Humanities and the Arts: nature, assumptions, system of appreciation, and forms

Definitions
• Humanities came from the word HUMANUS which means to be truly human.
• In Latin, Humanities means to show qualities of rationality, kindness and tenderness.
• To be truly human is to be culturally enhanced and refined.
• Culture comes from the Latin terms Cultus-Colere, which means to cultivate, to
develop. Culture is the general way of life of human society, including ways of
thinking, beliefs, customs, language, art, and traditions. So therefore if we talk about
humanities, we are interested with the knowing the ways of life developed by people as
expression of themselves.
• In the renaissance period, colleges and universities coined the word humanities as art
appreciation. Humanities is art itself. Humanities is the branch of learning which is
concerned with the human thoughts, feelings and relations.

Importance of Humanities
• It provides us with the opportunity to examine what it takes and what means to be
human.
• It helps us recognize fundamental values and principles such as beauty, truth, love,
justice and faith.
• It develops our capacity for critical thinking and appreciation for cultural heritage as
reflected in different Filipino works of art.
• It fosters understanding across barriers of race, class, gender and ethnicity.
• It helps us see the interconnectedness of all areas of knowledge- how they affect and
complement one another.
• It introduces us to people who have never met, places we have never visited, and ideas
that never crossed our minds.
• It helps us conceptualize a global perspective by studying cultures and tradition by
artworks throughout the world.
• It supports and strengthens local arts community by learning to appraise the value of
creativity.
• It help us to address the challenges we face together in our families, our communities,
and our nation.
• It emphasizes the dignity of every human being.
Fundamental Principles of Humanities
1. Its main goal is to the development of human virtue, in all its form, to all its fullest.
2. It does not aim to remake humanity but rather to reform social order by understanding
what is basically inalienably human.
3. It regards man as its central character along with his aesthetic, limitless potentials
which can be used as tools in transforming.

Nature of Art
• The word ART originally comes from the Aryan root AR meaning “join”, or “put
together”.
• From this ancient etymon, two Greek verbs are derived: Artizein – to prepare and
Arkiskein – to put together.
• The Latin terms ARS, ARTIS mean everything that is artificially made or composed by
man.
• Meaningful human actions are directed by the intellect and they are expressed in two
activities:
1) Actions to be done – these are in relation to man’s ultimate destiny and moral
obligations and lead to VIRTUE;
2) Actions to be made – these are in relation to man’s practical needs and lead to ART
• Art is therefore the making or composing of any object useful for human needs that is,
for the contemplation and enjoyment of its meaning or beauty.
• It is the skillful arrangement or composition of some common qualities of nature (colors,
sounds, lines, movements, words, etc.) to express human feelings, emotions, or
thoughts in a meaningful and enjoyable way.
• ART is the subjective expressions of man’s thoughts and feelings; thus Humanities
too.

Assumptions of Art
1. Art is the universal language that speaks to all people and is able to evoke emotions,
ideas and thoughts.
2. Art is timeless, famous works of art are valued by generations past, present and
future. Art is created in such a way that all people, young or old, deaf or mute, can all
enjoy and take a meaning away from it.
3. Art is cultural. Art is not nature. Art involves experience. Art as expression, as a form
of creation.
 4. Is art an imitation or a creation?
– Art tends to imitate, but to express nature with clarity and meaning. Art therefore is
not mere copying of things and nature, but is a creative activity.

System in Art Appreciation

• Art Appreciation is the knowledge and understanding of the universal and timeless
qualities that identify all great art. The more you appreciate and understand the art of
different eras, movements, styles and techniques, the better you can develop, evaluate and
improve your own artwork.
Criteria for Judging. Description, Analysis, Content, Meaning and Judgment
• When do we say an art is BEAUTIFUL?
• Beautiful is that which a source of pleasure is. Thus, if an art is the reason of our
pleasure, it is then really beautiful.
Where does beauty lie?
Three ideas are mentioned as to where beauty lies.
1) Beauty is out there; it is objective. It is a primary quality that resides in the object.
2) Beauty is not there. It is a secondary quality that resides in the perceiver.
3) Beauty is neither primary nor secondary. It is tertiary in nature. It depends on the
appropriate situational perspective. It is this third idea which should be given emphasis.
Beauty is not just in the object because the object cannot be judged as beautiful without
the subject judging it as beautiful. It is not just in the subject because even if there is one
that judges what is beautiful if there is nothing that he judges as beautiful then it is
nothing. So therefore, it is both the object and subject put together that make beauty.

Categories of beautiful
1. The sublime – enjoyment is aroused by astonishment and awe like looking at the starry
heavens, the majesty of mountain ranges, the heroic acts of heroes and saints.
2. The Nice – enjoyment is aroused by sympathy, love, benevolence, tenderness and
modesty like children, flowers, flower arrangement, artifacts.
3. The Comic – enjoyment because it makes us laugh like satire and irony, the
exaggerated, the repetitious, the ridiculous and the playful.
The role of art criticism
Criticism is a method of verifying or testing artistic works. It is a technique to stimulate the
understanding of art and to develop artistic sensibility

Different Forms of Arts

The following are the different forms of Arts that man developed through the years:
1) Visual Arts
- There are also other artistic disciplines that also involve a aspect, such as performance
arts, theater, and applied arts.
- Some mediums of visual arts include paintings, drawings, letterings, printing,
sculpture, digital imaging.

2) Literature and Combined Arts

Film
- Film refers to the art of putting together successions of still images in order to create
an illusions of movement.
- Filmmaking focusses on its aesthetic, cultural, and social, value, and is considered
both an art and an industry.
- Techniques in Film-making process:
- Motion-picture camera(also known as movie camera)
- Animation techniques
- Computer-generated imagery (CGI)
- filmmaking simulates experiences or creates one that is beyond the scope of our
imagination as it aims to deliver ideas, feelings, or beauty to its viewers.
Performance Art
- The fact that performance art is live makes it intangible, which means it cannot be
bought or traded as a commodity
- Performance art is a live art and the artist’s medium is mainly the human body which
he or she uses to perform, but also employs other kind of art such as visual art, props,
or sound.
 Poetry Performance
- It uses a word’s emotional, musical, and spatial values that go beyond its literal
meaning to narrate emphasize, argue, or convince.
- These words combined with movements, tone, volume, and intensity of the delivery
add to the artistic, value of the poem.
- Poetry is an art from where the artist express his emotions not by using paint,
charcoal, or camera, but expresses them through words.
- These words are carefully selected to exhibit clarity and beauty and to stimulate
strong emotions and joy, anger, love, sorrow among others.

