Job Interviews, Education

and Work Experience

Detailed Job Descriptions

and work environment

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 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE STORY
МОДУЛЬ
Job Interviews, 6
Education
• Chapter 1: My Job!
and Work Experience
Цифровой век
• Chapter 2: Jobs for life!​

Тема
Detailed 2
Job Descriptions
and Как
work environment
интернет изменил
нашу жизнь

www.techtitute.com
 Detailed Job Descriptions and work environment. Detailed Job Descriptions and work environment.

Role of the Cover Letter

INTRODUCTION
• The cover letter speaks specifically about your work experience and highlights key
qualities that set you apart from other applicants. The hiring manager usually only
reads a cover letter if the resume contains the minimum qualifications for the job.
The cover letter should state the position you are seeking and where you found it,
Welcome to the second lesson followed by an overall philosophy about your career. For example, the cover letter
might begin with “I am highly interested in the position of Accountant posted
In this lesson we will learn about: on CareerBuilder. I am a UF graduate with internship experience in accounting
and bookkeeping seeking an entry level position at a growing firm.” After the
• In this lesson, we will be looking at what important first paragraph, you should speak specifically about your prior work or education
information should be included in a cover letter, how it experience and show how this experience will make you beneficial in the position
should be organised and some tips on what to do if you get you seek. For example, “With three years of experience with bookkeeping and
called in for an interview. records in a medical office, my organizational and accounting skills allow me to
learn quickly and produce detail-oriented work.” Follow your body paragraph with
Role of the Resume your contact information and a formal salutation. For example, “Thank you for
considering my resume. I can be reached at xxx-xxxx, and look forward to hearing
• The resume is the backbone of your job application. It supplies from you about this position. Sincerely, Jane Doe.”
the key points of your work history in an easily readable
format. The average hiring manager only spends roughly 30
seconds on each resume, so organizing your experience into Tailoring Your Documents
easy-to-read bullet points is crucial. • Resumes and cover letters should always be tailored to specific jobs. The resume
Your resume will either be uploaded digitally or delivered in should contain relevant experience that will appeal to each individual employer,
print format. Either way, you should perfect your formatting and the cover letter should include specifics about why the position appeals to
and your grammar before you send the resume to an employer. you. Name the company within the cover letter, and always adjust both documents
before sending a new application. You should look at the job advertisement for
information about where and how to send the documents. Sometimes, you will
Types of Resumes upload them through an online system. Some businesses accept resumes and cover
letters in person or by mail. If you are invited in for an interview, you should bring
• Though there are many different types of resumes, two major both documents with you and supply enough copies for everyone in the interview
types of resume formats are available for job applicants. Your meeting. If you are unsure about who you will be interviewing with, bring five or six
situation will determine the best format for your application. copies of your resume to the interview.
A chronological resume outlines your work experience
based on reverse chronology. Your most recent job and its
description is listed first, followed by all other positions In grammar you will:
in reverse chronological order. In contrast, the functional • Present simple/present continuous.
resume organizes your work experience into skills categories
and lists relevant experience from all your activities, even • Past simple/ past continuous.
volunteer work and internships. Skills categories might include • Present perfect and other perfect tenses.
customer service skills, accounting skills, supervisory skills or • Future tenses will/going to.
administrative experience. Regardless of whether you choose
a chronological or functional resume, you will include your Vocabulary:
name, address, email address and telephone number at the
top of the resume. You will also include your education, your • Related to sports, hobbies and free-time
relevant skills, and an objective statement or summary of activities as well as idiomatic phrases.
qualifications. Typically, the objective statement is best for an
entry level worker, while a summary of qualifications is best for
an applicant with ample work experience. Objectives:

• By the end of the module, you should be able to write your

own cv and cover letter in the correct style and format, using
suitable language to impress any future boss.
Are you ready?
So let`s get started!
 Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

Chapter 1: the filling and administration.

