Propagation Model (FSPL), Sandford University Interim (SUI), Ericsson,
Okumura, and COST-231 HATA models, are utilized for evaluation and com-
Propagation models pared with empirical data collected from LTE networks in urban areas. The best
Pathloss acceptable model is chosen based on statistical results such as mean, standard
2.5GHz deviation, and Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE). The analytical results show
Network planning Cost-231 Hata model fits the empirical pathloss with a minimum RMSE of 5.27
4G dB.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Zaenab Shakir
Al-Muthanna University
Samawah, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The revolutionary growth of wireless networks these days influences the development of wireless
communication, especially in the quality of services (QoS) that manage telecommunication services usability,
performance, and reliability [1],[2]. Network planning plays a crucial key role in indoor and outdoor environ-
ments to obtain better QoS for Wireless cellular networks [3],[4]. Also, the deployed devices are supported to
optimize the wireless networks. It assists in selecting the optimal parameters such as cell location, transmitted
power, the best channel for transmission, and planned to guarantee the new deployed wireless networks the
requirements of users and operators [5],[6]. For all considerations to be efficient in the selected area with radio
transmission, it’s also crucial to pick the best possible propagation model.
RF (Radio Frequency) propagation models are commonly employed in network planning, mainly for
initial deployment, and forecast pathloss . To improve and optimize the appropriate propagation model for the
region, it should study and investigate based on the radio signal coverage [7],[8]. Therefore, pathloss is the
most important signal property that propagation models have estimated. Different propagation models have

Journal homepage: http://beei.org

2 ❒ ISSN: 2302-9285

been proposed and studied the appropriate one based on various environments, for instance, (dense city, urban,
suburban, and rural). Also, the signal is affected by the distance between the base station and the mobile device,
where the range distance starting from a few meters to a few kilometers [9],[10]. Therefore, the most significant
factor for propagation models is the environment for mobile communication and the type of terrain, either flat
open area, hilly, or inside building in a dense city. Typically, the specifics of the RF signal environment are not
identified. Thus, the most efficient model that is taken into account all the considerations [11],[12].
Various propagation models have been used and classified into empirical models, which depend on the
measurement for a specific region, such as log-distance, Okumura models, and Hata models. They are simple
expressions representing the effect of obstacles that faced signal during the traveling between the transmitter
and receiver, and also multipath and shadowing propagation models, but lack accuracy [13],[14]. Secondly,
semi-empirical models combine suitable statistical factors with the expression of physical phenomena, such
as the two-ray, Cost-231 models [15]. The parameter values can be tweaked to increase the accuracy of these
models. Deterministic models need complete information on the 3D area map to calculate the received signal
strength at certain points like the ray-tracing model. These models are complex in mathematics expression and
consider all obstacles that are faced by the propagated signal and the environmental situations [16],[17].
In this work, the empirical and semi-empirical propagation models are applied to determine the
pathloss for Long-Term Evolution (LTE) cellular networks in an urban environment with a 2500MHz frequency
range. Moreover, the models that are used for estimation in this article are FSPL, Ericsson, SUI, Okuomora,
and Cost-231 Hata models. The comparison for prediction results between the pathloss from propagation mod-
els and the measurement data are presented to pick the most applicable model for this area. Statistical analysis
for results such as mean, standard deviation, and RMSE are demonstrated.
The rest of this article has been divided into five main sections, beginning with the introduction,
empirical and semi-empirical propagation models, setup dataset, results and discussion, and the conclusion.

2. METHOD
In this section, the empirical and semi-empirical propagation, have been described in details. Also,
the dataset used in the evaluation has been explained below.

2.1. EMPIRICAL AND SEMI-EMPIRICAL PROPAGATION MODELS

The propagation models including FSPL, SUI, Okumura, Ericsson, and Cost-231 HATA models, have
been described in details below.

2.1.1. Friis Free Space Propagation Model (FSPL)

It is utilized for determining the pathloss of signal in the free area without obstacles when there is no
reflection, diffraction, and attenuation. It is a perfect model for the enormous distance between the transmitter
and receiver [18] [19]. The equation 1 is a formula for this model:

GT GR λ2
P R = PT (1)
4πd2 L
Where ”PR and PT ” are received and transmit power in watts, respectively. d is the distance in (Km). ”GT and
GR ” are transmit and receive antennas, respectively. λ is the wavelength in meters. L is losses.