Literary Art

- Artist who practice literary arts use words to express themselves and communicate
emotions to the readers.
- Simply becoming a writer does not make one a literary artist.
- Literary art goes beyond the usual professional, academic, journalistic and other
technical forms of witing.
- It focuses on writing using a unique style, not following a specific format or norm.
- It may include both fiction and non-fiction such as novels, biographies, and ppoems.
- Romeo and Juliet- Willian Shakespeare
- The Little Prince- Antoine de Sain-Exupery

3) Performing Arts (Music and Dance)

Dance
- Dance is series of movements that follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment.
- Dancing is a creative art form that allows people to freely express themselves.
- It has no rules
- Choreography may seem not to allow this, but in art expression, dancers, are not
confined to set steps and rules but are free to create and invent their own movements
as longs as they deem them graceful and beautiful.
Theater

- Theater uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before a live
audience.
- Theater art performance usually follows a script, though they should not be confused
with literary arts.
- Like in filmmaking, theater also considers several elements such as acting, gesture,
lighting, sound effects, musical score, scenery and props.
- Like performance art, theater also is a live performance.
- Genres: drama, musical, tragedy, comedy, and improvisation.

4) Applied Arts (Fashion and Furniture)

- Applied arts is incorporating elements of style and design to everyday items with the
aim of increasing their aesthetic value
Divisions of Arts
1. With respect to purpose:
a. Practical arts –directed to produce artifacts and utensils which cope with human needs
like basket, weaving, furniture making, agriculture etc.
b. Liberal arts – intellectual efforts are considered like philosophy, psychology, social
sciences
c. Fine Arts – products of the human creativity in so far as they express beauty in
different ways and different media like drawing, painting, sketching…
d. Major arts – characterized by their actual and potential expressiveness like music,
dance, literature.
e. Minor arts – connected with practical uses and purposes like interior design,
landscape, porcelain making.
2. With respect to media and forms
a. Plastic arts – perceived by sense of sight like sculpture, architecture
b. Phonetic arts – based on sounds and words like music, drama, literature
c. Kinetic arts – rhythmic movement like the different kinds of dances
d. Pure arts – which take only one medium of expression as sound in music, color in
painting.
e. Mixed arts – which use two or more media like opera, a combination of music, poetry
and drama

Classification of Arts
• Space arts – visual arts
a. 2 dimensional (seen only in one angle)
Examples: Painting, printing, photography, drawing, sketching
b. 3 dimensional ( seen in several angles)
Examples: sculpture, architecture, music, dance, combination-musical theater/opera
• Time arts – auditory arts
music, dance, combination-musical theater/opera
Chapter 2:
Functions, and Philosophical Perspectives of Art

Functions of Art:
Why do Artists make Art?
+ The Agent of Art is Man for Expression, an integral part of being human.

+ His expression is either an art or a craft. When his expression is for appreciation's sake, it
is Art; and when his expression is geared towards utilization, then it is Craft.

+ Man, oftentimes combined art and craft and this is called functional art.
Functions of Art
- Physical function (utility, instructional, historical, representational)
- Social Function (influential media, interaction/communication)
- Personal (inspirational, gratification, relaxation)
- Other functions (religion, architecture, etc.

Physical functions
PHYSICAL FUNCTION OF ART
- The physical functions of art can be found in artworks that are crafted in order to
serve some physical purpose.
- Architecture, jewelry-making, interior design all serves physical functions.

SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF ART

- Political art is a very common example of an art with a social function.
- Art can also depict social conditions such as photography (pictures of poverty)
- Performance art like plays or satires can also rouseemotions and rally people toward a
particular end.
- Art is considered to have a social function if and when it addresses a particular
collective interest as opposed to a personal interest.
- Art may convey message of protest, contestation, or whatever message the artist
intends his work to carry.

PERSONAL FUNCTIONS OF ART

- The personal functions of art are varied and highly subjective.
- Functions depends on the artist who created the art.
- An artist may create an art out of self- expression, entertainment, or therapeutic
purpose.
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF ART
- Today, music has expanded its functions and coverage.
- There is a lot of music that has no connection to dance or religion.
- Example: Serenade - People compose hymns to express feelings and emotions.
- Music is also used as accompaniment to stage plays and motion pictures
- Music was principally used for dance and religion.
- The ancient world saw music as an instrument to facilitate worship and invocation to
gods.
- Music was essential for synchronicity of dancers.
- Music guarantees that warriors were simultaneous.
- Architecture may be the most prominent functional art.
- Unlike other forms of art, buildings take so much time to erect and destroy.
- One cannot dismiss taking into consideration the function of a building before
construction.
- It is also in architecture where one can find the intimate connection of function and
form.
- Sculptures have been made by man most particularly for religion.
- In the Roman Catholic world, the employment of sculptures for religious purposes
has remained vital, relevant, and symbolic
- Rizal and Bonifacio's monument and commemorative coins (Pope Francis)

Philosophical Perspective of Art

- Art as an imitation
- Art as a representation
- Art as a disinterested judgement
- Art as a communication of emotions

ART AS A DISINTERESTED JUDGMENT

HOW AND IN WHAT SENSE CAN A JUDGMENT OF BEAUTY, WHICH ORDINARILY IS
CONSIDERED TO BE A SUBJECTIVE FEELING, BE CONSIDERED OBJECTIVE OR
UNIVERSAL?
HOW ARE THESE TWO STATEMENTS
DIFFERENT?
1. "I like this painting."
2. "This painting is beautiful."
. The first is clearly a judgment of taste (subjective), while the second is an aesthetic judgment
(objective).
. Making an aesthetic judgment requires us to be disinterested, In other words, we should try to
go beyond our individual tastes and preferences so that we can appreciate art from a universal
standpoint.
ARTS ACCORDING TO
1. Plato: Art imitates nature. Art imitates life.
2. Aristotle: Art imitates men and nature in action.
3. Oscar Wilde, Irish author: It is life that imitates art
4. Henri-Louis Bergson: It is not reason that enables us to imitate; art is not imitation; art is
made from intuition(immediate sensation and intense feeling)
5. G.E. Moore: Art is both imitation and intuition
6. Sigmund Freud: Art is a wish-fulfillment; an excellent work of art results from frustration
7. Jose Ortega Y Gaset: Art is a form of escape; escape from negative elements
8. Benedetto Croce: Art is merely an expression regardless if it is understood or not
9. Albert Camus: Art is rebellion
10. John Dewey: Art is not limited in the gallery and museum
11. Dante Leoncini: When man beautifies himself, he becomes a human art
12. Margarette Macdonalds: Art is esoteric. It is mysterious. It is indefinable. It is
transintelligible. It is only describable.

