0% found this document useful (0 votes)
62 views

Lecture 1 - Introduction To Spatial Information

This document provides an introduction to spatial data for a civil engineering course. It defines spatial data as data that assigns positions to objects, events, and activities within a 3D geometric model of space and time. The document discusses how civil engineers use spatial data to address problems related to the natural and built environments. It also outlines different methods for collecting primary spatial data, such as conventional surveying, GNSS surveying, photogrammetry, and remote sensing, as well as secondary data capture through digitizing existing maps and imagery. Finally, it distinguishes the concepts of accuracy, precision, and error as they relate to quantifying the quality of spatial measurements and data.

Uploaded by

Meshai Ranchod
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
62 views

Lecture 1 - Introduction To Spatial Information

This document provides an introduction to spatial data for a civil engineering course. It defines spatial data as data that assigns positions to objects, events, and activities within a 3D geometric model of space and time. The document discusses how civil engineers use spatial data to address problems related to the natural and built environments. It also outlines different methods for collecting primary spatial data, such as conventional surveying, GNSS surveying, photogrammetry, and remote sensing, as well as secondary data capture through digitizing existing maps and imagery. Finally, it distinguishes the concepts of accuracy, precision, and error as they relate to quantifying the quality of spatial measurements and data.

Uploaded by

Meshai Ranchod
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

Stellenbosch 

University

S224 Civil Engineering
Geomatics
Lecture 1

Introduction to Spatial Data

2020
Mark Straughan
Professional Land Surveyor
Friedlaender, Burger and Volkmann

+27 (0)21 8864004
+27 (0)82 8940686
[email protected]
What is Spatial Data?
(chapters 1 and 2 of course notes)

Civil Engineers today deal with
• Natural environment
• Transport
• Water resources
• Urban development
• Rural development
• Disaster management
• Telecoms
What is Spatial Data cont/d…

Common question in all these disciplines:
WHERE IS IT LOCATED?
To answer this we
• Model space
• Assign position to objects, events and 
activities within the model
Importance to Civil Engineers?
World Bank estimates global urban population 
of +‐3.5 billion
Importance to Civil Engineers cont/d…
• Dense urban environments are complex

• To design in a complex space requires 
modelling of the space

• To use the model requires understanding of 
the model
Importance to Civil Engineers cont/d…
Typically a civil engineer will have to consider
• Environment
• Socio‐political forces
• Activity patterns
• Health and safety
• Legal boundaries
• Heritage
• Land value
• Buried and overhead services
• Adjacent structures above and below ground
• Topography
• Hydrology
• Geology
• Meteorology
Definition of space
• Civil Engineers are concerned with modifying 
natural and manmade spaces to solve problems
• Civil Engineers are often concerned with human 
scale problems
• Confine space to that containing Earth and it’s 
atmosphere: GEOSPACE
• In this space we collect GEOSPATIAL DATA
Definition of space cont/d…

In this course we will 
• Confine ourselves to 3 dimensional space
• Add time as a quasi 4th dimension
• Ignore relativistic effects in space and time
Consider only the world approximated by 
Newton’s laws of motion
Definition of space cont/d…
Metric spaces
• assume SPACE comprises an infinite number of points, each of 
which can be assigned a unique set of co‐ordinates in a common 3 
dimensional co‐ordinate system

• Objects, events or activities can be located by co‐ordinates

• Relationships between these can be derived eg; relative distance

• We use different co‐ordinate systems depending on application
Definition of space cont/d…
Metric spaces cont/d…
Definition of space cont/d…
Non‐Metric spaces
• assume SPACE comprises an infinite set of relationships 
between objects, events and activities

• Objects, events or activities can be located by relative 
description (left, right, near, far, after, before, etc…)

• Relationships between these can be inferred

• Complex mathematics not required
Definition of space cont/d…
Non‐Metric spaces…
Definition of space cont/d…
• Non‐metric modelling of space is of limited 
use to civil engineers

• Design is constrained by parameters

• Parameters are easily expressed numerically

• Spatial parameters are best expressed in 
metric models of space
Collecting spatial data

There are two types of data capture:

• Primary (direct measurement) data capture

• Secondary (indirect derivation) data capture

U.Rivett 2014
Primary spatial data capture
Common techniques are

• Conventional survey

• GNSS survey

• Photogrammetry

• Remote Sensing
U.Rivett 2014
Conventional survey
• Often called plane surveying
• Measurement of horizontal and vertical angles
• Direct measurement of distance
• Indirect derivation of distance (interferometry)
• Relies on a network of physical monuments to provide the geo‐
spatial co‐ordinate system
• Versatile and relatively low‐cost
• Capable of extremely high precision (microns)
• Low data capture rates
Conventional survey
GNSS survey
• Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO)
• All weather, all the time, night or day
• GPS and GLONASS free to civilian users
• Precise ranges derived from signal interferometry
• Equipment is cheap
• No longer any need to rely on monumented control
• Versatile, portable, long battery life
• Provides basic positioning and velocity for photogrammetry, remote 
sensing, LIDAR
• Is global infrastructure
GNSS survey
Photogrammetry
• Photographs taken from aircraft
• Typically all digital nowadays
• Images combined in a complex process to provide a scaled model of reality
• Measurements made directly from model
• Can map huge areas rapidly at low cost compared to conventional survey
• Not suited to small surveys until recently
• Can carry a wide variety of sensors (multi‐spectral, pan chromatic, IR)
• Requires clear weather
• Now routinely combined with LIDAR
• Rapid development of vehicular digital photogrammetry combined with LIDAR
• Boundary with remote sensing blurring
Photogrammetry
Remote Sensing
• Usually refers to data capture from artificial satellites
• Variety of sensors (laser altimeters, magnetometers, multispectral, 
panchromatic, RADAR, IR, etc)
• Only accessible to government and large organisations
• Very costly, high risk
• Very high resolution
• Covers vast areas of Earth in days
• Can resurvey globally every few weeks
• Data processing complex and highly specialized
• Some sensors (laser altimetry, RADAR) are all weather, night / day
• Now used extra‐terrestrially
Remote Sensing
Secondary data capture
• Extraction or collection of spatial data from existing spatial products
• Usually achieved nowadays from computer based heads up 
digitising
• Typical source products are
– Satellite images
– Existing maps and plans
– Geo‐rectified aerial imagery
– Google Earth
This is a widely used form of capture nowadays and is usually limited 
to use for desk top planning or preliminary investigations.
Error and accuracy
• Basic data collection activity is measurement
• Any measurement is an estimate of the true 
value
• In making these estimates we consider three 
factors
– Accuracy
– Precision
– Error
Error and accuracy cont/d

• Accuracy quantifies measurement quality
– An accurate measurement is a good (i.e. fit for 
purpose) estimate of a quantity

• Precision quantifies measurement repeatability
– A precise estimate of a quantity closely matches other 
estimates.
Error and accuracy cont/d

• Error is a numerical quality estimator of the 
combined effect of accuracy and precision on 
the finally adopted measurement
– Error estimators in spatial data reveal whether a 
measurement or set of measurements are of 
sufficient quality to be useful.
Error and accuracy cont/d
Error and accuracy cont/d
Thank you

You might also like