Propeller

Group 2
- Albert Sebastian P
- Ariya Oktafian
- Christian Daniel
- Cokorda Bagus D K
- Febrian Wahyudi
- M. Masykur Huda
- Muhammad Rafi
- M. Faridh Al farisy
- Naufal Daffa R
- Ubed Kurniawan
- Usman Syarif

Multiple Choice Question

1. A propeller which changes blade angles in response to operational forces and is not
controlled from the cockpit..
a. Automatic Propeller
b. Fixed Propeller
c. Feathering Propeller
d. Reverse Propeller
Answer : A. Automatic Propeller
References : EASA Module 17A - Propeller

2. The surface area of the propeller divided by the surface area of the propeller disc
a. Propeller Clearances
b. Propeller Solidity
c. Propeller Configuration
d. Propeller Element
Answer : B. Propeller Solidity
References : EASA Module 17A - Propeller

3. What is the purpose of a constant speed propeller system?

A. To increase engine power

B. To vary the propeller blade angle
C. To reduce fuel consumption
D. To enhance maneuverability
Answer: B. To vary the propeller blade angle
References : EASA Module 17A - Propeller

4. Which of the following devices are NOT mentioned as pitch changing devices for constant
speed propellers?

A.Electric motors
B.Hydraulic cylinders
C.Mechanical gears
D.Centrifugal forces and flyweights
Answer: C.Mechanical gears
References : EASA Module 17A - Propeller

5. Why was the use of electric propellers limited after World War II?

A. They were too expensive to manufacture.

B. They required complex mechanical adjustments.
C. They lacked the ability to change pitch in flight.
D. They needed a large amount of maintenance.
Answer: D. They needed a large amount of maintenance.
References : EASA Module 17A - Propeller

6. The method used to attach the propeller to the engine crankshaft will vary with the design of
crankshaft. Which of these methods are not the used-on aircraft engines:
a) Grooved Propeller Shaft
b) Flanged Propeller Shaft
c) Tapered Propeller Shaft
d) Splined Propeller Shaft
Answer : A. Grooved Propeller Shaft
References : EASA Module 17A - Propeller

7. The Hartzell constant-speed propeller uses a …… to control the pitch of the blades:
a) Hydraulic piston-cylinder element
b) Electrical Motor
c) Positive hydraulic pressure
d) Constant Hydraulic Pump
Answer : A. Hydraulic piston-cylinder element
References : EASA Module 17A - Propeller
8. Underspeed condition is when the engine speeds drops below the RPM for which the governor
is set. This decreased force at the flyweight allows …?
a) Speeder spring to lower pilot valve
b) Constant speed propeller to have full-feathering ability
c) Oil to be boosted in pressure by engine-driven propeller governor
d) The propeller blades to move at a higher angle
Answer : A. Speeder spring to lower pilot valve
References : EASA Module 17A - Propeller

9. The angle between the propeller’s plane of rotating, and the cord line of the propeller aerofoil
is called…

a) Blade angle
b) Blade station
c) Pitch
d) Pitch distribution

Answer : A. Blade angle

References : EASA Module 17.1 Fundamentals (page 8)

10. The references position on a blade that is a specified distance from the center of the hub is
called…

a) Blade angle
b) Blade station
c) Pitch
d) Pitch distribution

Answer : B. Blade station

References : EASA Module 17.1 Fundamentals (page 8)

11. The distance (inch or millimeter) that a propeller section will move forward in one revolution
is called…

a) Blade angle
b) Blade station
c) Pitch
 d) Pitch distribution

Answer : C. Pitch
References : EASA Module 17.1 Fundamentals (page 8)

12. The clearance the exist between the propeller tip and the ground when the aircraft is in the
normal flying attitude is

a) Fuselage clearance
b) Ground clearance
c) Wheel clearance
d) Wing clearance

Answer : B. Ground clearance

References : EASA Module 17.2 Propeller construction (page 17)

13. Propeller rotates in a clockwise direction when viewed from aft - looking forward

a) Right handed propellers

b) Left handed propellers
c) Combination propellers
d) Double handed propellers

Answer : A. Right handed propellers

References : EASA Module 17.1 Fundamentals (page 18)

14. Puts the greatest stress on a propeller as it tres to pull the blades put of the hub

a) Centrifugal Force
b) Bending force
c) Torque bending force
d) Tension forcce

Answer : A. Centrifugal force

References : EASA Module 17.1 Fundamentals (page 37)

15. Attempts to bend the propeller blades forward at the tips

a) Thrust bending
b) Bending allowance
c) Centrifugal twisting moment
d) Centrifugal force

