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Computational Modeling of The Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Starting Process

This document presents a computational model for simulating the starting process of a squirrel-cage induction motor. The model represents the motor as a system of differential equations accounting for skin effect, transformer ratios, and rotational EMFs. It can calculate dynamic curves for current, speed, torque, and power during starting as well as static torque-speed and current-speed characteristics. Experimental results comparing a physical starting process to the model's simulation show good agreement, validating the model.

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Alwin Rs
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77 views

Computational Modeling of The Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Starting Process

This document presents a computational model for simulating the starting process of a squirrel-cage induction motor. The model represents the motor as a system of differential equations accounting for skin effect, transformer ratios, and rotational EMFs. It can calculate dynamic curves for current, speed, torque, and power during starting as well as static torque-speed and current-speed characteristics. Experimental results comparing a physical starting process to the model's simulation show good agreement, validating the model.

Uploaded by

Alwin Rs
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF THE SQUIRREL-CAGE

INDUCTION MOTOR STARTING PROCESS




Dr. Saleh Al-Jufout
Tafila Polytechnic,
Al-Balqa' Applied University,
P.O. Box 179, Tafila 66110, Jordan.
Tel.: +962.3.342326, Fax: +962.3.342327
E-mail: [email protected]


Abstract This paper presents a methodology
for computational modeling of the induction
motor starting process. The numerical model
of the squirrel-cage, three-phase induction
motor is represented as a system of
differential equations. The model takes in
account the skin effect, transformation and
rotational electromotive forces and it can give
the instantaneous significant of required
modes parameters. The dynamic curves of
the motor phase current, speed, active and
reactive power and electromagnetic torque
during starting process are obtained. The
torque-speed and current-speed static
characteristics are also obtained.

INTRODUCTION

In electric machinery course it is very
essential to simulate some experiments that
occur rapidly and might be dangerous or
expensive, the necessity appears when
performing them by students. Therefore,
simulation enables students grasp the
theoretical concepts of these experiments.
Motor starting process is one of the most
important experiments in electrical
engineering education, but it occurs within
few seconds that makes it difficult to be
observed. Simulation of this process permits
to observe how the variables (current, torque
and velocity) change during this process and
compare different type of motors on the
personal computer display.
Judged in terms of fitness for purpose coupled
with simplicity, the induction motor must
rank alongside the screwthread as one of
mankind's best inventions. It is not only
supremely elegant as an electromechanical
energy converter, but is also by far the most
important, with something like one third of all
the electricity generated being converted back
to mechanical energy in induction motors.
Despite playing a key role in industrial
society, it remains largely unnoticed because
of its workaday role in unglamorous
surroundings driving machinery, pumps, fans,
compressors, conveyors, hoists and a host of
other routine but vital tasks. It will doubtless
continue to dominate these fixed-speed
applications, but thanks to the availability of
reliable variable-frequency drives, it is also
now will established in the controlled-speed
arena.
Deep-bar or double-cage rotors of the
induction motor have a high effective
resistance at starting and a low effective
resistance under normal running conditions,
thus yielding both a high starting torque and
good speed regulation in the same motor
(Stephen J. Chapman 1991). Therefore,
studying its dynamic and static characteristics
is of a great importance.

THE NUMERICAL MODEL OF THE
INDUCTION MOTOR

The numerical model of the three-phase,
squirrel-cage induction motor is represented
as a system of differential equations written in
, rectangular coordinates (Jukov 1994).
To take in account the skin effect in the deep-
bar rotor of the induction motor, the squirrel-
cage is represented as two resistive-inductive
parallel connected circuits; consequently the
numerical model, in matrix form, can be
written as following:

LI RI V
dt
dI
L
=
where
(
(

L
L
L
0
0
,

(
(
(
(

= =




L L L
L L L
L L L
L L
R
R
S
) 2 (
) 1 (
,

L L L S S
+ = ,

L L L R R
+ =
) 1 ( ) 1 (
,

L L L R R
+ =
) 2 ( ) 2 (
,

| |
R R R R R R R R R S R R S
diag
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
, , , , , = ,

(

0
0
R
R
,

(
(
(


0 0
0 0
0 0 0
R
,

| |
T
R R S R R S i i i i i i I
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
, , , , ,

= ,

| |
T
S S v v V
0 , 0 , , 0 , 0 ,

= ,
where

i i i i i i R R S R R S
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
, , , , , currents of the
stator and equivalent rotor circuits in ,
coordinates respectively;

v v S S
, voltages applied to the terminals of
the motor in , coordinates respectively;

R R R R R S
) 2 ( ) 1 (
, , resistances of the stator and
equivalent rotor circuits respectively;

L L L L R R S
, , ,
) 2 ( ) 1 (
leakage inductances of
the stator, equivalent rotor circuits and
inductance of the magnetization branch
respectively;

angular velocity of the motor, which can


be found by solving the following differential
equation:
( )