Hierarchy of Arts
- Immanuel Kant: Music is the lowest of all arts because it
gives only sensible pleasure
- Schopenhauer: Music is the greatest because it is capable of
freeing man from his fears and desires, from his anger and
despair, and from other passions and anxieties
- Hegel: Poetry has the best qualities like immediate
perccueption, creative imagination, development of thoughts
and events
- Leibnitz: The fusion of poetry and music is the highest art
- Thus, there is no final manner by which a hierarchy of the
arts may be established. Each has his own value.
Chapter 3: Subject and content of Arts
Subject of Arts
• In viewing art, there are clues that mediate between the artwork and the
viewer, allowing the viewer to more easily comprehend what he is seeing.
• These clues are the 3 basic components of a work of art:
a) Subject – the visual focus or the image that may be extracted from
examining the artwork; the WHAT
b) Content – the meaning that is communicated by the artist or the artwork;
the WHY
c) Form – the development and configuration of the artwork – how the
elements and the medium or material are put together; the HOW
• Subject of art is what an artist chooses to present in his/her art. It is the
expression of artist’s view of his/her existence in his/her art.
• It is the theme or topic of the artist in his/her art. The term subjects in art
refers to the main idea that is represented in the artwork. The subject in art
is basically the essence of the piece.
• To determine subject matter in a particular piece of art, ask yourself:
a) What is depicted in this artwork?
b) What is the artist trying to express to the world... what is his or her
message?
c) How are they conveying that message?
Types of Subject
Representational Art
• This type of art have subjects that refer to objects or events occurring in
the real world.
• Also termed as figurative art because the figures depicted are easy to
make out and decipher.
Non-representational Art
• Art Forms do not make a reference to the real world, whether it is a person,
place, thing, or event.
• It is stripped down to visual elements, such as shapes, lines, and colors that
are employed to translate a particular feeling, emotion, and concept.
Abstract Art
• Is non-representational art the same with abstract art?
• There is no clear cut divide, rather, they exist in a spectrum.
• Looking at the combination of lines, shapes and colors of the sculpture will
point to a head of a woman.
• Even with the abstraction of the image, this work is arguably
representational art.
Sources of Subject
• Nature
• History
• Greek and Roman Mythology
• Judeo-Christian tradition
• Sacred oriental texts
• Other works of art
Kinds of Subject
1. History
2. Still Life
3. Animals
4. Figures
5. Nature
6. Landscape
7. Seascape
8. Cityscape
 9. Mythology
10. Myth
11. Dreams
12. Fantasies

5 Main Subjects that Artists have been exploring in art for centuries
Still life- a collection of inanimate objects arranged together in a
specific way.
Landscape – natural scenery such as mountains, cliffs, rivers, etc.
Portraiture - an image of a particular person or animal, or group
thereof.
Abstract- a non-representational work of art.
Nature- a focused view or interpretation of specific natural elements.
Ways of Presenting the Subject
1.REALISM
Object depicted in the way they normally appear. What you see is
what you get.
2. ABSTRACTION
In painting and sculpture, it magnifies one phase of reality without
representational intentions having little or no resemblance to natural
appearance. It does not show the subject as a whole but only his idea
or his feeling about it.
Kinds of abstraction are as follows:
a. Elongation – it refers to that which being lengthened.
b. Abstract Expressionism – lack of refinement in the application of
paint, strong color, uneven brush, and rough texture.
c. Distortion – dramatization of figure to create emotional effects.
d. Mangling – showing of subjects or objects that are cut, lacerated,
mutilated, and hacked.
e. Cubism – originated by Picasso, which transposed natural forms into
overlapping transparent planes.
3. SURREALISM (“Super-realism”)
It is the combination of realism and distortion. It emphasized the
omnipotence of the dream and the sub-conscious mind. Indebted to
Dadaism. It was founded by poet-painter Andre Breton in 1924 in Paris,
France.
4. DADAISM
In literature and painting, it literally means “the killing of the
arts.” Originated by Marcel Duchamp in 1916 in Zurich, Switzerland. It is
characterized to be “non-sensical”.
5. EXPRESSIONISM
The emphasis is on the “inner world” of subjective feeling rather
than on descriptions of the outer world.
6. FAUVISM
In painting, led by Henri Matisse in 1903-1907 in France, this
school showed distorted form and employed vivid spontaneous color
effects. Characterized by the used of extremely bright colors in order to
express joy, pleasure and comfort.
7. FUTURISM
 It attempts to capture the movement and the dynamism of the
modern world.
8. IMPRESSIONISM
It is a method in painting with small vibrant dots of color. This
gave rise to the later method called pointillism.

Content in Art
• The meaning or message that is express or communicate by the
artwork.
• In understanding the content of the art, it is important to note the
various levels of meaning.
Factual Meaning
• the most rudimentary level of meaning for it may be extracted
from the identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork and
understanding how these elements relate to one another.
Conventional Meaning
• Pertains to the acknowledged interpretation of the artwork using
motifs, signs, and symbols and other cyphers as bases of its
meaning.
• These conventions are established through time, strengthened by
recurrent use and wide acceptance by its viewers or audience and
scholars who study them.
Subjective Meaning
• When subjectivities are consulted, a variety of meanings may
arise when a particular works of art is read
 • These meanings stem from the viewer’s or audience’s
circumstances that come into play when engaging with art
• Meaning may not be singular, rather multiple and varied.

