Lecture 1 - Introduction To Spatial Information
Lecture 1 - Introduction To Spatial Information
University
S224 Civil Engineering
Geomatics
Lecture 1
Introduction to Spatial Data
2020
Mark Straughan
Professional Land Surveyor
Friedlaender, Burger and Volkmann
+27 (0)21 8864004
+27 (0)82 8940686
[email protected]
What is Spatial Data?
(chapters 1 and 2 of course notes)
Civil Engineers today deal with
• Natural environment
• Transport
• Water resources
• Urban development
• Rural development
• Disaster management
• Telecoms
What is Spatial Data cont/d…
Common question in all these disciplines:
WHERE IS IT LOCATED?
To answer this we
• Model space
• Assign position to objects, events and
activities within the model
Importance to Civil Engineers?
World Bank estimates global urban population
of +‐3.5 billion
Importance to Civil Engineers cont/d…
• Dense urban environments are complex
• To design in a complex space requires
modelling of the space
• To use the model requires understanding of
the model
Importance to Civil Engineers cont/d…
Typically a civil engineer will have to consider
• Environment
• Socio‐political forces
• Activity patterns
• Health and safety
• Legal boundaries
• Heritage
• Land value
• Buried and overhead services
• Adjacent structures above and below ground
• Topography
• Hydrology
• Geology
• Meteorology
Definition of space
• Civil Engineers are concerned with modifying
natural and manmade spaces to solve problems
• Civil Engineers are often concerned with human
scale problems
• Confine space to that containing Earth and it’s
atmosphere: GEOSPACE
• In this space we collect GEOSPATIAL DATA
Definition of space cont/d…
In this course we will
• Confine ourselves to 3 dimensional space
• Add time as a quasi 4th dimension
• Ignore relativistic effects in space and time
Consider only the world approximated by
Newton’s laws of motion
Definition of space cont/d…
Metric spaces
• assume SPACE comprises an infinite number of points, each of
which can be assigned a unique set of co‐ordinates in a common 3
dimensional co‐ordinate system
• Objects, events or activities can be located by co‐ordinates
• Relationships between these can be derived eg; relative distance
• We use different co‐ordinate systems depending on application
Definition of space cont/d…
Metric spaces cont/d…
Definition of space cont/d…
Non‐Metric spaces
• assume SPACE comprises an infinite set of relationships
between objects, events and activities
• Objects, events or activities can be located by relative
description (left, right, near, far, after, before, etc…)
• Relationships between these can be inferred
• Complex mathematics not required
Definition of space cont/d…
Non‐Metric spaces…
Definition of space cont/d…
• Non‐metric modelling of space is of limited
use to civil engineers
• Design is constrained by parameters
• Parameters are easily expressed numerically
• Spatial parameters are best expressed in
metric models of space
Collecting spatial data
There are two types of data capture:
• Primary (direct measurement) data capture
• Secondary (indirect derivation) data capture
U.Rivett 2014
Primary spatial data capture
Common techniques are
• Conventional survey
• GNSS survey
• Photogrammetry
• Remote Sensing
U.Rivett 2014
Conventional survey
• Often called plane surveying
• Measurement of horizontal and vertical angles
• Direct measurement of distance
• Indirect derivation of distance (interferometry)
• Relies on a network of physical monuments to provide the geo‐
spatial co‐ordinate system
• Versatile and relatively low‐cost
• Capable of extremely high precision (microns)
• Low data capture rates
Conventional survey
GNSS survey
• Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO)
• All weather, all the time, night or day
• GPS and GLONASS free to civilian users
• Precise ranges derived from signal interferometry
• Equipment is cheap
• No longer any need to rely on monumented control
• Versatile, portable, long battery life
• Provides basic positioning and velocity for photogrammetry, remote
sensing, LIDAR
• Is global infrastructure
GNSS survey
Photogrammetry
• Photographs taken from aircraft
• Typically all digital nowadays
• Images combined in a complex process to provide a scaled model of reality
• Measurements made directly from model
• Can map huge areas rapidly at low cost compared to conventional survey
• Not suited to small surveys until recently
• Can carry a wide variety of sensors (multi‐spectral, pan chromatic, IR)
• Requires clear weather
• Now routinely combined with LIDAR
• Rapid development of vehicular digital photogrammetry combined with LIDAR
• Boundary with remote sensing blurring
Photogrammetry
Remote Sensing
• Usually refers to data capture from artificial satellites
• Variety of sensors (laser altimeters, magnetometers, multispectral,
panchromatic, RADAR, IR, etc)
• Only accessible to government and large organisations
• Very costly, high risk
• Very high resolution
• Covers vast areas of Earth in days
• Can resurvey globally every few weeks
• Data processing complex and highly specialized
• Some sensors (laser altimetry, RADAR) are all weather, night / day
• Now used extra‐terrestrially
Remote Sensing
Secondary data capture
• Extraction or collection of spatial data from existing spatial products
• Usually achieved nowadays from computer based heads up
digitising
• Typical source products are
– Satellite images
– Existing maps and plans
– Geo‐rectified aerial imagery
– Google Earth
This is a widely used form of capture nowadays and is usually limited
to use for desk top planning or preliminary investigations.
Error and accuracy
• Basic data collection activity is measurement
• Any measurement is an estimate of the true
value
• In making these estimates we consider three
factors
– Accuracy
– Precision
– Error
Error and accuracy cont/d
• Accuracy quantifies measurement quality
– An accurate measurement is a good (i.e. fit for
purpose) estimate of a quantity
• Precision quantifies measurement repeatability
– A precise estimate of a quantity closely matches other
estimates.
Error and accuracy cont/d
• Error is a numerical quality estimator of the
combined effect of accuracy and precision on
the finally adopted measurement
– Error estimators in spatial data reveal whether a
measurement or set of measurements are of
sufficient quality to be useful.
Error and accuracy cont/d
Error and accuracy cont/d
Thank you