pane a ara CELL TYPES, STRUCTURES, & FUNCTIONS The cell is the smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning. The presence of cells in living organisms differentiates them from nonliving things. The tiniest creature to the largest is all up of cells, Cells cait be divided into two types based un their structure, Prokavyotic celf which came from the words, pro = before and karyon = nucleus, and Eukaryotic cell which came from the words, eu = true and karyon = nucleus. Furthermore, one of the postulates of cell theory states that “all living organisms are composed of cells.” They occur singly as unicellular or as subunits of tissues or organs in multicellular organisms. In both cases, the cell is considered the organism's basic unit of structure and function. Any attempt to study and understand the complexity and uniqueness of a living organism requires a complete understanding of the cell's basic structure and function, ONSITE orEM 12-0. L OBJECTIVES Avie end of ie auiiviiy the siud 1. Examine and differentiate plant, animal, and bacterial cell samples; 2. Locate and identify visible organelles in the examined cells; 3. Examine the prepared slides or specimens under the virtual microscope; 4, Identify if the specimen is a prokaryote or eukaryote; 5, Distinguish the co eukaryotic cells; and 6, Determine microorganisms involved in the fermentation proc okatyoticand I MATERIALS 1. compound microscope per student Prepared plant cell specimen (onion skin) Prepared animal cell specimen (human cheek cell) Prepared bacterial cell specimen (Staphylococcus aureus) Il, PROCEDURE Connect the light microscope to a power source. If your microscope uses a mirror instead of an illuminator, you can skip this step. Instead, find a place where natural light is easily accessible 2. Turn the revolving nosepiece so the lowest objective lens is in position.3, Mount your specimen onto the stage. But before doing so, see to it that your specimen is adequately protected by placing a coverslip on top of it. 4. Use the metal clips to keep your slide in place. Make sure the specimen is positioned in the center, right : Look into the eyepiece and slowly rotate the coarse adjustment knob to bring your specimen to focus. See to it that the slide does not touch the lens. 6. Adjust the condenser for the maximum amount of light. Since you're on the low power objective, you may have to decrease the illumination, Use the diaphragm under the stage to adjust. 7. Now slowly rotate the fine adjustment knob until you obtain a clearer image of your specimen. 8. Examine your specimen. 9. Sketch the image seen under the microscope and paste it on the designated box below. 10. After you're done viewing with the lowest power objective, switch to the medium power objective and re-adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob. LOCATING CELLULAR STRUCTURES Locate the following easily distinguishable plant cell structures. a. Nucleus ‘When viewed under the microscope, it appears as a dark spot within the cell. It is usually the largest in the cell that consists of three readily distinguishable parts. The nuclear envelape separates the nuclear material from the cytoplasm. Inside the nuclear envelope. the nucleus contains a granular- looking material called chromatin and a darker region called the nuclealus. It contains the cell genetic material. b. Cell membrane Itis the outer membrane of a cell, composed of a bilayer of phospholipids n which proteins are embedded. Each cell is surrounded by a thin plasma membrane that acts as gatekeeper, allowing only specific substances in or out and passing chemical messages from the external environment to the cells interior. © Gytoplasm ‘The internal volume of the cell exclusive of the nucleus and is occupied by the organelles and by the semifluid cytosol in which they are suspended, 4. Cell wall The outer surface of a plant cell composed of cellulose and other polysaccharides. Walls are produced by the cells they surround. Plant cells secrete cellulose through their plasma membrane. MICROGRAPHS SKETCH (5pts for each magnification) Put an arrow and label the observed organelles in HPO(40x) Micrographs sketch of all the Specimens. CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, and NUCLEUS, CELL WALL, VACUOLE.AL PLANT cei, | This Ohion Root specimen is an exampe of a evkaryohe cell. There are presence ot membrane-ond organelles in ine whicn fliminates the fact of ah. Specimen ip being prokaryote.z i i q Avevs Smear, Tni& gpecimen the Staphylo cous , y Lie: cell. the appearance lacks membre - kound organelles and happens fo be onicelllav, shows a | Encterial DNA Is fond t be onique Wan of Evtaryottc PNA due it having singular chremasome DNA found in me necleid. Bacttna alse @ntain plasmids, which are chosed- circle BNA Siuchires in me omen ANIMAL _ “Move invegular in \ Shape N > Generally larger in Se ~ Both are ae rectangular - eukaryote eels * Chain. centrosome de to tn - Cel wall « Fave similor and lysosome \ eG e “organelles ore ® not have j Present Plashad s / P ~ Have Small or i ho vawole