My Job! And then outside the company I have close contact with the architects and the project
management team responsible for the whole construction.
I report to the Head of Business Development and she reports directly to the CEO, so
I work for a medium-sized, family-owned business. We offer specialized services to the there are not many layers in the company and it’s not at all bureaucratic.
construction industry. I personally
My work is challenging of course, because it involves both a sales function and a
specialize in lighting installations inside buildings - my background is in electrical technical function - and every project is different. But the atmosphere in the office is
engineering. I am responsible for the initial contact with the client - I visit them great. It’s very informal and I’m on first-name terms with everyone, even the CEO.
at their offices and discuss then needs. My role is to talk to the architects and the
developers, to try to persuade them of the importance of modem lighting design inside So that’s me.
a building.
Now about my wife. Well she works for a large, multinational bank with it’s Head office
I show them how it can create a good working atmosphere and add to a company’s in Switzerland. It’s a back-office function - she works in the loans department. Her job
image. I explain our track record in this field and show them a portfolio or other involves checking the credit history of companies who want to borrow money, and
lighting installations that we’ve done. then assessing the risk of the loan. She deals with both small and medium enterprises.
She’s doing well - she was promoted last year. Now she’s in charge of a small team
Once the initial contact has been made and the client is ready for a detailed proposal, of four people, so there’s a management dimension to her job as well; it’s not simply
I take a back seat for a while. Somebody else looks at the detailed specifications for the number-crunching.
installation and then another colleague researches the cost of the labour and materials.
Those two people work under me, and I supervise their work quite closely. Finally our

Chapter 2:
legal department draws up the proposal. I oversee the whole process and sign off the
proposal before it’s sent to the client.
There are a number of other people that I liaise with on a day-to-day basis. We have an
office manager who handles incoming calls, organizes my schedule and keeps on top of How to speak so that people want to listen.
Interviewer: Diane Webber, you’ve switched careers more than once during your own
working life, and you now run a highly regarded employment agency
for media high-fliers, where, above all, you advise your clients, both
companies and applicants, to be fully flexible. You seem to see this as
a fundamental principle, if your agency slogan – ‘Keeping your options
open’ – is anything to go by. Is that a fair assessment of how you operate?
Diane W: Absolutely. I know that not so very long ago we used to see jobs for life
as the norm, with unquestioning company loyalty, and a golden
handshake at the end of it all – which, nine times out of ten, probably
wasn’t in actual fact deserved – but things are very different now.
And yes, there does seem to be something positive in all this, despite the
obvious question mark over security. Successful players in the current

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Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

job market cut their teeth in one firm, and are willing to step sideways Interviewer: Ah, but isn’t that the nub of it all, that this shifting and fragmented
more than once to gain fresh experience. Unlike their predecessors, they approach leads to poor decisions? Of course, the perpetrators are never
may only progress up the rungs when they land their third or fourth taken to task, as they’ve already made a quick exit and are knocking
job, or even later in their career. This increased movement brings on your door for another job!
benefits, not just for them, but for the companies they work for, too.
Diane W: That’s a bit unfair! For one thing, there have always been bad decisions.
Interviewer: In spite of the instability? Surely it’s important to have some continuity? No company can rely on its personnel to make the right choices one
hundred percent of the time – even with the help of highly-paid outside
Diane W: Well actually, it’s a mixed blessing. Individuals can get terribly stale consultants, staff will continue to get it wrong from time to time.
if they stick in one place for too long, especially if they report However, I’d argue that it’s the mediocre employees, who just want
to managers who fail to challenge them. That implies a hierarchy riddled to keep their heads down, who are far more likely to cause problems
with complacency and under-achievement, which can no longer be than the risk-takers, who, don’t forget, are only as employable as their
tolerated in today’s fast-moving, dog-eat- dog world. Also, much last success.
of today’s work consists of fixed- term projects, done in teams, and if
one or two members drop out along the way, it really doesn’t matter, Interviewer: Ruthless ...
provided that the team remains an entity. The one exception to this is
Diane W: Pragmatic!
the team leaders themselves, who are not only the driving force, but the
guardians of the project, who hold important historical detail in their Interviewer: Which brings us neatly back to your slogan, doesn’t it? Keeping your
heads, so yes, continuity is important there. options open. How far do you encourage people to go in this?
But even then it’s a clearly defined cycle. We’re frequently approached by Diane W: With new opportunities opening up all the time, the sky’s the limit really.
highly-experienced team leaders who, having completed one project, It’s certainly never too late to contemplate a move, and so the maxim has
decide they can’t face even the slightest whiff of repetition and so come to to be, don’t rule anything in or out.
us seeking fresh challenges.
Interviewer: We’ll end on that positive note. Diane Webber, thank you.
Interviewer: And they manage to find work?
Diane W: It’s been a pleasure.
Diane W: Oh, they’re snapped up! Because generally speaking, a project-based
job can easily demonstrate a track record, it’s there in the successful
completion of the project.
Interviewer: And these people would have no problem getting references from the
employers they’re essentially walking out on? I would have thought that
that could be an issue...
Diane W: Employers don’t view it like that at all. Their mindset is different now,
as I said earlier, and companies actually take steps to foster a more
dynamic environment, as they feel this yields better productivity, though
the jury’s still out on this, in my view. Nevertheless, with a flow of people,
there’s a quantum leap in terms of the ideas generated, not to mention
the chance of new ways of problem-solving imported from elsewhere.
These effects are tangible and they’re often very attractive because they’re
perceived as lean and efficient, instant solutions, even if they generally
turn out to be only quick fixes which later have to be reversed.

