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Performance Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Ultra-High-Performance

Concrete Incorporated with Waste Glass-A Review
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INTCSET 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1094 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012030

Performance Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Ultra-High-

Performance Concrete Incorporated with Waste Glass-A
Review

Jamshid Esmaeili and Ammar Oudah AL-Mwanes

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. The ultra-high-performance glass concrete (UHPGC) is an advanced UHPC

innovative pioneer in sustainable concrete technology. UHPGC technology can provide
environmental benefits through the use of post-consumer glass. Economic benefits through the
decrease in the amount of landfilled materials are undesirable as they are neither biodegradable
nor environmentally friendly and could reduce the costs for UHPC. Compressive strength
greater than 150 MPa and mini-slump spread diameter bigger than 250 mm can be achieved,
depending on the UHPGC composition and curing temperature. The glass powder (GP) milled
to the micro-scale is subjected to low pozzolanic reaction and works as a catalyst speeding
clinker dissolution forming calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). These reactions have a good
positive influence on both UHPC's mechanical and microstructural properties. This paper
overviews previous studies carried out as partial or full replacement of sand or quartz sand
(QS), quartz powder (QP), and silica fume (SF) by the use of milled waste glass (WG) in
UHPC mixture. Nowadays, the sustainability of the construction sector must be a priority for
the scientific community. So, the development of the used materials and methods to extend the
lifetime of concrete structures is mandatory.
Keywords. Performance evaluation, eco-friendly, UHPC, Waste Glass.

1. Introduction
Recent advances in concrete technology have created new types of cementitious composites such as
high strength concrete (HSC), self-compacting concrete (SCC), self-healing concrete, ultra-high-
performance concrete (UHPC), etc. Usually, UHPC is described by the low W/C (water-cement ratio),
excellent workability, advanced durability, and high mechanical properties. These properties depend
mainly on the distribution of particle size, density, and optimum W/C ratio [1]. UHPC is one of the
concrete types with a compressive resistance that exceeds 150 N/mm2, a tensile strength over 7
N/mm2, and little porosity. The positive characteristics are due to the mixture's increased homogeneity
by replacing the coarse aggregates with fine sands and quartz powder. The mixture is also
characterized by large quantities of cement, SF, small water-cement ratios (w/c), and the use of high-
range water-reducing admixtures [2]. Because of these super mechanical properties of the UHPC,
lighter construction structures with long spans, new design with a potentially cheaper cost and less
resource consuming than steel, traditional concrete can be achieved. High cement contents are used to
make UHPC mixtures. Also, SF (0.1-1 μm), superplasticizer, very fine quartz sand (0.15 - 0.60 mm),
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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1094 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012030

and QP (smaller than 10 μm) without coarse aggregate. Fine QS substitutes coarse aggregate. The
substituting quartz is optimally graded at 150–600 μm to reduce heterogeneity between the cement
matrix and the aggregate. As a result, a dense microstructure is produced. This significantly improves
UHPC performance [3],[4]. The population and industry are overgrowing. As a result, enormous waste
is generated. Therefore, recycling wastes has turned critical universally. In theory, the best
sustainability for reusing wastes is the closed-loop recycling technique [5]. With a growing
understanding of the value of environmental preservation and the conservation of natural resources,
concrete sustainability as a construction material has turned a concern to engineers and researchers.
Using waste in concrete offers significant advantages such as reducing waste disposal costs,
decreasing greenhouse gas pollution, and conserving raw materials. These advantages satisfy the
increasing rigorous regulations of the environment and enhance concrete features. Glass has been
researched as a replacement for fine aggregates, and even cement, among the various forms of solid
waste. Because of its chemical compositions and physical features, WG well substitutes sand, powder
sand, and SF, which are particularly important for areas that lack natural resources dealing with waste
disposal [6]. Recycling of WG by converting it to fine aggregate or powder provides landfill areas and
reduces the request for raw material for building[7]. The advantage of using WG as a replacement for
QP or fine aggregates in concrete provides a potential environmental solution to the growing problem
of effective GW management in some developing countries[8]. In sustainable construction
development, and new materials are used. Also, waste materials could replace natural resources with
alternative ways to conserve the environment. The replacement of QS with glass sand (GS) extracted
by crushing WG cullets in the UHPC may reduce QS use to the lowest point as QS sources are
minimal, expensive, and harmful to the environment. This replacement will significantly decrease the
usual UHPC cost by decreasing the content of QS or reduce the QS transport costs when the local GS
is used in the production of UHPGC. Besides, human carcinogenic and environmental hazards because
of QS in UHPC can be reduced [9],[10]. QP causes short and long-term ecological harm because of its
environmental diversity. This diversity is a concern for the environment. The "International Agency
for Research on Cancer (IARC)" considers respirable QP carcinogenic to humans because it is a
Group I carcinogen. Also, the U.S. National Toxicology Program listed respirable-sized small
crystalline silica as a human carcinogen. Thus, work to substitute QP with other safe, harmless
materials should be conducted. The substitution of QP with GP can intensely decrease the UHPC cost
[9],[11]. In addition, replacing SF with fine glass powder (FGP) in UHPC mixing could save SF
material limited in availability. The WG non-biodegradable can be reused, minimizing the quantity
that must be processed or deposited in landfill [12].
Environmental problems have been taking into consideration the difficult situations in modern
construction industries. Reusing and recycling wastes are considered as one of the most important
methods to reduce waste. Indeed, a few articles on fresh and hardened features and durability of
UHPC consisting of WG as a partial or full replacement of SF, QP, and QS can serve the market. This
research presents a review of the feasibility of sustainable reuse of WG and GP crushed into fine
aggregate size as a replacement for sand in the production of UHPGC and reviewed the past outcomes
of this topic to be a standard reference for further studies.