=
m
J dt
d 1
,
where

m J
, , the moment of inertia,
electromagnetic torque and mechanical torque
respectively.
The electromagnetic torque can be calculated
as following:

,
1
2
1
) (
) (
2
1
) (
) (
(

=

=

i
i
R
i
r
S
i
i
R
i
r
S
S
a a
L


where

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

=

2
1
) (
i
i
R S S S
S
i i L i L
,

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

=

2
1
) (
i
i
R S S S
S
i i L i L
,

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

=

2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
i
i
R S
i
R
i
R
i
R
i i L i L
,

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

=

2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
i
i
R S
i
R
i
R
i
R
i i L i L
,

1
2
1
) ( ) (
) ( 1 1 1 1

=

(
(

+ + =

k
k
R
S
i
R
i
R
L
L L
L
a
.
The mechanical torque of the load, which is
attached to the induction motor, can be
considered either as a constant or as a
function of the angular velocity. The active
and reactive power of the motor can be
calculated as following:

i v i v P S S S S
+ = ,

i v i v
Q
S S S S
= .

All the above mentioned differential
equations can be solved by Runge-Kutta order
four method. The voltages applied to the
terminals of the induction motor are given as
following:
t V v m S
=
cos
,

t V v m S
=
sin
.

The equivalent circuit parameters (resistances
and inductances) can be defined in per units
(pu) by engineering methods (Sivokobylenko
and Kostenko 1979). The initial conditions of
the variables (currents and angular velocity)
equal to zero at the first step of solution.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The data below shows a comparison between
a no-load starting process experiment and
computational modeling results (the type of
the motor is AZ-12-52, 630 kW, 6 kV.),
which confirms the scientific fulfillment of
the developed numerical model:

1* 2*
Duration of starting process, sec. 1.24 1.3
Starting current, pu 5.7 5.7
Dynamic inrush torque, pu 4.18 4.4
Starting torque, pu 1.17 1.2
Pullout torque, pu 1.8 1.9
1- computational modeling results. 2- experimental data.


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The developed numerical model permits to
simulate the induction motor starting process
and takes in account skin effect,
transformation and rotational electromotive
forces. In addition, this model is the same for
both transients and steady-state analysis.
Fig.1 shows the starting current (motor type:
2AZMP, 2500 kW, 6 kV), which is about five
times greater the rated. Fig.2 shows the
electromagnetic torque during the no-load
starting process. The speed of the motor
during starting process is shown in Fig.3.
Fig.4 and Fig.5 show the consumed active
and reactive power during the no-load starting
process. As it is obvious, the reactive power is
more than the consumed active power (the
induction motor is running with a low power-
factor) as there is no load attached to the
motor.

-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 sec.
P
h
a
s
e

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

p
u

Fig.1- Induction motor phase current in pu during no-load starting process.

-2
-1
0
1
2
3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 sec.
T
o
r
q
u
e
,

p
u

Fig.2- Induction motor torque in pu during no-load starting process.


0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 sec.
S
p
e
e
d
,

p
u

Fig.3- Induction motor speed in pu during no-load starting process.


-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 sec.
A
c
t
i
v
e

p
o
w
e
r
,

p
u

Fig.4- Induction motor active power in pu during no-load starting process.

0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 sec.
R
e
a
c
t
i
v
e

p
o
w
e
r
,

p
u

Fig.5- Induction motor reactive power in pu during no-load starting process.


Besides the dynamic characteristics, the
torque-speed and the current-speed static
characteristics can be achieved by using the
developed model (Fig.6 and Fig.7
respectively), where it is shown that the
starting torque is equal to 0.82 pu and the
starting current is equal to 5.3 pu.
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Speed, pu
T
o
r
q
u
e
,

p
u

Fig.6- The torque-speed characteristic in pu.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Speed, pu
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
,

p
u

Fig.7- The current-speed characteristic in pu.
CONCLUSIONS

A numerical model has been developed to
simulate the starting process of the three-
phase, squirrel-cage induction motor. The
developed model, which is represented as a
system of differential equations, takes in
account the skin effect, transformation and
rotational electromotive forces. Using this
model, starting process of the three-phase
induction motor can be investigated. The skin
effect has been taken in account by
representing the rotor of the motor as two
parallel-connected resistive-inductive circuits.
Using the results of such numerical modeling,
the optimum settings of relay protective
devices and automates can be chosen and
adjusted.

REFERENCES

Jukov V. 1994. Short-circuit in electric
system nodes with complex load. MEI,
Moscow.
Sivokobylenko, V.; V. Kostenko. 1979.
Electrical motors' mathematical modeling of
the power station auxiliaries. DPI, Donetsk.
Stephen J. Chapman. 1991. Electric
machinery fundamentals. McGraw-Hill.

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