Chapter 4: ARTISTS AND ARTISANS: Art Forms And Artworks,

Production And Curation Processes Of Arts

Artist and Artisan

• An artist is a person who performs any of the creative arts. This
can range from painting to music.
• An artisan (from French: artisan, Italian: artigiano) on the other
hand, is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates things by
hand that may be functional or strictly decorative, for example
furniture, decorative arts, sculptures, clothing, jewelry, food
items, household items and tools or even mechanisms such as the
handmade.
• Fine artists work with paint, watercolor, pen and ink, or
illustrations, while artisans craft work like jewelry, glasswork,
pottery or other functional products.
• Artists focus on creating aesthetically pleasing works, while
artisans’ work focuses on accessorizing and functionality more
than aesthetics.
Characteristics of Artist and Artisan
Artistic Value:
Artist: The object has a clear artistic value.
 Artisan: The object has an artistic value.
Functional Value:
Artist: The object has no functional value.
Artisan: The object has a functional value.
Object:
Artist: The object has a lot of aesthetic value and is appreciated
for this quality as it pleases the individual.
Artisan: The object though utilitarian has certain aesthetic
attributes to it.
Arts and Artist in the Different Art Forms and Artworks
• Art Forms - Traditional categories within the arts include
literature (including poetry, drama, story, and so on), the visual
arts (painting, drawing, sculpture, etc.), the graphic arts (painting,
drawing, design, and other forms expressed on flat surfaces), the
plastic arts (sculpture, modeling), the decorative arts
• Artwork - A painting, sculpture, photograph, etc., that is created
to be beautiful or to express an important idea or feeling : an
artistic work. : drawings, photographs, etc., that are included in
books, magazines, and other printed materials.
Visual Arts
Visual Arts are art forms which are primarily visual in nature. Art that is
visible to the naked eye.
Two categories of visual Arts:
1. Graphics arts are those which are two dimensional; they
have length and width.
 2. Plastic arts are those that are three dimensional; they have
length, width and height.
Graphic Arts
1. Painting
2. Drawing
3. Graphic Process
4. Commercial Art
5. Computer Art
6. Photography
7. Printmaking
8. Film making
Graphic Arts
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other
medium to a solid surface. the most common tool used are brushes,
but others also use tools such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes.
Drawing is a two-dimensional art form that mainly uses lines and
shadings in a medium to form an image. The most common and
primitive tools used for drawings are pencils and papers.
Types of Drawing
Portrait drawing is a drawing of a person or group of people that
captures the personality of the subject. Frequently, portraits are
commissioned for special occasions, such as weddings or school events.
Landscape is all the visible features of an area of countryside or land,
often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.
Figurative Drawing is a drawing of the human form in any of its various
shapes and postures using any of the drawing media.
Fantasy Drawing is a drawing depicting imaginary, surreal or visionary
themes
Illustration is a decoration, interpretation or visual explanation of a
text, concept or process.
Caricature is the art of exaggerating the visual traits of a person or
situation, creates a powerfully suggestive picture. Caricatures can be
insulting or complimentary and can serve a political purpose or be
drawn solely for entertainment.
Still life drawing is a drawing or painting that focuses on still objects.
The subject matter is inanimate and never moves, typically with a focus
on household objects, flowers, or fruits. Still life work contrasts figure
drawing which focuses on a live human model.
Sketches
Graphic Arts
Graphic Process is a way of printing a design or text, often in multiple
copies. Usually done digitally.
Graphic Process
Silkscreen also known as screen-printing or serigraphy; this technique
uses a stencil to create sharp-edged images for multiple prints.
Offset Printing - The traditional offset system involves transferring
(offsetting) an inked image or design on a printing plate to a rubber
blanket which is then applied to the surface that will be printed.
Graphic Arts
Commercial Art is historically a subsector of creative services, referring
to art created for commercial purposes, primarily advertising.
Computer Art is any art in which computers played a role in production
or display of the artwork.
Photography is the art, science, and practice of creating pictures by
recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a
photographic film, or electronic image sensors.
Printmaking is creating for artistic purposes an image on a matrix which
is then transferred to a two-dimensional (flat) surface by means of ink
(or another form of pigmentation).
Film making (or, in an academic context, film production) is the process
of making a film, generally in the sense of films intended for extensive
theatrical exhibition.
Filmmaking involves a number of discrete stages including an initial
story, idea, or commission, through screenwriting, casting, shooting,
sound recording and pre-production, editing, and screening the finished
product before an audience that may result in a film release and
exhibition.
Filmmaking takes place in many places around the world in a range of
economic, social, and political contexts, and using a variety of
technologies and cinematic techniques.
Plastic Arts
1. Architecture
2. Interior Design
3. Sculpture
 4. Craft
Architecture the art and science of designing and erecting buildings and
other physical structures.
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek arkhitekton
"architect", from "chief" and "builder") is both the process and the
product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other
physical structures.
Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often
perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations
are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
Egyptian Architecture
Greek Architecture
Romanesque
Modern
Landscape Architecture is the design of outdoor and public spaces to
achieve environmental, socio-behavioral, and/or aesthetic outcomes.
City Planning is a technical and political process concerned with the
development and design of land use and the built environment,
including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of
urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution
networks.
Urban planning deals with physical layout of human settlements. The
primary concern is the public welfare, which includes considerations of
efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment, as well as
effects on social and economic activities.
Plastic Arts
Interior Design is the art and science of enhancing the interior of a
building to achieve a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing
environment for the people using the space.
Interior design is a multifaceted profession that includes conceptual
development, space planning, site inspections, programming, and
research, communicating with the stakeholders of a project,
construction management, and execution of the design.
An interior designer is someone who plans, researches, coordinates,
and manages such enhancement projects.
Sculpture is the art of making two- or three-dimensional representative
or abstract forms, specially by carving stone or wood or by casting
metal or plaster.
Linear focuses on art that is created through linear lines using different
materials.
Free Standing is a sculpture where the image can be seen from all
standing.
Relief is a sculpture where the image is attached to the ground
Kinetic sculpture - sculpture in which movement (as of a motor-driven
part or a changing electronic image) is a basic element.
In the 20th century the use of actual movement, kineticism, became an
important aspect of sculpture
Assemblage is a sculpture where the elements present are just
assembled.
Craft - an activity involving skill in making things by hand.
Textile Craft
Paper Craft
Functional Craft
Weaving
Pottery
Physical Ornamentation
Dress and costume