2. Recycle waste glass

More than a million tons of WG are generated worldwide per year. When the glass becomes a WG, it
is disposed of in landfills. This disposal is harmful because glass does not decompose in the
environment [13]. Glass is commonly considered a solid substance consisting of non-crystalline silica,
calcium oxide, sodium oxide, etc. The used raw materials make the chemical composition vary
significantly in each glass use[14]. Per year, thousands of tons of end-use glass are obtained separately
from municipal waste worldwide. Owing to its amorphous nature and its high silica content, recycled
glass has been used as a fine aggregate and supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) in concrete
[15]. According to “The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U. S. EPA),” the US
generate 11,500,000 million tons of WG a year. Therefore, reusing or recycling WG is required to

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1094 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012030

prevent contamination generated by storing or disposing WG in landfills or dumping sites. Glass is

considered non-biodegradable in comparison to other solid waste substances, that can produce a
considerable menace to the environment [8]. Because glass is 100 % recyclable, its waste can be
recycled endlessly with the properties of purity and quality remain [16]. However, there is less glass
recycling in developed countries than other solid waste materials. Despite the growing attempts to
recycle WG, more than 50% of collected WG in some parts of the world are deposited in
landfills[8][17].
In practice, only some glass types are reusable to new glass because other glass types are impure,
expensive, or mixed in colors. The development of new recycling options for WG is required, for
example, employing WG in concrete and constructing materials [18]. Because of the glass's
outstanding hardness, substantial studies are conducted to recycle glass as a small aggregate for
concrete. Crushed pieces of glass that have been used as aggregates are usually angular in form and
can have certain elongated and smooth pieces. The angularity degree, flat number, and the elongated
particles depend on the crushing degree [19]. This deposition is non-biodegradable waste in landfills.
This means it harms the environment. Because of the low recycling rate, landfill areas for modern
landfills are rare. Generally, in solid waste management systems, WG is a problem. In the construction
industry, such as the industry of the cement and concrete could be a very effective and useful solution
for the influence of glass waste on the environment because of the physical features and the chemical
composition of glass with similar features of the composition of sand, as Table (1) shows [20].

Table 1. Colored glasses and cement chemical composition [20].

No. Chemical Cement Clear Brown Green Crushed Glass
% glass% glass % Glass % glass % powder %
1. SiO2 20.2 72.42 72.21 72.38 72.61 72.20
2. Al2O3 4.7 1.44 1.37 1.49 1.38 1.54
3. CaO 61.9 11.50 11,57 11.26 11.70 11.42
4. Fe2O3 3 0.07 0.26 0.29 0.48 0.48
5. MgO 2.6 0.32 0.46 0.54 0.56 0.79
6. Na2O 0.19 13.64 13.75 13.52 13.12 12.85
7. K2O 0.82 0.35 0.2 0.27 0.38 0.43
8. SO3 3.9 0.21 0.1 0.07 0.09 0.09
9. TiO3 - 0.035 0.041 0.04 - -
10. Loss on ignition 1.9 - - - 0.22 0.36

