χ2

1
10000000
±
±
±
 ±
±
±
±

aa = Ap − Ak
aa
Ap
Ak

aa
ar =
Ak
ar
aa
Ak

Ap

aa
a!a

Ak − a!a ≤ Ap ≤ Ak + a!a
Ak
a!a
Ap

a!a
a!r =
Ak
a!r
a!a
Ak

Ak (1 − a!r ) ≤ Ap ≤ AK (1 + a!r )

357000 + 356000 = 713000.

±500
±1000
713000 ± 1000

1000
= 0, 0014 = 0, 14%
713000
 357000 − 356000 = 1000

1000
1000 = 1 = 100%

357000 − 355000kg = 2000

2000kg ± 1000kg

1000
= 0, 5 = 50%.
2000
 3

A = 104
B = 2m3

A = 10000 ± 500
B = 2 ± 0, 5 3

3 3
·

(A ± ∆A)(B ± ∆B)

(10000 ± 500)(2 ± 0, 5)
(9500)(1, 5) = 14250.
(10500)(2, 5) = 26250.
3

500
Ar = = 0, 05 = 5%
10000
0, 5
Br = = 0, 25 = 25%
2

(0, 05 · 0, 25) + (0, 05 + 0, 25) = 0, 3125 = 31, 25%.

(0, 05 + 0, 25) = 0, 3 = 30%.

 Ap Ak
Bp − Bk
Ak
Bk

Bk (Ap − Ak ) − Ak (Bp − Bk )
Bk
Ak Bk Bp
Ak A
Ap A
Bk B
Bp B
A B
Bk Bp Bk = Bp
m
M M
M
5/13 5/13
103
 f1
M o = mo + h
f1 + f2
Mo
mo
f1

f2

22
Mo = 61 + 20 = 73, 2
22 + 14

1
73
0
 Q1
Q2 Q3
2
 0

0, 00; 2, 00
km/h l/100km

n
n
1985 = 100%
vm = .
2
P
x
 a1 + a2 + · · · + ax
xA =
n

a
n

√
xG = n
a 1 a 2 . . . an
a
n
 n
xH = 1
a1 + 1
a2 + ··· + 1
an

a
n

!
a21 + a22 + · · · + a2n
xQ =
n
a
n

xH < xG < xA < xQ .

 CO2

a1 x1 + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn
xs =
A

xs
a 1 , a 2 . . . an
x1 , x2 . . . xn "n
A A= 1 ai
 (10 · 254) + (10 · 501) + (10 · 859) + (10 · 1105) + (5 · 671)
As =
45

As = 678, 8

A
n
 xa +xf ya +yf na +nf
+ + ···+
x= 2 2 2
N

a
f
N

−8, 95 −6, 95 −4, 95 −2, 95

−0, 95 1, 05 3, 05 5, 05 7, 05

−0, 614 −0, 6

−0, 6592 −0, 7
R = xmax − xmin .
 ∆a = xi − x
xi =
x=A

100(xi − x)
∆r =
x
xi
x

"n
1 (|xi | − x)
da =
n
xi
x
n
 3+2+2+1+8
= 3, 2
5

"n
∆r
dr = 1
n

∆r
n

75% + 50% + 50% + 25% + 200%

= 80%
5

σ
 #
$ n
$1 &
σ=% (xi − x)2
n i=1

n
xi x
x

!
(1 − 4)2 + (2 − 4)2 + (2 − 4)2 + (3 − 4)2 + (12 − 4)2
= 4, 05
5

#
$ n
$ 1 &
σ∗ = % (xi − x)2
n − 1 i=1

!
(1 − 4)2 + (2 − 4)2 + (2 − 4)2 + (3 − 4)2 + (12 − 4)2
= 4, 53
4
 σr σx100

4, 05
100 = 101, 25%
4

n−1
 G

"n "n
j=1 i=1 |xi − xj |
G=
n2
 P

92
= 3, 68
52

G
n2 − n

2 · 46
G= = 4, 6
52 − 5
1/6
 A B C

A B

0
A+B

B
A
A B

A−B

A B
0
0
AB
 A/B

0
+1
0 +1

0% 100% p P
0
0

1
1
 A A!

(P )A! = 1 − P (A)

1 − 0, 2 = 0, 8
A1 A2 An

P (A1 ) + P (A2 ) + . . . + P (An ) = 1.

A B

P (A + B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (AB).

A B

0, 4 + 0, 65 − 0, 26 = 0, 74

A
B
A B

P (AB) = P (A)P (B).

A B
P (AB) = 0, 4 · 0, 65 = 0, 26
B A
A B

P (AB) = P (A/B)P (B).

 P (AB) = (0, 4/0, 65) · 0, 65 = 0, 4.