Literature
• Literature is said to be “The Mother of Arts’’.
• Literature is derived from Latin littera meaning `an individual` written
character (letter) and literature is literally `acquaintance with letters.”. It
is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or
scientific works, but the term is most used to refer to works of the creative
imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction.
• LITERATURE is a time art. TIME ART is an art which present an organized
series of stimuli within a framing time span, and which therefore must be
experienced in a sequence as having a beginning,
Categories of Literature
1. Imaginative /fiction literature (ex. Poems, short stories, novels, plays)
2. Non-fiction literature (ex. Biographies, essays)
Classification of Literature
1. Escape literature is written for entertainment purposes, that is, to help us
pass the time in an agreeable manner.
2. Interpretative Literature is written to broaden and sharpen our awareness
of life.
Uses of Literature
 Moralizing literature is a kind of literature that is used to present moral
values for the reader to understand and appreciate; the moral may be
directly or indirectly stated.
Propaganda Literature is a kind of literature that was found not only in
history books and advertising and marketing books but also in some books
describing one’s personal success and achievements in life
Psychological continuum of the individual-therapeutic value is a kind of
literature that provide therapeutic experience to the reader
1. Novel
2. Essays and Oration
3. Legends, Fables, and Anecdotes
4. Biography
5. News
6. Poetry

Drama & Theater

• Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live
performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real
or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage.
• The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through
combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance.
• Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are
used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the
experience.
• Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance: a play,
opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on radio or television.
 • Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been
contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's Poetics
(c. 335 BC)—the earliest work of dramatic theory.
• Zarzuela is piece of entertainment with improvised plots that used in
comic, tragic, fantastic, melodramatic or a combination of all. Later, these
“Fiestas de Zarzuelas” were simply called Zarzuela that involves singing
and dancing in it. It has no definite form. Singing was free and imaginative.
• Cenakulo/Senakulo is Traditional dramatization of the events regarding
Jesus Christ suffered before and after crucify him. Derivative such tradition
in the Bible and other text apokripa. Usually held in the streets or in the
yard of the church.
Dance & Music
• Dance involves a successive group of bodily motions and steps rhythmically
performed and timed to music.
• It is said to be “The Oldest of the Arts” and “Mother of the Arts”.
• Dancing is both an art and a form of recreation.
• As an art, a dance may tell a story, set a mood, or express an emotion.
• As a form of recreation, dancing has long provided fun, relaxation, and
companionship.
• Why Do People Dance?
• • Worship
• • Courtship
• • Magical Powers
• • Companionship
• • To bring victory
• • Restore health
• • Fun and entertainment
 • • To give beauty and inspiration
• • Relieve the monotony of life
• • Express joy
Kinds of Dances
ETHNOLOGICAL/ETHNIC DANCE - This kind of dance is native to a special race or
ethnic group. It includes folk dancing and religious rituals.
Social or Ballroom dancing is regarded as a source of public entertainment.It is
also an effective exercise as prescribed by medical practitioners to young
professionals whose work is sedentary in nature.
Theatrical or Spectacular Dance is performed for the entertainment of the
spectators Includes the Ballet, modern dance, musical comedy dances and tap
dancing.
Music
• The word music comes from the Greek word (mousike), which means “art
of the Muses”.
• Music is a sound that perceived by our hears.
• Music is the art of combining sounds of varying pitch to produce a coherent
composition that is melodious, harmonious, intelligible, and expressive of
ideas and emotions.
• A form of entertainment that puts sounds together in a way that people
like or find interesting. Most music includes people singing with their voices
or playing musical instruments.
Nature of Music
1. Acoustic/Physical Characteristics
• Music is a Science. Acoustics is the science of sound and the physical basis of
music.
• Music is Sound and Silence. Music is an aural phenomenon: we listen and
respond to its sound.
• Music moves through Time. Music moves from one moment to the next as do
motion picture.
2. Cultural, Artistic and Functional Qualities
• Music is an Art. Great music, as with the works of art, can have universal appeal,
may be remembered for hundreds of years, and has degree of substance that
challenges the listener and the performer.
• Music is a Universal Phenomenon. Music exists in all nations and among all
people and has existed as far back in time as we know about people and their
cultures. The musical languages, styles, and functions have differed considerably.
• Music is a means of Expression. Music can communicate feelings and images
and can generate aesthetic responses, responses that may be universal and
transcend cultural boundaries or may be culture-specific (non-universal).
• Music is a Psychological Phenomenon. Music has the ability to affect and change
people’s feelings and attitudes. Music is used therapeutically to help physically
and mentally challenged people.
• Music Changes. Music changes as the society it serves changes and because
people’s needs and tastes change.
• Music as a Process. People of all ages are involved in the process of music as
creators, performers, or listeners. Without these three functions, music does not
exist.

Chapter 5: ARTISTS AND ARTISANS: Medium And Technique In The

Different Artforms
MEDIUM OF THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF ART
a) Media used in Painting
b) Media Used in Drawing
c) Media Used in Sculpture
 d) Media Used in Architecture
e) Media Used in Performing Arts
THE ARTIST AND HIS TECHNIQUE
a) Techniques in Visual Arts
b) Methods of Sculpture
The Artist and His Medium
• When an artist chooses a particular medium, he believes that his choice can
best express the idea he wants to convey.
• At times he wants more than one medium to give meaning to his creative
production. Oftentimes, the matter of selecting the medium depends
entirely on the artist himself.
• He normally selects the materials that can be handled with ease, that
would suit his plan, and adequately bring out the qualities he wants to
show.
• The artist must love, respect, and understand his medium to make it easier
for him to expand his knowledge and improve his skill in his chosen area.
Media used in Painting