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 Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

Vocabulary:

5. Boring: One day I’m a boring financial

planner, and the next day, I can’t go
out in sunlight and I see the future.
1. Fascinating: It was a bewildering
and fascinating place.

6. Dull: I guess it does sound

dull when I talk about
it, but it’s never dull to
2. Rewarding: It must me, and Alex seems to be
be nice to have such happy with things.
a rewarding career.

3. Satisfying: In addition to satisfying

these conditions of equilibrium, a
7. Repetitive: Any tedious or repetitive
ship must fulfil the further condition
task causes people to change their mood.
of stability, so as to keep upright; if
displaced slightly from this position,
the forces called into play must be
such as to restore the ship to the
upright again.

8. Routine: Still she continued the ordinary

4. Stimulating: The policy of
routine of her duties and occupations.
artificially stimulating investment
is also too reminiscent of postwar
conventional wisdom

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Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

9. Uninteresting: These new disputes

mobilize a wide range of people
previously uninterested in trade.

13. Hectic: Things have been so

hectic here at the office, I thought.

10. Challenging: In the long

term expert systems promise
to enable automation of
more challenging tasks.

14. Tiring: It may get a little

tiring for some people.

11. Demanding: Within three days of the

Paardekraal meeting a letter was sent
to the administrator demanding the
keys of the government offices.

15. Tough: It was a tough job

you set us there, my word!

12. Hard: Don’t be too

hard on Howard.

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Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

Work Collocations with “task” and “work”.

Colleague Civil Servant. Client

Task
Promotion Consultant Marketing

Prospects Effective Efficient Approach/ get down to/ tackle a task​.

Public/private sector. Executive Leave (n) Carry out/do/get on with/perform a task​.

Complete/fulfil/succeed in (doing) a task​.
Recruit Fire (v) Effective
Assign somebody/give somebody/set somebody a task​.
Redundant Headhunt Multinational
Be tasked with doing something.
Sack (v) Strike (v) Union

Contacts at work Work

Boss Customer Co-worker​ I work for... (a company)​

CEO Line manager Counterpart I’m working on... (a project)​

I work with/alongside... (colleagues)​
Colleague Opposite number Project leader
I work on my own.​
Supplier
I work from home.​
To be in work/out of work.​
To be off work (because you’re ill)​
I leave for work at 7.30am, I go to work by train.​
I get to work at about 8.45am, I’m at work until 6pm.

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Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

1. Crop up: appear or happen

5. Knock off: stop working
suddenly or unexpectedly.

6. Knuckle down: start working

2. Dive in: start doing something
hard, especially when you
in a very enthusiastic way.
should have one this earlier.

7. Lay off: end someone’s employment,

3. End up: be in a particular place especially temporarily, because
or state after doing something there is not enough work for them;
or because of doing it. stop doing or using something,
especially for a short period of time.

8. Lie ahead: If something lies

4. Kick off (with): begin (with) ahead, it is going to happen
to you in the future.

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Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

9. Make up: work at different times from 13. Take on: start to employ someone;
usual because you have not worked accept some work or responsibility.
enough at the normal times.

10. Press ahead/on (with): continue 14. Tide over: help someone to get to
doing something in a determined the end of a difficult period of time,
way, despite difficulties, especially by giving them money
opposition or interruptions. until they can get some more.

11. Set out: start doing or working on something 15. While away: spend time in a relaxed
in order to achieve an aim outset (n). way when you have nothing else to do.

16. Wind down: end or finish something

12. Snow under: if you are snowed
gradually; gradually reduce work
under, you have too much of
before stopping completely; relax after
something to deal with.
a period of excitement or worry.

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Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

17. Ever: hardly ever, if ever, first/ 21. Never: you never know,
only/ etc. Something ever (to, never again, never mind,
bigger/better/etc. than ever, as never mind if/whether/etc,
ever, ever since, forever/for ever. never ever, never-ending.

18. Hours: keep regular/late hours, 22. Now: now is the time to, from
working long hours, for hours (on now on, for now, up to now,
end), (during)school/working/ right now, now that, any day/
etc hours, at/until all hours, after moment/etc now, just now, every
hours, out of hours. now and then/again, nowadays.

