AUEPT 1) Parts of Speech

Structure and Written Expressions

Contents part of function or

 Parts of Speech speech "job" example sentences

 Sentence types
Verb action or Roy is a smart boy.
 Tenses state
Google is a web
 Conditionals site.

 Passive and active I like sports.

 Articles
Noun thing or This is my dog. He
 Comparative and superlative person lives in my house.
We live in
 Compound adjectives London.
 Countable and un-countable
(Many vs Much) Adjective describes a My dogs are big. I
noun or like big dogs.
 Question tags pronoun

 Either or – Neither nor

Adverb describes a My dog
 This/that/these/those verb, eats quickly. When
adjective or he is very hungry,
 Who’s/whose adverb he eats really
quickly.
 There/their/they’re
 Transition words
Pronoun replaces a Tara is
 Prepositions (in/on/at) noun Indian. She is
beautiful.

Preposition links a noun We

to another went to school on
word
Monday.
Exercise (1) c) Verb d) Noun

In each of the sentences given below, a 6. I think the latter part of the film is more
word is given in bold text. Identify the interesting than the former part.
part of speech.
a) Adverb b) Adjective
1. He is an old friend of mine.
c) Conjunction d) Preposition
a) Verb b) Noun
7. I am going to make an early start so that
c) Adverb d) Adjective I won’t get stuck in the traffic.

2. I was pleasantly surprised when she a) Adverb b) Adjective

showed up at the door unannounced.
c) Verb d) Noun
a) adverb b) adjective
8. It is more expensive to travel on Friday,
c) verb d) conjunction so I will leave on Thursday evening.

3. I never expected that I would win the a) Adverb b) Adjective

first prize so I couldn’t believe my ears
c) Preposition d) Conjunction
when they announced my name as the
winner. 9. The baby does not resemble either of its
parents.
a) Adverb b) Adjective
a) Verb b) Adverb
c) Verb d) Noun
c) Adjective d) Pronoun
4. Everybody hates him for his repulsive
looks. 10. In my opinion, she should have
resigned earlier.
a) Verb b) Adjective
a) Adverb b) Conjunction
c) Adverb d) Noun
c) Preposition d) Adjective
5. John came later than Peter.
11. I was distressed to hear about his
a) Adjective b) Adverb
death.
a) Verb b) Adjective 2) Sentence Types

c) Adverb d) Noun Simple, Compound, and Complex

12. That policeman is a friend of mine. A simple sentence has the most basic
elements that make it a sentence: a subject,
a) Adjective b) Noun a verb, and a completed thought.
Examples:
c) Pronoun d) Verb
Joe waited for the train.
"Joe" = subject, "waited" = verb
13. I would prefer to spend the weekend
A compound sentence refers to a sentence
at home rather than drive all the way to a made up of two independent clauses (or
beach resort. complete sentences) connected to one
another with a coordinating conjunction.
a) Verb b) Adverb Coordinating conjunctions are easy to
remember if you think of the words "FAN
BOYS":
c) Adjective d) Noun
 For
14. A friend of mine has just invited me to  And
Italy.  Nor
 But
 Or
a) Conjunction b) Preposition
 Yet
 So
c) Verb d) Pronoun
Example:
15. I prefer making toys for my children
rather than buying them in the toy store. 1. Joe waited for the train, but the train was
late.
a) Conjunction b) Preposition A complex sentence is made up of an
independent clause and one or
c) Adverb d) Noun more dependent clauses connected to it. A
dependent clause is similar to an
independent clause, or complete sentence,
but it lacks one of the elements that would
make it a complete sentence. 

