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2022, 10:38 Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries - Wikipedia

Pre-scientific
384–322 BCE - Aristotle: Aristotelian physics
250 BCE - Archimedes: Archimedes' principle
500 CE - John Philoponus: Theory of impetus

16th century
1514 - Nicolaus Copernicus: Heliocentrism
1589 - Galileo Galilei: Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment

17th century
1609, 1619 - Kepler: Kepler's laws of planetary motion
1613 - Galileo Galilei: Inertia
1621 - Willebrord Snellius: Snell's law
1632 - Galileo Galilei: The Galilean principle (the laws of motion are the same in all inertial frames)
1660 - Blaise Pascal: Pascal's law
1660 - Robert Hooke: Hooke's law
1662 - Robert Boyle: Boyle's law
1676 - Ole Rømer: Rømer's determination of the speed of light traveling from the moons of Jupiter.
1678 - Christiaan Huygens mathematical wave theory of light, published in his Treatise on Light
1687 - Isaac Newton: Newton's laws of motion, and Newton's law of universal gravitation[1]

18th century
1782 - Antoine Lavoisier: Conservation of mass
1785 - Charles-Augustin de Coulomb: Coulomb's inverse-square law for electric charges confirmed[2]

19th century
1801 - Thomas Young: Wave theory of light
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1803 - John Dalton: Atomic theory of matter

1806 - Thomas Young: Kinetic energy
1814 - Augustin-Jean Fresnel: Wave theory of light, optical interference
1820 - André-Marie Ampère, Jean-Baptiste Biot, and Félix Savart: Evidence for electromagnetic interactions (Biot–Savart law)
1824 - Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot: Ideal gas cycle analysis (Carnot cycle), internal combustion engine
1826 - Ampère's circuital law
1827 - Georg Ohm: Electrical resistance
1831 - Michael Faraday: Faraday's law of induction
1838 - Michael Faraday: Lines of force
1838 - Wilhelm Eduard Weber and Carl Friedrich Gauss: Earth's magnetic field
1842-43 - William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and Julius von Mayer: Conservation of energy
1842 - Christian Doppler: Doppler effect
1845 - Michael Faraday: Faraday rotation (interaction of light and magnetic field)
1847 - Hermann von Helmholtz & James Prescott Joule: Conservation of Energy 2
1850-51 - William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin & Rudolf Clausius: Second law of thermodynamics
1857-59 - Rudolf Clausius & James Clerk Maxwell: Kinetic theory of gases
1861 - Gustav Kirchhoff: Black body
1861-62 - Maxwell's equations
1863 - Rudolf Clausius: Entropy
1864 - James Clerk Maxwell: A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field (electromagnetic radiation)
1867 - James Clerk Maxwell: On the Dynamical Theory of Gases (kinetic theory of gases)
1871-89 - Ludwig Boltzmann & Josiah Willard Gibbs: Statistical mechanics (Boltzmann equation, 1872)
1873 - Maxwell: A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
1884 - Boltzmann derives Stefan radiation law
1887 - Michelson–Morley experiment
1887 - Heinrich Rudolf Hertz: Electromagnetic waves
1888 - Johannes Rydberg: Rydberg formula
1889, 1892 - Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction
1893 - Wilhelm Wien: Wien's displacement law for black-body radiation
1895 - Wilhelm Röntgen: X-rays
1896 - Henri Becquerel: Radioactivity
1896 - Pieter Zeeman: Zeeman effect

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1897 - J. J. Thomson: Electron discovered

20th century
1900 - Max Planck: Formula for black-body radiation - the quanta solution to radiation ultraviolet catastrophe
1904 - J. J. Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom 1904
1905 - Albert Einstein: Special relativity, proposes the photon to explain the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, Mass–energy equivalence
1908 - Hermann Minkowski: Minkowski space
1911 - Ernest Rutherford: Discovery of the atomic nucleus (Rutherford model)
1911 - Kamerlingh Onnes: Superconductivity
1913 - Niels Bohr: Bohr model of the atom
1915 - Albert Einstein: General relativity
1916 - Schwarzschild metric modeling gravity outside a large sphere
1919 - Arthur Eddington:Light bending confirmed - evidence for general relativity
1919-1926 - Kaluza–Klein theory proposing unification of gravity and electromagnetism
1922 - Alexander Friedmann proposes expanding universe
1922-37 - Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric cosmological model
1923 - Stern–Gerlach experiment
1923 - Edwin Hubble: Galaxies discovered
1923 - Arthur Compton: Particle nature of photons confirmed by observation of photon momentum
1924 - Bose–Einstein statistics
1924 - Louis de Broglie: De Broglie wave
1925 - Werner Heisenberg: Matrix mechanics
1925-27 - Niels Bohr & Max Planck: Quantum mechanics
1925 - Stellar structure understood
1926 - Fermi-Dirac Statistics
1926 - Erwin Schrödinger: Schrödinger Equation
1927 - Werner Heisenberg: Uncertainty principle
1927 - Georges Lemaître: Big Bang
1927 - Paul Dirac: Dirac equation
1927 - Max Born interpretation of the Schrödinger equation
1928 - Paul Dirac proposes the antiparticle