Fresco A paint on a moist plaster surface applied with lime water

mixture.
Pastel and Chalk Dry pigments held together by a gum binder and
compressed into stick.
Water Color A simple coloring medium Has less luminous effect when
applied but easy to use
Encaustic Used by Egyptian in the portrait of face as in the case of
community Done with wax colors by the use of heat
Tempera A mineral pigment mixed with egg yolk or egg white and ore.
Oil Is pigment mixed with linseed oil and applied in canvass Expensive,
Flexible, Glossy, Dries slowly but lasts long.
Stained Glass Is a combination of small pieces of colored glass held
together by hands of lead.
Mosaic A picture decoration which are cut small pieces of colored
stones or glass and glued or pasted on a surface with cement or plaster.
Acrylic A medium most widely used by the painters these days because
of the characteristics of transparency and quick drying.
Bistre Is a brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood, and often
used in pen and wash drawings.
Relief Involves cutting away from a block of wood or linoleum the parts
of the design that the artist wants to be seen, leaving third the portion
of the dimension.
Crayons Are pigments bound by wax and compressed into painted
sticks used by students.
Charcoal Made from carbonized materials from heating wood.
SANGUINE A chalk-and-iron-oxide drawing pencil, was a popular
drawing medium in the 15th century, because of its wealth of
colorful possibilities.
CHALKS Chalks are an equally important drawing medium. Where
charcoal is primarily a medium for quick correctable sketching, chalk
drawing can achieve this and more.
White chalk, also found in nature, is hardly ever used as an
independent medium for drawing although it is often used in
combination with other mediums in order to achieve as individual
accents of reflected light.
CHARCOAL A pointed charcoal pencil can produce exceptionally thin
lines; if used broadside on the surface, it creates evenly toned planes.
Due to its slight adhesiveness, charcoal is ideal for corrective sketching,
but if the drawing is to be preserved, it needs to be protected by a
fixative.
METAL POINTS
. The technique of metal point has been used in writing and delineation
ever since antiquity, so it needed little imagination to employ it also in
drawing.
Artists use a slim tool (rod or stylus) of pure soft metal, such as lead,
silver, tin, copper as well as various lead-and-pewter alloys.
The most commonly used material was soft lead, which when used on a
smooth surface produces a pale grey line; it is not very strong in colour,
and easily erasable, and is therefore ideal for preparatory sketches.
GRAPHITE POINT A new drawing medium appeared and rapidly
replaced metal point for sketching and preliminary drawing.
PASTELS Even greater colour refinement is possible with pastel crayons,
made from powdered pigments mixed with a minimum amount of non-
greasy binder.
When the colours are applied to paper, they invariably look fresh and
bright, although they must be preserved from dispersion by being kept
under glass. Pastel colours can be applied in linear technique directly
with the crayons, or to an area of the paper directly with the fingers.
PEN AND BRUSH The method of combined pen and-brush drawing was
especially popular with the draftsmen of Germany and the Netherlands,
especially in the circle around Durer and the south German Danube
School.
The simplest combined application of this was manuscript illumination,
where the shapes were drawn in pen and duly filled with colour, using
the brush.
QUILL PEN
Offers an even wider range of artistic possibilities.
The supple tip of the quill pen, available in varying strengths, allows a
relatively wide scale of individual strokes - from soft, thin lines, such as
those used in preparatory sketches for illustrations in illuminated
books, to energetic, broad lines.

INKS Are the most common form of liquid dye used in drawing.
lts shade of colour varies according to its concentration and on the type
of wood from which it is derived. Hardwoods (like oak) produce a
darker shade than conifers, such as pine.

Media Used in Architecture

One of the primary purposes of architecture is to fulfill man’s needs
which are:
1. Physical need- shelter which must have necessities and comfort
2. Emotional need- endowed with rich beauty and interest
 3. Intellectual need- a building for science, education, government,
etc.
4. Psychological need- for recognition and response.
Factors in the choice and use of architectural materials:
5. Structural Property- workability with tools as construction
materials
6. Physical property- use of materials for aesthetic purposes
7. Weakness of materials- rotting, corrosion due to moisture,
discoloration, solar radiation, fungus growth, and susceptibility to
infection by wood-boring, weevils, termites and other pests.
8. Longevity of materials- lifespan of materials
9. Other inherent properties- weight, water resistance, heat
resistance, acoustics values, availability and economy.
Materials used in Architecture are classified into three:
1. Materials in nature
2. Materials manufactured or made by man
3. Indigenous materials
Materials in nature
Stone
Wood
Materials manufactured or made by man
Ceramic Materials
Metals
Plastic
Concrete Materials
Indigenous materials
Sawali
Coco Coir
Bamboo
Palm Frond Stem
Mud Bricks

Media Used in Performing Arts

Vocal Music
• Vocal music is the oldest and the most natural form of music.
Voice is produced by the vibrations of the vocal cords in the voice
box.
• Correct position of the body, head and mouth will enable the air
to vibrate freely. This includes Correct posture, Correct breathing,
Correct placement of the voice, Correct diction, and Correct
interpretation.
• Voice Classification
• Long vocal forms: opera, cantata, oratorio, Moro Moro and
zarzuela
• Short vocal forms-folk songs, art songs, kundiman, balitaw, danza
abanera, anthem, motet, madrigal, ballad, choral, round/cannon,
and area
• Voice differs considerably to timbre. As to timbre they are
classified int
Vocal Types of Male
• 1. Countertenor. The highest male voice. Singers called
countertenors as falsetto. Countertenor voices span broad range,
covering C4 to C6 to a range just above tenor covering D3 to
about D5.
• 2. Tenor. The highest male voice within the modal register.
Typical tenor voice lies between C3 t C5. At the highest extreme
some tenors can sing up to F5.
• 3. Baritone. The vocal range of baritone lies between the bass and
tenor ranges, overlapping both of them. It is the most common
type of male voice.
• 4. Bass. It is the lowest male voice. The typical bas range lies
between E2 to E4.
Vocal Types of Female
• 1. Soprano. The highest singing voice in female. It lies between C4
and C6.
• 2. Mezzo Soprano. It is the middle range voice type for females.
The mezzo-soprano voice lies between the soprano voice and
contralto voice.
• 3. Contralto. The contralto is the lowest female voice. It’s vocal
range typically lies between f3 to f5.
Instrumental Music/Musical Instruments
• Most musical instruments have three things in common: a part
which vibrates, a part which amplifies the sound by bouncing off
 the vibrations away from the instrument, and a system for
producing and regulating fixed pitches
• A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to
make musical sounds. Any object that produces sound can be a
musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object
becomes a musical instrument
Kinds of Musical Instruments
• String Instruments are musical instrument that makes sound by
vibrating the strings on it. Most common of these appear in the
violin family. (e.g. guitar, harp)
• Woodwind Instruments are musical instrument that contains
some type of resonator (usually a tube), in which a column of air
is set into vibration by the player blowing into (or over) a
mouthpiece set at the end of the resonator. (e.g. flute)
• Brass wind instruments are musical instrument that produces
sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in
sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips. Brass instruments
are also called labrosones, literally meaning "lip-vibrated
instruments “. (e.g. trumpet, French horn).
• Percussion Instruments - Include almost any instrument that is
sounded by striking, shaking and scratching with the hands or
with another object. They are used to emphasize the rhythm,
generate excitement, and enliven the orchestral sound. They are
musical instruments that are sounded by being struck or scraped
by a beater struck, scraped or rubbed by hand; or struck against
another similar instrument. (e.g. gong, drums, tambourine)
• Keyboard Instruments are equipped with keyboards occasionally
play with the symphony orchestra. The piano is the most familiar
 example. Others are harpsichord, celesta, and organ (king of the
instruments).
Idiophones
Instruments that produce sound from the substance the instrument
itself (wood or metal) are classified as idiophones. They are further
subdivided into those that are struck, scraped, plucked, shaken, or
rubbed. In the Philippines there are metal and wooden (principally
bamboo) idiophones.
Aerophones- any musical instrument that produces sound primarily by
causing a body of air to vibrate, without the use of strings or
membranes, and without the vibration of the instrument itself adding
considerably to the sound.
Membranophones- any musical instrument which produces sound
primarily by way of a vibrating stretched membrane.
Chordophones- These are bamboo or wood stringed instruments that
may be struck, plucked, or bowed.