Dependent clauses begin

with subordinating conjunctions. Below
are some of the most common
subordinating conjunctions:
 after A simple sentence has just one clause.
 although
 as A complex sentence has one main clause
 because and one or more subordinate clauses.
 before
 even though A compound sentence has two or more
 if clauses of equal rank.
 since
 though 1. The girl looked at her brother and smiled.
 unless
 until 2. Janet went to the library to borrow some
 when books.
 whenever
 whereas 3. The water was so cold that we could not
 wherever swim in it.
 while
4. The little girl started crying when she
A complex sentence joins an independent couldn’t find her toy.
clause with one or more dependent
clauses. 5. I live in a large city.
The dependent clauses can go first in the
sentence, followed by the independent 6. As soon as the bell rang, the children
clause, as in the following: rushed out.

Tip: When the dependent clause comes first, 7. We saw a film which was based on the
a comma should be used to separate the two life of Nelson Mandela.
clauses.
8. His crude remarks offended me.
Examples:
9. Jane and Alice had their dinner and went
1. Because Mary and Samantha arrived at for a walk.
the bus station before noon, I did not see
them at the station. 10. The boys and the girls were shouting
2. While he waited at the train station, Joe loudly.
realized that the train was late.
3. After they left on the bus, Mary and 11. The customers were happy because they
Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at got what they wanted.
the train station.
12. The meeting was held in a room near the
Exercise (2) library.

Read the following sentences and state (3) Tenses

whether they are simple, complex or
compound. The Present Tenses (simple, perfect,
continuous)
Simple Present Present Continuous

Something happens regularly The Present Progressive is also called

present continuous. It is used to indicate
Habitual actions
actions happening at the time of speaking or
Key words:
used for planned future actions.
Always, sometimes, usually, often, daily,
every month, every … Key words: look, listen, now, at the
moment, still, at present
Example:
I am + verb + ing .
The teacher speaks loudly to students.

The students understand the lesson. he, she, it+is + verb + ing.

Pauline does not want to share the pie. She you, we, they are + verb + ing
thinks there is not enough to go around. Her
friends agree. I don’t want pie anyway. Examples:

Present Perfect Look, Ann is running down the street.

The present perfect tense refers to an action

She is sleeping now.
or state that either occurred at an indefinite
time in the past (e.g., we have talked before)
or began in the past and continued to the Listen, I'm talking to you!
present time (e.g., he has grown impatient
over the last hour). Exercise (3)

have/has + the past participle.

Simple Present or Progressive?
Key words:

Before, already, just, yet, ever, never, for, 1. Would you like some beer? No, thank you
since, so far, up to now, not yet, lately,
recently I  alcohol. (not drink)
2. Why  Spanish? Because I want
Examples:
to go to Madrid next summer. (you learn)
I have walked on this path before.
3. Where  from? (you come)
Nick has gone on holiday. 4. What  for a living? (your father do)

He has already met Sue. 5. My sister  to be a nurse. (train)

 Key words: while, when
6. That's an interesting article. It  you
1. Shows that an action in the past lasted a
a lot about British teenagers. (tell)
long time.
7. What  ? A thriller. (you read)
8. Where  a ticket, please? (I get) Example: What were they doing yesterday?
9. I don't like Mr Smith. He  too much.
2. If an action happened, while another
(talk)
action took place. We use the past simple for
10. Susan, hurry up! What  in the
the short action and the past progressive for
bathroom all the time? (you do)
the long action.
11. How  these days? (you get on)
12. What language  in Brazil? (they Examples: When Tom was cooking, he

speak) burnt his hand.

13. I think it  colder. We'd They came home when she was studying for
better take coats. (get) the test.
14. Andy  like his brother, doesn't
3. Two long past actions happened at the
he? (look)
same time. We use the past progressive for
15. What's that noise? It  like a
both actions.
helicopter. (sound)
Past tenses Examples: While I was repairing my bike,
she was watering the flowers.
Past simple
He was watching TV while she was reading
The Past Simple is used to write and talk
a book.
about completed actions that happened in a
time before the present. Past perfect

Key words: yesterday, last week (month, Had + past participle

Monday, October,...), in 1984, ago
When you tell a story it's sometimes
Examples: The police caught the thief. necessary to tell about actions that had
happened before the past tense. To express
The boy played football yesterday.
the time when these actions happened you
Past continues Was/were + verb ing have to use the past perfect.
Key words: after, before

Examples: She needed help because Q3. Jun-Sik ..... his teeth before breakfast
every morning.
someone had stolen her car.
will cleaned
He passed the test because he had studied a is cleaning
lot.
cleans
After she had done her homework, she clean
visited me.