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1929 - Edwin Hubble: Expansion of the universe confirmed

1932 - Carl David Anderson: Antimatter discovered
1932 - James Chadwick: Neutron discovered
1933 - Ernst Ruska: Invention of the electron microscope
1935 - Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar: Chandrasekhar limit for black hole collapse
1937 - Muon discovered by Carl David Anderson and Seth Neddermeyer
1938 - Pyotr Kapitsa: Superfluidity discovered
1938 - Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann Nuclear fission discovered
1938-39 - Stellar fusion explains energy production in stars
1939 - Uranium fission discovered
1941 - Feynman path integral
1944 - Theory of magnetism in 2D: Ising model
1947 - C.F. Powell, Giuseppe Occhialini, César Lattes: Pion discovered
1948 - Richard Feynman, Shinichiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Freeman Dyson: Quantum electrodynamics
1948 - Invention of the maser and laser by Charles Townes
1948 - Feynman diagrams
1956 - Electron neutrino discovered
1956-57 - Parity violation proved by Dr. Chien-Shiung Wu
1957 - BCS theory explaining superconductivity
1959-60 - Role of topology in quantum physics predicted and confirmed
1962 - SU(3) theory of strong interactions
1962 - Muon neutrino discovered
1963 - Chien-Shiung Wu confirms the conserved vector current theory for weak interactions
1963 - Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig: Quarks predicted
1964 - Bell's Theorem initiates quantitative study of quantum entanglement
1967 - Unification of weak interaction and electromagnetism (electroweak theory)
1967 - Solar neutrino problem found
1967 - Pulsars (rotating neutron stars) discovered
1968 - Experimental evidence for quarks found
1968 - Vera Rubin: Dark matter theories
1970-73 - Standard Model of elementary particles invented
1971 - Helium 3 superfluidity

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1971-75 - Michael Fisher, Kenneth G. Wilson, and Leo Kadanoff: Renormalization group

1972 - Black Hole Entropy
1974 - Black hole radiation (Hawking radiation) predicted
1974 - Charmed quark discovered
1975 - Tau lepton found
1977 - Bottom quark found
1980 - Strangeness as a signature of quark-gluon plasma predicted[3]
1980 - Richard Feynman proposes quantum computing
1980 - Quantum Hall effect
1981 - Alan Guth Theory of cosmic inflation proposed
1981 - Fractional quantum Hall effect discovered
1983 - Simulated annealing
1984 - W and Z bosons directly observed
1984 - First laboratory implementation of quantum cryptography
1989-98 - Quantum annealing
1993 - Quantum teleportation of unknown states proposed
1994 - Shor's algorithm discovered, initiating the serious study of quantum computation
1994-97 - Matrix models/M-theory
1995 - Wolfgang Ketterle: Bose–Einstein condensate observed
1995 - Top quark discovered
1995-2000 - Econophysics and Kinetic exchange models of markets
1998 - Accelerating expansion of the universe discovered by the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team
1998 - Atmospheric neutrino oscillation established
1999 - Lene Vestergaard Hau: Slow light experimentally demonstrated

21st century
2000 - Quark-gluon plasma found[4]
2000 - Tau neutrino found
2001 - Solar neutrino oscillation observed, resolving the solar neutrino problem
2003 - WMAP observations of cosmic microwave background
2004 - Isolation and characterization of graphene
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2008 - 16-year study of stellar orbits around Sagittarius_A* provides strong evidence for a supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky
Way galaxy
2009 - Planck begins observations of cosmic microwave background
2012 - Higgs boson found by the Compact Muon Solenoid[5] and ATLAS[6] experiments at the Large Hadron Collider
2015 - Gravitational waves are observed
2019 - First image of a black hole

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