0 1 0% 100%
0, 1−−+1
−8, 9 −8, 0
−7, 9 −7, 0
−6, 9 −6, 0
−5, 9 −5, 0
−4, 9 −4, 0
−3, 9 −3, 0
−2, 9 −2, 0
−1, 9 −1, 0
−0, 9

0, 1 − −1, 0
n k

n!
P (k, n) = pk (1 − p)n−k
k!(n − k)!
n
p
k n
 p n k

5!
P (3, 5) = 0, 493 (1 − 0, 49)5−3 .
3!(5 − 3)!

P (3, 5) = 0, 306

n k

(np)k e−np
P (k, np) =
k!
n
p
k n
e

e
n=5
p = 0, 01
k=3
e = 2, 72

(0, 05)3 · 2, 72−0,05

P (3, 0, 05) =
3!
 −0, 36

Mx = −0, 36
σ = 2, 73

−0, 36 1, 1
1, 46/2, 73 = 0, 53

δ
1 − 0, 7 = 0, 3.
 x

n k

k=2 k=3
n = 100

n k

k
n k

−40%
 x − Mo
Ap =
σ
x
Mo

2na
Ak = 1 −
n
na
n
−1 +1
0
 (Kf − M e) − (M e − Ka ) Kf + Ka − 2M e
Af = =
(Kf − M e) + (M e − Ka ) Kf − Ka
Kf
Ka
Me
−1 +1

−1 +1
 −1 +1

"
(xi − x) · (yi − y)
r = '" "
(xi − x)2 · (yi − y)2
r
xi
x
yi
y

'" '"
(x − x)2 (y − y)2

+1 −1

+1

−1
0
 r=0
r %= ±1
r=0

+1 −1

r 0
r

−1

−640, 52
r= √ .
1610, 25 · 1172, 25
r = −0, 47
 x = 60, 25 y = 58, 25 = −640, 52 = 1610, 25 = 1172, 25
P P P

x
y
x−x
y−y
(x − x) · (y − y)
(x − x)2
(y − y)2
 u
v

u−v
re =
u+v
re −1 +1
 "n 2
6 i=1 di
rs = 1 −
n3 − n
n
di
n

6 · 228
rs = 1 −
193 − 19

rs = 0, 8

r = 0, 8
n

di
di 2

r = 0, 8
 szf = (n1 − 1) + (n2 − 1)

r
24 − 2
r

f = 17
K 0 1

G
K=
2x
 10592, 63
K2001 =
14443, 6

K2001 = 0, 73
 5591, 85
K2001 =
8442, 4

K2001 = 0, 66

2
 Sk − Sz
n−1
Sk
Sz
n
x y

y = ax + b

y x x
a, b

& &
y = na + ib
& & &
iy = ia + i2 b

y
i i
a
b
n
 y

a b
y = ax + b y
x

y i i2 iy i2 y i3 i4 log y i log y

P
y i

a b

a b

672, 8 = 8a + 36b1941, 9 = 36a + 204b

a = 200, 425

b = −25, 85.
 y = 200, 425x − 25, 85.

y1920 y1960
y1930 y1970
y1940 y1980
y1950 y1990
 x
y

x y x

a b
σy
a=r
σx

b = y−x·a
a b
r σy , σx y x

'
σR = σy 1 − r2

a
−0, 47 x y
(x − x)2 (y − y)2

σx = 11, 58 σy = 9, 88
 a

9, 88
a = −0, 47 · .
11, 58

a = −0, 4
b
a x = 60, 25 y = 58, 25 a = −0, 4

b = 60, 25 − (58, 25 · −0, 4)

b = 82, 35

y = −0, 4x + 82, 35

x
y

x1 = 40
y1 = −0, 4 · 40 + 82, 35
y1 = 66, 35

x2 = 55
y2 = −0, 4 · 55 + 82, 35
y2 = 60, 35

x3 = 70
y3 = −0, 4 · 70 + 82, 35
y3 = 54, 35

'
σR = 9, 88 1 − (−0, 4)2

σR = 6, 97
 x y

y y
x

σR

x y

x
y
 x
y

a b

y = a · bx
 y = a · bx

log y = log a + x log b.

log y = Y
log b = B
log a = A

Y = A + Bx

& &
log y = n log a + i log b

& & &

i log y = i log a + i2 log b

y
i i
a
b
n

log2 8 = 3 23 = 8
 14, 26 = 8 log a + 36 log b
57, 31 = 36 log a + 204 log b
log a log b
a b

log a = 2, 5175

log b = −0, 1633

log y = 2, 51750, 1633x

y1920 y1960
y1930 y1970
y1940 y1980
y1950 y1990

log a log b
a
b

log a = 2, 5157 → a = 329, 23,

log b = 0, 1633 → b = 0, 6865.
y = 329, 23 · 06865x

y = 329, 23 · 06865x
 y = a + bx + x2 c.
a b c

& & &

y = na + b i+c i2
& & & &
iy = a i+b i2 + c i3
& & & &
i2 y = a i2 + b i3 + c i4
y
i i
a
b
c
n