THE ARTIST AND HIS TECHNIQUE

• Technique is the way the artist controls his medium to achieve the
desired effect; it is the ability in which he fulfills the technical
requirements of his work of art.
• Artists differ from one another in technique even if they use the
same medium. A musician’s technique is his ability to make music
sound the way he wants it.
• For instance, a pianist may sound different from another pianist
even as they handle the same instrument and play the same
musical composition.
Chapter 6:
ELEMENTS OF ART AND PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

Elements of Dance
a) Theme – it is the content or the main ingredient of the dance.
b) Design – the planned organization or pattern of movement.
c) Movement – is the action of dancers as they use their bodies to
create organized pattern.
d) Technique – this is a skill in executing movement.
e) Costume and Properties -the visual elements of costumes and
properties add impact to the performance of the dancers.
f) Choreography – the sequence of steps and movements in dance.
g) Scenery – it is the background establishing the place of action of
any dance.
h) Music – it is closely related to dance. It is something melodic and
harmonious usually used as an accompaniment.
Elements of Music
a) Rhythm. It is the most basic element of music, the only one which
can exist independently of the others. Music is composed of tones
and silences of varying durations, moving through time.
b) Melody. It is pitch added to rhythm. The terms tune, air, theme,
motif, and melodic line all mean the same thing as melody.- It
refers to the tune of a song or piece of music. it is the memorable
tune created by playing a succession or series of pitches. Melody
 has four characteristics or properties: dimension, progression,
direction, and register
c) Harmony. In general, harmony refers to the combination of notes
(or chords) played together and the relationship between a series
of chords. But to give you a better understanding of harmony,
let's first define melody.
d) Tone Color. It is the result of tempo, dynamics, and the timbre of
the medium/media. Dynamics refers to the changes from loud to
soft in a musical composition. Tempo refers to the speed at which
music may move. The tempo and dynamics of a musical
competition contribute to the tension and excitement that is
generated in the listener.
e) Texture. It refers to the characteristic disposition and relationship
between melody and harmony. There are three distinct types of
texture: monophonic, homophonic, and polyphonic textures.
f) Form. Musical structure or musical form is the over-all plan or
design of a musical piece. The composer starts with an idea—
theme. --We recognize a piece or a song by its theme. A musical
composition may have sectional form or may follow variation
form or the sonata-allegro form; or it may be a compound
structure in which two or more of the types of plans are used.
Elements of Literature
a) Emotional Appeal is an appeal to emotion; is a type of argument
which attempts to arouse the emotions of it audience in order to
gain acceptance of its conclusion.
b) Intellectual Appeal. Both add knowledge or information and
remind the reader of what he has forgotten.
c) Humanistic Appeal. Humanistic value can be attained when a
literary work makes the reader an improved person with a better
outlook in life and with a clear understanding of his inner self.