Answer : A. Thrust bending

References : EASA Module 17.1 Fundamentals (page 37)

16. What is the purpose of coating some wood propellers with plastic or FRP before applying
metal tipping?

a) To increase torsional stiffness

b) To provide protection and added strength
c) To enhance aerodynamic performance
d) To reduce overall weight

Answer : b) To provide protection and added strength

References : EASA Module 17,2 Propeller construction (page 17)

17. Why are the tips of the propeller painted with a different color?
a) To enhance aerodynamic performance
b) To make the propeller more visually appealing
c) To improve the propeller's balance
d) To make the transparent disc visible when the propeller is running

Answer: d) To make the transparent disc visible when the propeller is running

References : EASA Module 17,2 Propeller construction (page 17)

18. What is the purpose of a Pitch lock mechanism used on some transports?

A) To enhance the performance of the governor.

B) To allow the propeller to overspeed if the governor fails.
C) To prevent excessive overspeeding of the propeller if the governor fails.
D) To disable the propeller completely in case of a governor failure.
E) To reduce the efficiency of the propeller during a governor failure.

Answer:
C) To prevent excessive overspeeding of the propeller if the governor fails.

References : EASA Module 17.1 Fundamentals (page III-Glossary)

19. What type of aircraft are ground-adjustable propellers typically used on?
a) Aircraft with high power, speed, range, or altitude.
b) Aircraft with low power, speed, range, or altitude.
c) Fighter jets and high-performance aircraft.
d) Helicopters and rotary-wing aircraft.
Answer: b) Aircraft with low power, speed, range, or altitude.

References : EASA Module 17,2 Propeller construction (page 19)

20. What limits the length of the blade in an aircraft's rotational velocity?

A) Ground clearance at the tip of the blade.

B) The shock wave effects.
C) The RPM of the aircraft's engine.
D) The rotational motion of the element.
E) The velocity of the blade element at the hub.

Answer: B) The shock wave effects.

References : EASA Module 17.1 Fundamentals (page 19)

21. What is the main purpose of spinners installed over propeller hubs in modern propeller-
driven aeroplanes?

A. Directing cool air into the cowling

B. Enhancing the propeller's performance
C. Providing additional weight for stability
D. Securing the propeller to the flange

Answer: A) Directing cool air into the cowling

References : EASA Module 17.3 Fundamentals (page 15)

22. Why should special care be taken when repairing cracks in the spinner bulkhead or propeller?

A. To ensure proper alignment of the dowel pins

B. To avoid adding weight that could cause vibration
C. To make the propeller installation more streamlined
D. To improve the performance of the propeller

Answer: B) To avoid adding weight that could cause vibration

References : EASA Module 17.3 Fundamentals (page 5)

23. When a heated spinner is removed, what should be checked to ensure it is within permissible
limits for further use?

A. Electrical contacts and heating elements

B. Torque value of the spinner attaching bolts
C. Alignment of dowel pins in the propeller hub
 D. Resistance values of the propeller blades

Asnwer :A) Electrical contacts and heating elements

24. What is the distance a blade moves in one revolution assuming 100% efficiency called ?

A. .Geometric Pitch
B. .Effective Pitch
C. .Blade Angel
D. .Helix Angel

Answer : A) Geometric Pitch ( References : EASA Module 17.1 Fundamenta;s ( page 21)

25. What is the forward distance moved per revolution called due to tip losses that cause slip?

A. Geometric Pitch
B. Effective Pitch
C. Blade Angel
D. Helix Angel

Answer : B.) Effective Pitch

References : EASA Module 17.1 Fundamental ( page 21 )

Essay

1. Identify and explain about four main propeller configuration

Answer :
- Pushes : the airframe through the air and is usually fitted behind the mainplane
- Tractor : type pulls the airframe through the air and is usually fitted forward of the
mainplane
- Contra-rotating : there are two propeller units on one shaft, driven by the same engine,
but rotating in opposite directions
- Counter-rotating : with a large rotating mass such as a propeller, it will produce a
significant turning moment or torque on the airframe
References : EASA Module 17A - Propeller

2. Mention and explain about propeller clearances!

Answer :
- Ground clearance : the clearance that exists between the propeller tip and the ground
when the aircraft is in the normal flying attitude.
- Fuselage clearance : the clearance between the side of fuselage and the propeller tip.
References : EASA Module 17.1 Fundamentals (page 17)

3. How does the Hartzell constant-speed propeller control the pitch of its blades?

Answer : The Hartzell constant-speed propeller's hydraulic piston-cylinder element is a key

component in controlling the pitch of its blades. It ensures that the propeller adapts to different
engine speeds to maintain optimal performance. When the engine speed is too low, the cylinder
is pushed forward, reducing the pitch. Conversely, when the engine speed is too high, the oil
passage is opened, and the combined action of the feathering spring and counterweight force
increases the pitch. This dynamic control mechanism allows the propeller to maintain the right
balance and contribute to efficient and effective aircraft operation.

