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BIOGAS

Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter. It consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. There are four main steps in biogas production - hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis, carried out by different microorganisms. Biogas plants come in three main types - balloon plants, fixed dome plants, and floating drum plants. Biogas is a renewable and eco-friendly energy source that can reduce pollution and fossil fuel dependence while transforming waste into a useful resource.

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Laxman Isaraddi
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22 views

BIOGAS

Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter. It consists mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. There are four main steps in biogas production - hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis, carried out by different microorganisms. Biogas plants come in three main types - balloon plants, fixed dome plants, and floating drum plants. Biogas is a renewable and eco-friendly energy source that can reduce pollution and fossil fuel dependence while transforming waste into a useful resource.

Uploaded by

Laxman Isaraddi
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BIOGAS

SAMEEKSHA S SHETTY
II nd M.Sc BIOTECHNOLOGY
WHAT IS BIOGAS

• Biogas is a combustible gas that is produced by the biological


breakdown of organic matter occurring in the absence of oxygen.
• Biogas comprises a mixture of different gases, mainly methane
(CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), 1–5% other gases, including hydrogen
(H2).
COMPOSITION OF BIOGAS
Components Concentration (%)

Methane (CH4) 55-60


Carbon dioxide(CO2) 35-40
Hydrogen(H2) 2-7
Hydrogen Sulphide(H2S) 2
Ammonia(NH3) 0-0.5
Nitrogen(N2) 0.2
The biogas production includes 4 steps they are
• Hydrolysis
• Acidogenesis
• Acetogenesis
• Methanogenesis
HYDROLYSIS

• Biomass is made up of large organic polymers, complex polymers


hydrolysed to monomers.

• Complex organic molecules will breakdown to give simple sugars,


amino acids and fatty acids.

• Done by Hydrolytic fermentative bacteria such as Clostridium,


Proteus, Peptococcus, Bacteroides, Bacillus, Vibrio, Acetivibrio
cellulolyiticus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus.
ACIDOGENESIS

❖ Breakdown of remaining components by acidogenic bacteria such as


Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Bacillus,
Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Eubacterium limosum, Clostridium,
Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium, Acetobacterium, Syntrophomonas
wolfei.

❖ Ammonia, H2, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen sulfide, Short volatile fatty


acids, carbonic acids, alcohol and other by products are produced.
ACETOGENESIS

▪ It involves Hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria.

▪ Acetobacterium woodii, Acetobacterium wieringae, and


Clostridium thermoautotrophicum.

▪ Simple molecules created through acidogenesis phase further


digested to acetic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
METHANOGENESIS

 It involves Methanogens. Methanogens can be divided into three


groups: hydrogenotrophic, aceticlastic, and methylotrophic
methanogens.

 3 classes of methanogens have been isolated and identified with


three representative orders are Methanobacteriales,
Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales.

 Intermediate products of the proceeding stages converted to


Methane and carbon dioxide. These components make up the
majority of biogas.
BIOGAS PLANT

➢ Mixing tank: The feed material like cow dung is gathered in the mixing tank.
➢ Inlet pipe : The slurry is moved in to the digester through the inlet pipe/tank.
➢ Digester: Inside the digester the slurry is fermented. Biogas is produced.
➢ Gas holder: the biogas formed are collected in gas holder.
➢ Outlet pipe: The slurry is discharged into the outlet tank.
PROCESS PARAMETERS OF A BIOGAS PLANT
➢ ANAEROBIC ENVIRONMENT
Methane production take place strictly in anaerobic condition.

➢ RETENTION TIME
Retention time is the duration required to complete the degradation
of organic matter. It depends on the generation time of methanogens.

➢ TEMPERATURE
Temperature required is 30-400C.
Fluctuation results in inhibition of growth of microorganisms and
less amount of methane formation will take place.
➢pH
The optimum environment is a pH of between 6.5 and 8, and the
preferred level is 7.2.
Acidic medium lowers methane formation.
➢SUBSTRATE
Substrates used in Biogas production are Biological additives,
Powdered leaves of some plants, Agricultural residue, from grains
and crops, Dairy manure, Food waste, Animal waste, Municipal
waste, Fruit and vegetable waste.
➢DRY MATTER CONTENT
In a biogas plant, it should only be around 8-10%.
➢CARBON NITROGEN (C/N) RATIO
Microorganisms in a biogas plant needs both carbon and nitrogen.
The C/N ratio should be less than 30/1, otherwise becomes the
limiting factor for bacterial growth.
TYPES OF BIOGAS PLANT
BALLOON PLANTS
A balloon plant consists of a plastic or rubber digester bag, in the
upper part of which the gas is stored. The inlet and outlet are attached
direct to the skin of the balloon.
• Advantages: Low cost, ease of transportation, low construction, high
digester temperatures, uncomplicated cleaning.
• Disadvantages: Short life (about five years), easily damaged.
❖FIXED DOME PLANTS
❖A fixed-dome plant consists of an enclosed digester with a fixed,
non-movable gas space. The gas is stored in the upper part of the
digester.
• Advantages: Low construction cost, no moving parts, no rusting steel
parts, hence long life (20 years or more).
• Disadvantages: Gas pressure fluctuates substantially and is often
very high, low digester temperatures.
FLOATING DRUM PLANTS
Floating-drum plants consist of a digester and a moving gasholder.
The gasholder floats either direct on the fermentation slurry or in a
water jacket of its own. The gas collects in the gas drum.
• Advantages: Simple, easy understood operation, constant gas
pressure, volume of stored gas visible directly.
• Disadvantages: High construction cost of floating-drum, many steel
parts liable to corrosion, resulting in short life.
Biogas plant for house hold waste
ADVANTAGES OF BIOGAS PLANT
• Biogas is eco friendly and it is a renewable source of energy.
• Biogas Generation Reduces Soil and Water Pollution.
• Reduced greenhouse gas emissions and reduction of global
warming.
• Reduced dependency on imported fossil fuels.
• Biogas production is the ability to transform waste material
into a valuable resource.
DISADVANTAGES
• There are no new technologies yet to simplify the process and
make it accessible and low cost.
• After refinement and compression, biogas still contains
impurities.
• In cold climates, digesters require heat energy to maintain a
constant biogas supply.
• Another biogas disadvantage is that industrial biogas plants
only make sense where raw materials (food waste, manure)
are in plentiful supply.
REFERENCES
• Khan B. H. (2009), Non-Conventional Energy Resources.
Second Edition, McGraw Hill Education Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
Pp 263-271.
• Moo- Young M. (2019), Comprehensive Biotechnology. Third
Edition, Elsevier Science Ltd, U.K. Pp 111-115.
• Seadi T. A., Rutz D., Prassl H. & Kottner M. (2008), Biogas
Handbook. University of Southern Denmark Esbjerg, Denmark.
Pp 10-14.

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