2.1.2. STANFORD UNIVERSITY INTERIM (SUI) MODEL

It was introduced by the IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access for frequency band 11GHz, in-
cluding the channel model designed via Stanford University and named SUI. Moreover, the model extends
the frequency beyond the 1900MHz of the Hata model, and the correction factors are accepted to expand the
SUI model up to a 3500MHz band. The SUI model was declared for the ”Multipoint Microwave Distribution
System (MMDS)” in 2500MHz to 2700MHz frequency bands in the United States [19],[20].
The height for the antenna transmitter of this model around (10 to 80m), the height for the antenna of
the mobile device is from (2 to 10m), and the range of coverage from 100m to 8km. There are three types of
terrains in SUI models without declaring the specific area. Terrain A is suitable for a hilly area with middle to
dense trees, and pathloss is high with this terrain. Terrain B is suitable mainly for the flat area with medium to
dense trees or hilly areas with few trees, and the pathloss with this type is moderate. Terrain C is defined for
the flat area with little vegetation, and this type has low pathloss. The formula for this model is in equation 2:

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 99, No. 1, Month 2099: 1–1x
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 ❒ 3

P LSU I = A + 10γ log(d/do ) + Xf + Xh + S (2)

Xf = 6 log(f /2000) (3)

Xh = 10.8 log(hr /2000), for Terrain type A and B (4)

Xh = −20 log(hr /2000), for Terrain type C (5)

A = 20 log(4πdo /λ) (6)

γ = a − bhb + c/hb (7)

The variables definition are ” d distance in meters, do is the reference distance, Xf and Xh in equation
3, 4, and 5 are correction factors for frequency higher than 2GHz and the height of antenna receiver, respectively
as. f is frequency in MHz and hr is the height of antenna receiver. S is shadowing parameters between 8.2 to
10.2 dBm. The parameter A is defined in equation 6. γ in equation 7 is exponent for pathloss. hb is the height
of antenna transmitter between 10-80m. a, b, and c base on the type of terrains, and terrain B is used in this
work with a=4, b=0.0075, and c=17.1” [20].

2.1.3. Okumura Model

A well-known and standard models is Okumura model. It came from massive data measured from
Japan, and all recent models are established from Okumura model. The frequency limit included by this
model is 200MHz-1925MHZ, with a base station height of 30-100m and a receiver antenna height of 1-3m.
Moreover, the sender and receiver can be separated by up to 100 kilometers [21],[19]. The formula for this
model is presented in equation 8:

P Lok = F rris + Am,u − Htu − Hru − GArea (8)

Htu = 20 log(ht /200) (9)

Hru = 10 log(hr /3) (10)

Friis is determined by equation 1.”Htu and Hru are sender and receiver height correction factors in dB, respec-
tively, and calculated by the equations 9 and 10. ht and hr are sender and receiver heights, respectively. Am, u
is median attenuation”. The variable GArea is based on the kind of region and the median attenuation factor.

2.1.4. Ericsson Model

The Ericsson company has software for determining pathloss named the Ericsson model. It was
updated basically from the Okumura-Hata model to permit space for adjusting factors regarding to the type of
the environment. The pathloss formula for this type is in the equation 11 [22]:

P LEricsson =ao + a1 log(d) + a2 log(hb )

+ a3 log(hb ) log(d) (11)
2
− 3.2(log(11.75hr ) ) + g(f )

Where hb and hr are the height for antenna transmitter and receiver in meters, respectively. f is the frequency
in MHz. g(f ) is express in equation 12 as follow:

g(f ) = 44.49 log(f ) − 4.78(log(f ))2 (12)

The values for variables ao , a1 , a2 , and a3 depend on the type of environment, and urban environment is used
in research with ao =36.2, a1 =30.2, a2 =12, and a3 =0.1 [22].