References : EASA Module 17A - Propeller

4. Describe the advantages of using Constant-speed propeller?

Answer : The tremendous advantage of being able to change pitch in flight opened new
possibilities for increased efficiency. Replacing the two-position valve with a flyweight-
controlled valve in a governor allows the blade pitch angle to be continuously and automatically
adjusted in flight to maintain a constant and efficient engine speed.
References : EASA Module 17A - Propeller

5. What is the formula of propeller solidity?

Number of Blades x Chord at the Master Station
Answer : Solidity =
CIrcumference of the Master Station
References : EASA Module 17A - Propeller (Page 16)

6. Explain the differences between fixed-pitch propellers and ground-adjustable propellers,

their design characteristics, and the types of aircraft on which they are typically used.

Answer : Fixed-Pitch Propellers:

A fixed-pitch propeller has a predetermined blade pitch, or angle, built into the propeller,
and this angle cannot be changed after the propeller is constructed. Typically, fixed-pitch
propellers are made of laminated wood or aluminum alloy and are designed for optimal
efficiency at a specific rotational and forward speed, usually the cruise speed. However,
they are less efficient at take-off and landing speeds. These propellers are one-piece units
and are not adjustable in-flight.Fixed-pitch propellers are best suited for aircraft with low
power, speed, range, or altitude requirements. They are designed to perform efficiently
under specific conditions of both aircraft and engine speeds

Ground-Adjustable Propellers:
In contrast, a ground-adjustable propeller operates similarly to a fixed-pitch propeller
when the blades are in motion. However, the pitch or blade angle can be adjusted on the
ground when the propeller is not turning. This adjustment is made by loosening the
clamping mechanism that holds the blades in place. Once the desired blade angle is set
using a propeller protractor, the clamping mechanism is tightened, fixing the blade angle
until the next adjustment.
Ground-adjustable propellers offer the advantage of flexibility, allowing for changes in
blade pitch to meet variable flight requirements. Like fixed-pitch propellers, they are also
commonly used on aircraft with low power, speed, range, or altitude needs.

7. Explain the function of Fixed and Removable Stops in the propeller control system?

Answer:
Fixed and Removable Stops in the propeller control system serve to confine the angular
movement of the propeller blades within appropriate limits for different phases of flight
or ground handling. These stops include Feather and Reverse Braking Stops, Ground Fine
Pitch Stop, Flight Fine Pitch Stop, Flight Cruise Pitch Stop, and Governing Coarse Pitch
 Stop. They regulate the blade angles for specific flight situations and prevent
overspeeding or excessive drag during certain flight phases. Some of them can be
removed to adjust the propeller performance as needed.
References : EASA Module 17.6 - Propeller (Page 35)

8. Explain the difference between aluminum alloy, aluminum, and steel propellers in
modern airplanes !

Answer :
The difference between aluminum alloy, aluminum, and steel propellers lies in their
manufacturing materials and construction. Aluminum alloy propellers use strong
aluminum alloy materials, while aluminum propellers are made from ordinary aluminum.
Meanwhile, steel propellers can be either of solid or hollow construction.

References : EASA Module 17.1 Fundamentals ( page 11)

9. Describe the different types of propeller ice protection systems used in aircraft !

Answer:
There are two main types of propeller ice protection systems used in aircraft: anti-icing
systems and de-icing systems. Anti-icing systems prevent ice formation on the propeller
blades, while de-icing systems remove the ice once it has accumulated.

Reference : EASA Module 17.5 ( Page 5)

10. Discuss their principles of operation and the advantages and disadvantages of anti-icing
system.

Answer : Anti-icing systems work by heating the propeller blades to a temperature above
freezing, which prevents ice from forming. This is commonly achieved through electrical
heating elements embedded in the blades or by using heated engine oil circulated through
the blades. The advantages of anti-icing systems are that they provide continuous
protection during flight and are effective in preventing ice buildup. However, they can be
power-intensive and may lead to increased fuel consumption.

Reference : EASA Module 17.5 (page 5)