3. The use of waste glass to partially replace quartz sand and QP in UHPC
Waste glass provides comparable alternatives as a substitute for the traditional concrete aggregates and
utilizes crushed granular WG as fine aggregate and sand powder in concrete. It saves the environment
and decreases the need for raw material extraction [21]. The relevant legislation has recently promoted
the use of unconventional aggregates in Europe and has provided environmental benefits, such as the
safeguarding of non-renewable raw materials and the off landfill disposal. Recycled glass has already
been used as concrete aggregates [22] using ground glass sand (GS) as partially or entirely replacing
QS in UHPC. The particle-size distributions (PSD) of the QS used in UHPC mixtures are about 150-
600 µm with a d50 of 250 µm. Different studies were conducted on the replacement ratios from 0% -
100% for the QS [23]. The concrete sand glass powder density (SGP) is higher than that of the
standard concrete. SGP is available as waste in large amounts and can be utilized in concrete
manufacturing. This will go a long way toward decreasing waste in our environment [24]. Recently,
there have been some attempts to use WG, in concrete, as supplementary cementitious materials
(ASCMs) as alternatives. There are other attempts to utilize ultrafine fillers, according to its chemical
composition and PSD. The use of WG as fine aggregate makes concrete resist chloride penetration by
glass ground to a particle size finer than (38 μm). This makes the concrete resistant and durable when
the crushed WG is used as fine aggregate. The chemical composition of the recycled glass is given in
Table (2) [9].

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1094 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012030

Table 2. Chemical compositions of high-sulfate resistance cement (HS), GP, SF, quartz
sand, and QP.
No. Composition % by mass Cemen Quartz Quartz Silica Glass
HS sand powder fume powder
Chemical SiO2 22 99.8 99.8 99.8 73
compositions% Al2O3 3.5 0.14 0.11 0.11 1.5
Fe2O3 4.3 0.04 0.9 0.9 0.4
CaO 65.6 0.17 0.38 0.4 11.3
TiO3 0.2 0.2 0.25 - 0.4
SO3 2.3 -- 0.53 - -
MgO 1.9 0.01 0.2 0.2 1.2
Na2O 0.07 -- 0.25 0.2 13
K2 O 0.8 0.05 3.5 0.5 0.5
Na2Oeq 0.9 -- -- - -
ZnO 0.09 -- -- 0.25 -
Loss on ignition 1 0.2 0.32 3.5 0.6
Physical Unit weight 3.21 2.7 2.73 2.20 2.6
properties Blaine surface area (m2/kg) 430 - - 20.0000.1 380
Average particle size.d50 11 250 13 5 12
μm
Largest particle size. dmax - 600 - - 100

4. The use of waste glass to partially replace silica fume (SF) in UHPC
There are three main functions of ultra-fine silica fume with high amorphous silica in UHPC. The first
is filling voids in the larger granular class. The second is the enhancement of the mixing lubrication
because it has perfect spherical particles. The third is the production of secondary hydrates when the
pozzolanic reactions happen with the primary hydration products [25]. Also, the silica surface
functions as a nucleation center to form C-S-H phases produced by the alite and belite hydration [26].
Typically, SF is 20-25% of the whole binder elements in UHPC. About18% of SF quantity is needed to
react cement hydration. The tests of the construction showed that the highest compressive strength can
be obtained when the SF content is 30%. This strength increases the density of the concrete mixtures.
The high content of SF (30%) is mission obstructions of UHPC for the increase of the consumption of
the concrete market because of its low resources and high prices. Even though SF improves the
rheology of concrete, the high SF particle surfaces raise the demand for water and influence the
fluidity of mixtures. The increased SF content increases the viscosity which needs a large quantity of
superplasticizers[12],[27]. The substitution of SF in UHPC mixing with fine GP (FGP) reduces the
cost and is environmentally friendly. WG is not a biodegradable substance and is not reusable. It
minimizes the buried quantity. Replacing SF with FGP will also significantly reduce the price of
traditional UHPC. Using FGP increases UHPC workability and enhances the quality of concrete [12].
The SF is not only one pozzolanic substance, it also has a positive impact on the cementitious material
structure. Also, different studies report that GP can have a similar effect. Their experiments show that
alkali silica reaction can happen if the particle size is about 0.075 mm -2.00 mm. Yet if the WG is
milled to powder, a reaction of pozzolanic than that of alkali silica, could happen. Also, a positive GP
influence on the hydration of cement is reported [1].