When I came home, they had already eaten.

Q4. Sorry, she can't come to the phone.

They had sold everything before they moved
She ..... a bath!
to Glasgow. is having

Exercise (3)…continued having

have
Q1. I ..... tennis every Sunday morning.
has
playing

play

am playing Q5.  many times every winter in

.....
Frankfurt.
am play It snows

It snowed

It is snowing
Q2. Don't make so much noise.
Noriko ..... to study for her ESL test! It is snow
try

tries

tried Q6. How many students in your

class ..... from Korea?
is trying comes
 come

came
Q10. Jane: "What ..... ?" 
are coming Mary: "I'm trying to fix my
calculator."
you doing

you do
Q7. Weather report: "It's seven o'clock
in Frankfurt and ..... ." do you do
there is snow
are you doing
it`s snowing

it snows

it snowed Q11. Jane ..... her blue jeans today, but

usually she wears a skirt or a
dress.
wears
Q8. Babies ..... when they are hungry. wearing
cry wear
cries is wearing
cried

are crying
Q12. I think I ..... a new calculator. This
one does not work properly any
more.
needs
Q9. Jane: "What ..... in the evenings?"
Mary: "Usually I watch TV or read needed
a book."
you doing need
you do am needing
do you do

are you doing

 the train leaves?
Q13. Sorry, you can't borrow my pencil.
I ..... it myself. leaves the train?
was using
is the train leaving?
using
does the train leave?
use

am using

Q17. Jane: "Are you going to the dance

on Friday?" 
Mary: "No, I'm not. I ..... school
Q14. At a school dance: dances; they're loud, hot and
Jane: " ..... yourself?" crowded!"
Mary: "Yes, I'm having a great not enjoy
time!"
You enjoying don`t enjoy

Enjoy you doesn`t enjoy

Do you enjoy am not enjoying

Are you enjoying

Q18. I ..... for my pen. Have you seen it?

Q15. I've just finished reading a story will look

called Dangerous Game. It's about
a man who ..... his wife because he looking
doesn't want to lose her.
kills look

killed am looking

kill

is killing
Q19. You can keep my iPod if you like.
I ..... it any more.
don`t use

Q16. What time ..... doesn`t use

 didn`t use a. will get b. would get c. get d. had got

am not using 3. She would go to the Job Centre if she

a job.

a. had wanted b. will want c. wanted d.

Q20. The phone ...... Can you answer it, wants
please?
rings 4. The dog you if it hadn´t been
ring
tied up.
rang
is ringing a. would bite b. will bite c. would have
(4) Conditionals bitten d. bites

Type 1 : Simple present Simple future 5. It easy to paint pictures if

you knew how to.
Type 2 : Simple past Present conditional
or Present continuous conditional a. would be b. had been c. would have been
d. be
Type 3 : Past perfect Perfect
conditional 6. If I come, I you.

Examples: a. saw b. would see c. will see d. sees

If you don’t hurry, you will miss the train. 7. She pleased if you came.

If it rained, you would get wet. a. would be b. would have been c. would has
been d. was
If it had rained, you would have gotten wet
8. If it I would stay at home.
Exercise (4)
a. rains b. rained c. has rained d. had rained
1. If I had had enough money, I that
radio. 9. You will catch the train if you
earlier
a. bought b. would buy c. would have
bought d. had bought a. left b. leaves c. leave d. would leave

2. If it rains, you t wet.

10. If he thirsty, he would have
drunk some water.

a. was b. had been c. is d. would drink