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4 ❒ ISSN: 2302-9285

2.1.5. COST-231 HATA Model

It is utilized commonly for determining pathloss in cellular networks. It was developed as an expan-
sion for Hata-Okumura model and operated on frequency between 500 – 2000 MHz and can work even more
than 2000 MHz. This model has correction factors for various environments for instance rural, suburban, and
urban. The formula for this model is in equation 13 as follow [23]:

P LCost−231 =46.3 + 33.9 log(f ) − 13.82 log(hb )

(13)
− ahm + (44.9 − 6.55 log(hb )) log(d) + Cm

Whereas f is frequency in MHz, hb is the height of the site in meters, and d distance in Km. Cm is 0dbm for
open area and suburban and 3dbm for urban environment. The formula for ahm in equation 14 as follow:

ahm = 3.2(log(11.75hr ))2 − 4.97,for f¡400MHz (14)

hr is the height for the receiver antenna.

2.2. Dataset

The analysis results comparison of various propagation models with data measurement for LTE net-
works is presented. The LTE data was measured in Cologne, Germany, with a total length route 16Km as
shown in Figure 1 and frequency band 2500MHz. The data is collected using the Driving Test (DT) that the
operators commonly use to collect, test, and optimize the coverage area and figure out the troubles [24],[25].
DT gathers data at various distances from the base stations starting at l0m to 2Km. The dataset that uses with
propagation models to obtain pathloss is mentioned in Table 1.

Also, the empirical pathloss is computed by utilizing the measured reference signal received power
(RSRP) that is recorded by DT. RSRP is the power of the LTE Reference Signals distributed on the entire
bandwidth and narrowband [26],[27]. It considers one of important metrics for the quality of signal in LTE
networks.

Table 1. Parameters for propagation models

Parameters Values
Cell type Macro cell
EiRP 40-43dbm
base station height 16-36m
mobile station 1.5m
receiver antenna height 0dbi
Frequency 2500MHz
Distance 10-2000m
Area Urban

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Figure 1. Route Map for measured data

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The selected RF propagation models for high frequency described in the second section have been
implemented in Matlab and compared with data measured for the same area. The measured data took place
in the urban environment in Cologne, Germany, with a high-frequency band 2.5GHz. For evaluation, we have
used 52 various serving cells in the area for different distances (10-2000m). We have calculated the pathloss
based on the distance between the mobile device and the serving cell using the data collected in our setup
section. Statistical analysis is employed, such as mean, standard deviation, and RMSE.
In Figure 2, the average pathloss are plotted for various distances utilizing only outdoor data measure-
ments. The Figure 2 shows six curves: empirical Pathloss, SUI, Ericsson, FSPL, Okumura, and COST-231-
HATA models. We have selected these models because they are appropriate with a high-frequency band 2.5
GHz. According to our evaluation, FSPL, SUI, and Okumura models are underestimated from the empirical
data measurements. It is obvious from the Figure 2 Ericsson and Cost-231 HATA models are close to empirical
pathloss.
In addition, Figure 3 and Figure 4 present the mean and the STD for all selected propagation models.
It is significantly noticed that Ericsson and COST-231 HATA models close the empirical pathloss. The mean
and std for Ericsson are 141.69 dB and 12.53 dB, respectively. Also, the mean and std for COST-231 HATA
model are 142.01dB and 14.23dB, respectively. Whereas the empirical pathloss has 147.28 dB and 14dB for
the mean and STD, respectively, as shown on Table 2. Only the RMSE can detect the best propagation model
for this area.
According to the RMSE Figure 5, the COST-231 HATA model provides the best prediction model
with the RMSE of 5.27dB for this outdoor area. Additionally, it is worth noticing the Ericsson model is the
second-best propagation model with the RMSE of 5.67 dB after the winner closely.

Table 2. Mean and standard deviation for models

Models Mean (dB) Std (dB)
SUI 107.52 19
Ericsson 141.69 12.53
FSPL 98.36 8.04
Okumura 119.28 7.48
COST-231 HATA 142.01 14.23
Empirical PL 147.28 14

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160 Empirical-PL
SUI
Ericsson
140 FSPL
Okumura
Path Loss(dB)

COST-231-HATA
120

100

80

60

0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00

Distance (Km)
Figure 2. Comparison of Selected propagation models with Empirical PL

Figure 3. Comparison in Mean for Propagation models

Figure 4. Comparison in Std for Propagation models

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 99, No. 1, Month 2099: 1–1x
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 ❒ 7