5. Properties of ultra-high-performance waste glass concrete (uhpgc)

5.1. Fresh UHPGC properties

In Table (3), the UHPGC new properties are given. They include a unit weight, a mini-slump flow, and
an air content compared to a reference of UHPC. The slump flow diameters do not increase with the

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1094 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012030

increases of GS contents such as (190, 200), by 50 QS to 50 GS, and (210) mm to the concrete
reference, 0QS to 100GS mixtures. This increase is because of the substitution of QS particles with the
GS particles characterized by low water absorption [23]. When recycled glass content is increased, the
slump flow, flow ratio, and V-funnel increase too [7]. The new features of the concrete mixtures,
compared with the reference of UHPC mixture, entail that more FGP replacement raises flow capacity
due to the low absorption of water of the FGP particles. The specific surface area SF is 22000 m2/kg,
two times bigger than that of the FGP (10000 m2/kg) [28]. Also, in the reference counterpart mixture,
the addition of more FGP substitution increases the capacity of flow because of the low absorption of
water. The smooth surface of the FGP particles had also contributed to that capacity. So, the entire net
surface blend area of the SF and FGP is reduced when FGP substitutes SF. The required water for the
particle surfaces' lubrication is positively correlated with the net particle surface area. However, it is
negatively correlated with the increase of the slump flow. All UHPGC mixtures with FGP slump had
improved more than UHPC mixtures reference [12].

Table 3. The fresh concrete properties [23].

Reference Series 1 100% substituting Series 2 QS substituting with
QS with GS and various GS and optimum
PSDS (QS/GS) granulomere (d50=275)
property 0/100 0/100 0/100 0QS/100GS 50QS/50GS
GS-350 GS-275 GS-225
Slump flow (mm) 190 175 210 170 210 200
Air void % 3.8% 5.5 4.6 5.2 4.6 4.3
Unit weight (kg/m3) 2363 2292 2297 2300 2297 2306
Temperature (˚C) 32 32 31 31 31 32

5.2. Compressive strength

Compressive resistance can be attained by up to 220 (MPa), with a good economic gain obtained using
glass powder in the lie of SF and QP. The obtained UHPC mechanical strength is GP outcome [14].
GP functions as a chemical activator material more than pozzolanic material. It serves as an inert
substance in early hydration points. Occasionally, a GP can minimize the volume of water for the usual
consistent mixture in concrete. This possibly relies on the specific surface and the distribution of the
particle size. Also, the GP amorphous silica defects could react with CH and produce a low basicity C-
S-H in a later hydration stage. In this level of basicity, alkalis can be used in the creation of new
hydration phases. Thus, the concrete microstructure and compression resistance could increase
dramatically and give UHPC very high mechanical features [14]. The compressive resistance to the
UHPC mixture with (50%) FGP substitution of (50SF/50FGP) increases the compressive strength of
(3%) at 56 days and (6%) and 91 days of Normal Curing (NC), in comparison with the reference
counterparts[12]. The partial replacement of SF by other finely sized SCMs such as FGP is thus a
promising solution. The compressive resistance of the 28 days can be increased by replacing the nano-
silica with the addition of WGP. The positive effect of WG powder on UHPC compressive resistance
is due to increasing pozzolanic activity because of the increased amounts of amorphous substances.
Hence, the optimal WGP amount for the 28 days compressive resistance will be related to SF
replacement at different levels [27]. The addition of GP increases the drying shrinkage by raising the
pozzolanic activities [14]. The concrete mixture compressive resistance is 0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and
100% FGP following various curing ages, NC, and high curing (HC). Also, the replacement of 30%
and 50% of the SF with FGP produces higher FC levels under NC at various ages. Regardless of SF
replacement quantity in UHPC mixing, the compressive strength increases by about (10-16) % in the
samples exposed to HC two days compared to NC 91 days because there is a pozzolanic reaction from
the SF and FGP in the mixture. This reaction makes a denser C-S-H microstructure in the cement
mixture, developing the strength very quickly [12]. The increase of compressive resistance is due to
the pozzolanic reaction that has occurred. As a result of this reaction, an additional gel is produced,

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1094 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012030

and thus the strength is improved. The increase of GP content could raise the active silica in the
concrete microstructure depleting calcium hydroxide due to the pozzolanic reaction. The remaining
free silica could weaken the concrete structure and strength.