672, 8 = 8a + 36b + 204c

1941, 9 = 36a + 204b + 1296c
7864, 1 = 204a + 1296b + 8772c

a = 246, 38
b = −53, 41
c = 3, 06

y = 246, 38 − 53, 41x + 3, 06 · x2

y1920 y1960
y1930 y1970
y1940 y1980
y1950 y1990
 y − lin y − exp y − par (y − lin)2 (y − exp)2 (y − par)2

y − lin
y − exp
y − par
(y − lin)2
(y − exp)2

(y−par)2
 xi
yi
x − xi
y − yi
xi +xi+12 +xi+24 +xi+36
4
yi +yi+12 +yi+24 +yi+36
4
χ2
t

z√
t! = n.
S
 z
"
(yi − xi )
z=
n
yi
xi
n

S
!"
(z − zi )2
S=
n−1
zi i yi − xi
n

szf = n − 1.

szf
 x = 5, 0 σ = 1, 53
x = 5, 53
σ = 1, 25

12
z= = 0, 5
24
S

!
16 '
S= = 0, 7 = 0, 837.
23
z S

0, 5 √
t! = 24 = 2, 939
0, 837

szf = 24 − 1 = 23
 x y yi − x i (z − zi )2

−1

−1

x
y

szf = 23 t!
 σx 2
F =
σy 2
σx 2
σy 2

szfx = nx − 1
szfy = ny − 1
 σ1 2 ) = 0, 4
σ2 2 ) = 0, 31
σ3 2 ) = 0, 28
n

σ1 2 0, 4
F = = = 1, 2903
σ2 2 0, 31

szf = n − 1 = 15 − 1 = 14.
szf1;2
 σ1 2 0, 4
F = = = 1, 4286
σ3 2 0, 28

szf
szf1;3

x−y
t= (
S n11 + 1
n2

x
y
S
n1
n2
S

)
(n1 − 1)σ1 2 + (n2 − 1)σ2 2
S=
n1 + n2 − 2
σ1
σ2
n1
n2

szf = n1 + n2 − 2
n1
n2

pk
t

|t| ! pk

|t| > pk
 t

x = 11, 49 σ = 0, 63 σ 2 = 0, 4 n = 15

x = 11, 43 σ = 0, 55 σ 2 = 0, 31 n = 15
 x σ = 0, 53 σ 2 = 0, 28 n = 15

)
(15 − 1)0, 632 + (15 − 1)0, 552
S=
15 + 15 − 2

S = 0, 59.
S
11, 49 − 11, 43
t= (
0, 59 151
+ 151

t = 0, 28.

)
(15 − 1)0, 632 + (15 − 1)0, 532
S=
15 + 15 − 2

S = 0, 58.
S
11, 49 − 10, 87
t= (
0, 58 151
+ 151

t = 2, 92,
t

szf = 15 + 15 − 2 = 28.
t
szf = 28 t = 0, 28
 t = 2, 92

χ2
χ2

& (xi − yi )2
χ2 =
y
xi
yi
t = 0, 28 t = 2, 92
χ2

χ2

szf = (s − 1)(o − 1)
s
o
χ2

χ2

χ2

(x1 − y1 )2 (x2 − y2 )2 (xn − yn )2

χ2 = + + ··· .
y1 y2 yn

(14 − 12)2 (16 − 18)2 (6 − 6)2 (6 − 6)2 (5 − 5)2

χ2 = + + + + = 0, 56
12 18 6 6 5
χ2

szf = (2 − 1)(5 − 1) = 4
 χ2

x y x y

χ2
2
χ

χ2
 χ2

x i − yi (xi − yi )2

a−b
tf = (
Sn 2 Sm 2
n + m

a a
b b
n a
m b
Sn 2 a
Sm 2 b
 (n − 1)(m − 1)
szf =
(n − 1)c2 + (m − 1)(1 − c)
c
Sm 2
c= Sn 2
m
Sm 2
n + m
 x y
y
x
x
y

x y

x y

x y
x y

x y

x y
 x y

x
y

x y

y x

x
 x
y
α

≈ 5717! 44, 8!! ≈

 x

y
y
x

−4
−4

x
y
2
2
 100 × 100 = 10000

21, 54433 = 10000

2 3
3
m3
s
m3
sec
 101 = 10
102 = 100

log10 20 = 1, 3010

log10 30 = 1, 4771

log10 200 = 2, 3010 log10 2002 = 3, 3010

χ2