Figure 5. Comparison in RMSE(dB) for Propagation models

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, one of the challenges of networks planning which is selecting the suitable propagation
model, has been investigated. Select appropriate models with 2.5 GHz band LTE networks, Friis, SUI, Ericsson,
Okumura, and COST-231 HATA models. According to the chosen models’ analysis results, the Cost-231 Hata
model obtained the lowest RMSE with 5.27 dB. Moreover, Ericsson model provides the second best choice
with 5.67 dB RMSE for the urban area. All comparisons have been made with empirical pathloss from LTE
data measurements for Cologne city, Germany.
We plan to optimize the parameters for future work by using some statistical methods, for instance,
Least Mean Square Errors (LMSE) and Linear Least Squares Method (LLSM) to achieve minimum RMSE.
Furthermore, it is intended to investigate enhancing QoS for cellular networks outdoor and indoor by applying
machine learning algorithms with different feature selections and more accurate dataset can be used to compare
the results. In addition, it is planned to study the performance analysis for millimeters wave (60GHz).

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

The recommended number of authors is at least 2. One of them as a corresponding author.

Please attach clear photo (3x4 cm) and vita. Example of biographies of authors (9 pt):

Zaenab Shakir received a B.Sc. degree in computer engineering from Al-Mustansiria

University, Iraq, in 2005, the M.Sc. in computer engineering from the University of Arkansas at
Little Rock, AR, USA, in 2011 and PhD degrees in computer engineering from Florida Institute of
Technology, FL, USA in 2020. Currently, she is a faculty at Al-Muthanna University. Her research
interests are Telecommunication, Computer networks, Machine Learning, Radiofrequency (RF), In-
ternet of things (IoT), and WSN.
She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Abbas Al-Thaedan received his Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from Florida Institute
of Technology, FL, USA in 2020. He also holds a M.S. degree in Computer Science from the Univer-
sity of Arkansas at Little Rock, AR, USA, in 2011, and a B.S. in Computer Science from the Thi-Qar
University, Iraq, 2005. Currently, he is a faculty at Al-Muthanna University. His research interests
are Computer networks, Machine Learning, Complex Networks, and Internet of things (IoT).
He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Paper’s title should be the fewest possible words that accurately describe ... (First Author)
10 ❒ ISSN: 2302-9285

Ruaa Alsabah Ruaa Alsabah is a lecturer in Information Technology department -Kerbala

University-Iraq since 2011. She got her Ph.D in wireless communication from WiCE Lab at Florida
tech, USA since 2019. She obtained her B.Sc, M.Sc in information and communication Engineering
College from Al-Nahrain University-Iraq. She earned the CISCO certificate and a membership in
union of engineers. Her research interests are remote sensing, Wireless Communications, E-learning,
Internet services, Internet of Things, and computer networks.
She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Monera Salah received a B.Sc. degree in electrical and computer engineering from
University of Aljabal Algharby, Libya, in 2006, the MSEE from Cleveland State University, OH,
USA, in 2012 and PhD degree in electrical engineering from Florida Institute of Technology, FL,
USA, in 2019. After graduation, she worked as RF support engineer at Netscout, Allen, TX. Cur-
rently, she works as an RF engineer at TeleWorld Solutions, Chantilly, VA. Her research interests are
telecommunications, RF and IoT.
She can be contacted at email: [email protected]

Ali AlSabbagh a senior engineer at ministry of communication (ITPC) in Iraq. He got his
Ph.D in wireless communication from WiCE Lab at Florida tech, USA since 2019. He obtained his
M.Sc from London Brunel University-UK in wireless communication system and B.Sc in Robotics
Eng from Baghdad University-Iraq 2008 and 2006 respectively. He also has 6 years of experience
as a university lecturer in private college. Currently he serves as a technical reviewer in several
journals and international conferences. His work and research interests include Internet services, RF
propagation, IoT, and wireless networks.
He can be contacted at email: [email protected]

Josko Zec received a B.Sc. degree in electric engineering from University of Zagreb in
Croatia, received M.S. degree from New Jersey Institute of Technology and Ph.D. from University of
Central Florida, all in Electrical Engineering. He joined Florida Tech in 2015 as Associated Professor
after 15-year experience in wireless communications industry spanning Agilent Technologies, Optimi
and Ericsson and 5-year experience in satellite remote sensing. His research and teaching focus is
on radio communications, commercial mobile communications technologies, and satellite remote
sensing.
He can be contacted at email: [email protected]

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 99, No. 1, Month 2099: 1–1x