5.3. Flexural strength

Glass sand aggregates substitute sand. About (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20 %) of glass sand flexural
strength are added in comparison with the reference counterpart (10.5 MPa) by (2.9%, 7.6%, 9.5%,
and 14.3%) [29]. Also, there is a slight increase in the concrete flexural strength when 25% of glass
sand is added from green glass (1.5%) compared to the plain concrete[30]. The reduction of flexural
strength for specimens is 25% and 30% of GP. This may be attributed to the depletion of calcium
hydroxide due to the pozzolanic reaction. The free silica remaining part in a concrete microstructure
could weaken the concrete elements' strength and bond.

5.4. Durability
UHPC is more durable than NC and HPC because of the reduced water-cement rate (w/c) by about
0.20%, and at the same time, it includes more fine materials. The durability of UHPC is good
regarding the permeability of water and chloride-ion, and the resistance of the following: chemical
attack, freeze-thaw, alkali-silica reaction, and abrasion resistance for the previously mentioned causes
[31]. The UHPGC dense matrix prevents the ingression of detrimental materials (chloride-ion) through
functioning as a sealing layer to make the concrete more durable. The mean of the total Coulombs
passes by using the resistance to chloride-ion penetration (RCP) test is 5.0 and 3.0 Coulombs at 28 and
91 days, respectively. According to ASTM, C1202, these results are within the “negligible”
classification. This chloride-ion penetration rate is lower than high-performance concrete (HPC) and
the traditional UHPC. The low UHPGC corrosion rate is partly because the material significantly
resists conducting an electric current. The UHPGC resistivity is extremely high, about 3466 kΩ.cm
[32]. The mechanical abrasion test (ASTM, C779) produces a mean relative volume-loss index (1.35
mm). The mass loss following 56 freeze-thaw cycles when the decline of the salt is very low (12 g/m2)
(BNQ NQ 2621-900). The samples of 28- and 91 days are exposed to the operations of chloride-ion
penetration (ASTM, C-1202) test producing only 10 Coulombs, which are very low. However, when
freeze-thaw cycles are 1000, the dynamic modulus elasticity (ASTM, C-666) is 100% [33].

5.5. Drying shrinkage

The addition of nano-silica and WGP to UHPC increases the drying shrinkage. Because of the
hydration reaction, cement usually shrinks, silicon powder responds to Ca(OH)2 formed through
cement while hydrating. This develops the shrinkage because of the increase in the pozzolanic
activities, that increases the chemical shrinkage. This shrinkage results from excluding gel water and
higher drying shrinkage of nano-silica, which perform better in terms of concrete than the reference
counterpart. The reason for this performance is a higher quantity of finer C-S-H with more gel water
released in the drying shrinkage[27],[34]. Also, the addition of GP raises the drying shrinkage through
the increase in the pozzolanic activities [14].

5.6. Microstructure analysis

In the specimens of the reference UHPC mixture, HC is treated using 50QS/50GS in UHPGC. As the
ASR test is completed, the microstructure analysis under the "scanning electron microscope" (SEM) is
conducted. Several processes are conducted on UHPGC specimens, such as epoxy impregnation,
polishing, and carbon coating, to facilitate SEM analysis. Figure (1) shows “a backscattering-
scanning-electron (BSE).” Pictures (a)and (b) show that the reference mixture counterparts; pictures c
and d display 50QS/50GS. The pictures show a low w/c, a significant unreacted cement quantity, QP,
and SF particles. Cracks are not visible, and pores appear as portlandite (Ca(OH)2) crystals[23],[35].
Some entrapped or entrained globular air pores in the concrete matrix, most of which are a side effect
of the superplasticizer in the mixture of UHPC. There is a clear interfacial transition zone (ITZ) of the

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1094 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012030

reference mixture in the figure, which is very thin or could not appear at all, as in Figure (1). This
figure (c and d) does not show ASR gel or micro-cracking ring around the (GS) particles in the
mixture. As a result, there is no worry about ASR problems with the UHPC, which contains GS. There
should be free water for the occurrence of the ASR in any concrete. As the permeability of this UHPC
is low, ASR would not be expected as an issue if there is a GS use [9]. Pictures e and f in figures (2)
reveal the microstructure of 0QP/100GP following HC. In the 0QP/100GP BSE, glass powder particles
are not separated from the surrounding (C-S-H) phase. This could form a thin hydration rim as there is
a GP pozzolanic reactivity. In the reference UHPC mixture, the QP particles are separated from the
surrounding (C-S-H) phase, as in Figure (2b) [9],[35].

Figure 1. BSE, SEM images for reference mixture (a,b) and

(50QS/50GS) (c,d)[23],[35]

Figure 2. BSE, SEM specimens under hot curing (HC) for 2 days: ( pictures a and b)
reference, (pictures c and d) 80C/20GP, and (pictures e and f) 0QP/100GP[36], [35].