19. Job: get/find/take/do a job, it’s a good

23. Office: take office, run for office, public
job, leave/lose your job, make/do a
office, head office, office holder, office
good/bad job, have a job to do/doing sb’s
block, office hours, office party.
job, out of a job, on the job, job losses.

20. Moment: take/be a moment, just/wait

24. On: on time, on and on, on
a moment, any moment (now), at the
en, from now/that moment/
moment, at this/that moment in time,
then on. You’re on!
in a moment, the right moment (to/for)

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Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

29. Work: work on/in/with/as/at/for,

25. Second: give/take Sb a
work like magic, work both ways,
second to do it, in a second,
work a treat, work wonders, work
within seconds, seconds
your way (through/around), at
later, a split second.
work, out of/in work, piece of work.

26. Start: have/make a good /fine/bad/etc

30. Year: years of age, years old,
start, get off to a good/flying/head/bad/
year on year, for years, not/never
etc start (on/at), (right) from the start,
in a million years, leap year.
(at/from the) start of, get (sth.) started.

27. Term: in the long/short term,

end of term, term of/in office, 31. Antique: antiquity, antiquity.
term-time, prison/jail term, fixed
term, ing/short term.

32. Apply: reapply, misapply,

28. Time: pass the time, spend time, make applicant, application, (in)
time, find the time, take time in/on applicable, (mis)applied,
time, by the time, time after time, part- (in)applicability.
time, full-time, time frame, time limit.

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Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

33. Compete: competition,

37. Expect: expectation,
competitor, competitiveness,
expectancy, expectant(ly).
(un)competitive(ly.

34. Employ: (un)employment,

underemployment, employer,
38. Future: futurist, futuristic(ally).
employee, (un)employed,
underemployed, (un)employable.

35. End: ending, unending, endless(ly). 39. History: historian, historic, historical(ly). ​

40. Incident: incidence, coincidence,

36. Event: eventuality, (un) incidental(ly), coincidental(ly).
eventful, eventual(ly).

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Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

41. Job: jobbing, jobless. 45. Period: periodical, periodic(ally).

46. Produce: producer, product,

42. Last: outlast,lasting, productivity, production, counter-
everlasting, lastly. productive, (un)productive(ly).

43. Manage: mismanage, manager, 47. Time: mistime, timer, timing, overtime,
manageress, (mis)management, timetable, timelessness, (un)timely, timeless(ly).
(un)manageable, mismanaged,
managerial, managing.

48. Work: rework, overwork, worker,

works, reworking, workplace,
44. Moment: momentous, overworked, working, (un)workable.
momentary, momentarily.

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 Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

Grammar:

1. Modals and Semi-modals. Real ability Current or general ability​. Can, can’t You can’t really speak seven
could, couldn’t languages fluently, can you?​
Past ability​.
There’s no way you could
The nine main modals (will, can, could, may, might, shall, Decisions made now read when you were two.​
about future ability​.
should must) have only one form (ie they do not change I can get you a paper when
tense or person) and are followed by a simple or continuous Future ability. I go to the shop, if you like.
bare infinitive (eg. could + do, be doing, have done, have
been doing). They can also be followed by a bare infinitive
in the passive (eg. could + be done, have been done).
Hypothetical Current or general Could/couldn’t​ I couldn’t go on a quiz
hypothetical ability​. show. I’d be too scared.​
Ability Could/couldn’t​
Semi modals have similar meanings to
Future hypothetical I could go with them to
ability​. Could have, the cinema tomorrow but
modals. They include: need (to), ought couldn’t have.
to, had better and have (got) to. I won’t.​
Past hypothetical
ability. They could ve asked the
Prime Minister much
Some semi-modals, such as had more searching questions.
better, do not change tense or person.
Others, such as have (got) to, do.

Permission

Some semi-modals can be used in Asking May, could, couldn’t, Can I finish watching this before
combination with modals, producing for permission.​ can, can’t​ I go to bed?​
phrases such as might have to.
Giving/refusing May, may not, could, No, you can’t.
permission. couldn’t, can, can’t.​

Advice

Asking for and Should, shouldn’t, ought to, You should try to get that
giving advice. oughtn’t to, had better. poem published.

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 Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

Obligation

Critcism
Current or general obligation.
Criticising past behaviour.​ Should have, shouldn’t have, (Must, mustn’t, have (got)
ought to have, oughtn’t to have.​ to, need (to).
Expressing annoyance at past behaviour.​
Could have, might have​ You have to be a good
​Criticising general behaviour.​
will​ communicator to be a
Criticising a specific example of someone’s press spokesperson.
general behaviour. would

A lack of current or general

You shouldn’t have spoken to You could/might have told me
obligation.
Mrs. Todd like that. you were going to be late!
​Don’t have to, must,
needn’t, don’t need (to)
You don’t always need
to have a degree to
become a journalist.
​He will slam the door every You would take the car just
time he goes out. when I wanted to go out.

Future obligation
Will have to, must, mustn’t,
have (got) to, (will) need (to).
You’ll have to do quite a lot
of research before you write
this report.

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 Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

Degrees of certainty

Certainty (or near certainty) about now, the future or generally.

A lack of future obligation.
Don’t/won’t have to, haven’t got Will, would, must, can,can’t, could, couldn’t.
to, needn’t, don’t/won’t need (to).
“There’s someone at the door”​
I’m glad we won’t have to write
any more essays on this course. ​ “That’ll be the postman”​
“It can’t be. He’s already been”

​Past obligation​ Certainty (or near certainty) about the past.

A lack of past obligation will have, won’t have, would have, wouldn’t have, must have,
Had to, needed (to)​. can’t have, couldn’t have.

Didn’t have to, didn’t need “They won’t have heard the news, will they?”​
(to), needn’t have.
“They must have heard by now, surely”
We had to come up with three
questions each.​
In the past, politicians didn’t
have to deal with being in a Probability about now, the future or generally. ​
24-hour media spotlight.
should have, shouldn’t have, ought to have, oughtn’t to have,
may/might well (not) have, might easily (not) have.

“Jan should have finished writing her article by

now, shouldn’t she?”​
“She may well have done, but I haven’t seen it yet.”​

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Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

Pronunciation Theory
Possibility about now, the future or generally.

Could, may (not), might, mightn’t,may/might/could just.

[S] + consonant/s
I might (just) have time to get to the library before it closes.

Possibility about the real past. A large number of English words with a combination of
two consonants consisting of an [s] and another consonant,
Could have, may (not) have, might have, mightn’t have. such as [p] (as Spain), [t] (steal), [k](sky), [m] (smoke), [n]
(snore), [l] (slow) or [f] (sphere). Since in Spanish there are
no words which start with an [s] followed by a consonant,
Jim might not have checked his email yet. it is difficult for Spanish speakers to produce the previous
English words. Thus, Spanish speakers usually pronounce
an [e] vowel before the [s]. This should be avoided since it
causes a very strong Foreign accent effect.

Listen to the following words produced with

an initial [s] followed by a consonant.

Steal
Sky
Smoke
Snore
Sphere

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Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

Note that the same applies when the word starts with an
initial [s followed by two consonants, for example strong.
No [e] sound should be produced before the [s].
Listen to the following words being produced
with devoiced consonants.

Listen to the following words being produced Plot

with an initial [s] followed by two consonants.
Try
Cute
Strong
Twain
Screw
Square
Spray
Splash Final consonant clusters.
One of the main differences between English and Spanish final
consonant clusters is the number of consonants allowed at the
[P T K] + [L R J W] end of the syllable in each language. In Spanish. syllables can have
a maximum of two final consonants [texto teks-to], whereas in
English they can have a maximum of four. [texts teksts]
Furthermore, most of the Spanish words that have to consonants
In English, when [p], [t] and [k] are followed by [l], [r], [j] or in syllable final position are of foreign origin (for example, duplex
[w] in a stressed syllable, the second consonant looses part of [‘dupleks] and the main tendency in Spanish words is to have one
its voicing. This means that [], [r], [j] and [w] are produced consonant (or none) at the end of a syllable (for example, mar
with no vocal fold vibration, as if it were whispered. The lack [mar’]). In some Spanish accents, such as Andalusian accent, this
voicing is marked with [ ]under the consonant. final consonant tends to be dropped in several cases. For example,
In order to devoice [l], [r], [j] or [w] after [p] [t] and [k], try in Andalusian, the final [s] consonants of the phrase los niños are
to produce them as if they were whispered. not pronounced.

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Introducing descriptions of workplaces. Introducing descriptions of workplaces.

The main problem dived from this situation is this sometimes

the non-production of final consonants leads to communication
problems, that is, part of the meaning the speaker wants to convey
is lost, especially if we drop consonants that indicate past tense or
plural.
Summary:
МОДУЛЬ
Job Interviews, 6
Education
and Work Experience
Цифровой век
By the end of this unit, students should feel more confident
describing their company and job responsibilities. Students revise
all types of modal and semi-modals and in pronunciation, we have Detailed
andКак
Тема
work
2
Job Descriptions
environment
gone over how to produce consonant clusters correctly. интернет изменил
нашу жизнь

www.techtitute.com
www.techtitute.com

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