5.7. Water absorption

The concrete permeability to water may allow the chemical compounds, such as chloride ions, for
example, the concrete's permeability. It eventually contributes to corrode steel rebars and fibers.
UHPC is famous for having a lower porosity and denser microstructure than NC and HPC. This
prevents permeability [37]. This permeability is usually influenced by W/C rate, SCMs, and pore
diameter and connectivity. The permeability coefficient of concrete significantly decreases by reducing
the W/B rate [31]. Past works show that the absorbed water quantity in concrete is low when there is
RGS. Thus, the glass is permeable with deficient water absorption. Thus, RGS in concrete decreases

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1094 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012030

the whole water absorption demand [5]. The water absorption is tested for mixtures and percentages,
which decreased if the WG content increases. The lowest absorption is in the concrete mix containing
40% WG. The absorption for all elements is depicted in Table (4). Also, there is a negative correlation
between WG content and water absorption [24].
Table 4. Water absorption of the cube at 28 days.
No. Mix. Water absorption at 28 days
1. Without GP 1.7
2. GP 10% 0.81
3. GP 20% 0.71
4. GP 30% 0.63
5. GP 40% O.52

6. Conclusions
Various researchers’ investigations of the effect of glass reused on properties of (UHPC) show that
WG and GP could be successfully utilized to partially replace SF, QP, and QS in a mixture in the
UHPC. Also, they are used in the construction industry, which turns significantly common:
 An ideal UHPC mixture is possibly formed through substituting quartz sand with glass-sand
up to 50%. This mixture could be in approximate flowability and compressive resistance
similarity relative to the reference counterpart. This similarity is because UHPC is very low in
terms of permeability. This prohibits the ingress of the alkali.
 The substitution of QP with GP makes UHPC highly strong and slump flowing. Thus, the
compressive resistance and concrete microstructure could significantly improve.
 Because of the positive alkali-silica reaction influence on the compositions with GP,
macroporosity is removed. Also, there are big pores at the micro-scale (670 μm). The highest
pore concentrations at nano-scale (60 μm) are reported in all compositions of UHPC.
 At the later ages, after 28 days, the pozzolanic impact of WG in concrete is more evident in
the concrete color.
 The (SEM) examination revealed poor contact bonds between the crushed glass sand and
cement matrix, as evidenced by the increase in the voids as the glass content increased in the
concrete mixtures.
 The sustainable and eco-friendly concrete could be obtained from WG sand mixed with
natural sand in concrete mixes about 50% natural sand substitution for structural application.
However, if the glass sand content percentage is less than 25, better results will be achieved.
These results show that the recycled WG could produce sustainable concrete to prevent the
harm of WG in landfill sites.
 GP milled to tiny particles (micro-scale) is subjected to the pozzolanic reaction and functions
as a catalyst. This increases the dissolution speed of clinker phases. It also quickly forms sub-
basic hydrate (C-S-H) calcium silicate. A favorable impact on UHPC's microstructural and
mechanical features can be gotten from these reactions.
 The recycling and reuse of WG in concrete are sustainable to improve and preserve the
environment. These recyclings are efficient for eliminating pollution by reducing waste,
extending landfill lifetime, and conserving natural resources. When the GP substitutes QP,
more sustainable UHPGC can be obtained. The transportation cost could decrease when
UHPC is made from locally available GP.

7. References
[1] E Ńerelis, V Vaitkevičius and V Kerńevičius 2016 Mechanical Properties And Microstructural
Investigation Of Ultra-High Performance Glass Powder Concrete (J. Sustain. Archit. Civ.
Eng.) vol 14 no 1 pp 5–11

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1094 (2021) 012030 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012030

[2] H U of A Mohammed 2015 Mechanical Properties of Ultra High Strength Fiber

Reinforced,thesis MSc
[3] S Ahmad, I Hakeem, and M Maslehuddin 2016 Development of an Optimum Mixture of Ultra-
High Performance Concrete (Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng.) vol 20 no 9 pp 1106–1126
[4] Z Liu, S El-Tawil, W Hansen and F Wang 2018 Effect of Slag Cement on the Properties of
Ultra-High Performance Concrete (Constr. Build. Mater.) vol 190 pp 830–837
[5] B Taha and G Nounu 2009 Utilizing Waste Recycled Glass as Sand/Cement Replacement in
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)This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or
not-for-profit sectors)

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