• Art fusion occurs when an artist (from any field – music,

literature, architecture, fine art, design, graffiti, etc.) collaborates
with a brand (of any kind – product, service, fashion, charity) to
create a product, service, concept or ‘piece’ (for lack of a less
pigeon-holing word) for the benefit of both parties and society as
a whole.
• The artist provides the vision, the creativity, the heart and
meaning, while the brand provides the production infrastructure,
scale and marketing channels.
• HOW ART FUSION BENEFITS BRANDS
• A well-chosen, well-planned, well-executed collaboration can
have many positive effects on a brand. It can bring newsiness and
talk-value, create a feeling of innovation and excitement, and
generate genuine interest in staid or even forgotten brands.
• It can be used to activate a quiet brand and can often be effective
in introducing it to a whole new audience.
• HOW ART FUSION BENEFITS ARTISTS
• Art has a profound impact on society’s capacity to grow and
evolve and embrace change. It is the foreseer and the destroyer
of the status quo. Artists have voices that must be heard to
nurture our society’s soul – something art fusion can amplify.
• A collaboration with a brand can give an artist the ability to
produce work that will reach a new and wider audience, gain
 notoriety for their future work, or simply be a means to permeate
culture in places their art wouldn’t otherwise be seen.
• HOW ART FUSION BENEFITS SOCIETY
• Unlike most traditional marketing, art fusion aims to, and often
succeeds at producing something of value to society. It gives voice
to artists, breathes life into brands and infuses our everyday lives
with interesting ideas, guts and beauty that nourish our deeper
sense of longing.
• While art has always played the role of visual philosopher to
stimulate thought, beliefs and emotion in our culture, art fusion is
able to spread the experience of art more broadly, reaching a
larger, more mainstream audience and imbuing everyday life with
the art experience.
Principles of Art
LINE
• Line is an important element at the disposal of every artist. It
always has direction, always moving, and as used in any work of
art, may either be straight or curved. Lines are the first element of
art and are continuous marks that are made on any surface with a
moving point.
• Lines can be used in various ways to create different
compositions. A line can be used to express various things or
feelings; it can be used to show various moods or anything
abstract.
• Line serves as an essential building block of art, but it can also
serve as the content itself of a work of art or be manipulated to
evoke an emotional or intellectual response from a viewer.
• Only vertical lines can be used to express an orderly feeling.
• Vertical leading lines can help to illustrate growth, authority,
strength, or dominance. Some examples of vertical leading lines in
photography include photographs of trees or tall buildings.
• When using vertical lines within a photo, it’s a good idea to follow
the rule of thirds, failure to do so can result in a photo looking as
though it’s been cut in half
• Only horizontal lines can give a feeling of peacefulness and
stillness.
• When composing your photo to include horizontal leading lines,
make sure they’re as straight as possible and consider following
the rule of thirds.
• Diagonal lines are used to create feelings of movement or action.
• When including diagonal leading lines within a photo, it’s best if
you can position them so that they start and finish just above or
below the corner of a photo, like the railroad tracks shown here.
This will prevent the image from looking like it has been split in
half. Because our eyes naturally scan photos from left to right,
composing an image to include diagonal leading lines that flow
from the bottom left to the top right of a photo is also a great way
to compose a shot.
• Curved lines, sometimes referred as S curves, suggest
gracefulness or sexiness.
• Despite the name, S curves don’t need to be shaped exactly like
an “s.” Any strong leading line that winds or curves can be
considered an S curve. Some curved leading lines often used in
photography include paths and rivers
 SHAPE
• An enclosed space defined by other art elements such as line,
color and texture. Shapes can be geometric or organic.
a) Geometric: Geometric shapes come from geometry, which is the
math of shapes made of points and lines. Circles, squares,
rectangles, triangles. Seen in architecture, manufactured items.
b) Organic: Leaves, seashells, flowers. Seen in nature; free flowing
and irregular shapes.
Positive and Negative Shapes
a) Positive shapes occupy positive space. The area around positive
shapes, the background, is negative space. A solid piece of
sculpture occupies space and makes the space around it come to
life. Positive Shapes are the solid forms in a design such as a bowl
of fruit. In a sculpture it is the solid form of the sculpture.
b) Negative Shapes-In a drawing it is the space around the positive
shape or the shape around the bowl of fruit. In sculpture it is the
empty shape around and between the sculptures.
Form
• Appears 3-dimensional (3D) such as a cube, sphere, pyramid or
cylinder. (Shape is only two-dimensional; form is three-
dimensional. You can hold a form; walk around a form)
• Form can also be geometric or organic. Form, in art, means the
whole of a piece's visible elements and the way those elements
are united.
Color
• Color refers to the visual perception of light being reflected from a
surface of an artwork. it is the range of visual light in the spectrum
and properties of the pigments used in making visual art.
a) HUE - the name of the color (green, yellow , etc.)
b) INTENSITY - is the amount of pigment or saturation. (brightness ,
dullness ,etc.)
c) VALUE - the lightness or darkness of the color.
• In the most basic classification, colors can be divided into three
groups: primary, secondary, and tertiary
TEXTURE
• Is the element that deals more directly with the sense of touch. It
deals more directly with the sense of touch; has to do with the
characteristics which can be rough or smooth, fine or coarse,
shiny or dull, plain or irregular.
• It applies to how an object feels or appears to feel. It can be either
implied or actual. A rock may be rough and jagged. A piece of silk
may be soft and smooth, and your desk may feel hard and
smooth. Texture also refers to the way a picture is made to look
rough or smooth.
a) Implied texture expresses the idea of how a surface might feel.
For example, a painting of a blanket might convey the idea that
the blanket is soft.
b) Actual texture, on the other hand, is texture that can be felt. For
example, a ceramic bowl might feature a carved texture that
could be felt when holding that bowl.
 Value
• Refers to the light and dark areas of a picture. Value creates depth
within a picture making an object look three dimensional (3D)
with highlights and cast shadows.
Categories of Value
a) Tint is adding white to create lighter values such as light blue or
pink.
b) Shade is adding black to create dark values such as dark blue or
dark red.
c) Value Scale is a scale that shows the gradual change in value from
its lightest value, white to its darkest value black
Perspective
• Perspective is an art technique for creating an illusion of three-
dimensions (depth and space) on a two-dimensional (flat) surface.
Perspective is what makes a painting seem to have form, distance,
and look "real." The same rules of perspective apply to all
subjects, whether it's a landscape, seascape, still life, interior
scene, portrait, or figure painting.
• Viewpoint is the spot (point) from which you, the artist, is looking
at (viewing) the scene. Linear perspective is worked out according
to this viewpoint. There's no right or wrong choice of viewpoint,
it's simply the first decision you make when beginning to plan
your composition and figure out the perspective.
• Normal viewpoint is how an adult sees the world when standing
up. When painting in a realistic style, this is the viewpoint you'll
probably use because it's what we're accustomed to seeing. It's
what looks most real.
• A low viewpoint is when you're looking at a scene from much
lower than you would standing up. For instance, if you were
sitting on a chair, had crouched down onto your heels or, even
lower down, sitting on the grass. Of course, it's also the level from
which small children see the world.
• A high viewpoint is when you're looking down on a scene. You
might be on a ladder, up a hill, on the balcony of a tall building.
• The rules of perspective do not change between a normal, low, or
high viewpoint. The same rules apply in all cases. What changes is
what you see in a scene. The rules of perspective help us interpret
and understand what we're seeing and enable us to "get it right"
in a painting.
Space
• It is the area occupied by an object or the area formed by the
absence of an object(s).The distance around, between, above,
below, and within an object. It is usually related to showing
foreground, middle ground, and background on a flat surface.
• Categories of Space
a) Positive Space (similar to positive shape)
b) Negative Space (similar to negative shape)
c) Composition: organization of elements in artwork
d) Focal Point
VOLUME
• Volume is the representation of mass in an artwork or a sculpture.
The three-dimensional form of an object or shape is said to have
volume.
 • Artists simulate volume in their paintings to give their paintings a
three-dimensional effect.
Principles of Design
• Principles of Design refer to the visual strategies used by artists,
in conjunction with the elements of arts – for expressive
purposes.
• How we apply the principles of design determines how successful
we are in creating a work of art.
HARMONY
• Harmony in visual design means all parts of the visual image
relate to and complement each other. Harmony is the visually
satisfying effect of combining similar or related elements.
RHYTHM
• Rhythm is organized movement, a beat, a repetition. It is created
by repetition, and repetitive patterns convey a sense of
movement. In the visual arts, the viewer perceives rhythm by
grouping elements such as color, line and shape. Rhythmical
patterns help the eye to move easily from one part of the room to
another or from one part of a design to another.
• Regular Repetition is a means of creating rhythm in which
elements of a composition are duplicated at orderly or fixed
intervals. It is the easiest and most precise way to create rhythm.
Regular repetition was a core property of Minimalist artists.
• Alternating Rhythm is a type of rhythm in which different
elements in a work repeat themselves in predictable order.
• Progressive Rhythm. Such variations are seen in progressive
rhythm, in which the rhythm of elements of a work of art such as
shape, texture, or color change slightly as they move, or progress
toward a defined point in the composition.
• BALANCE
• Balance is the concept of visual equilibrium and relates to our
physical sense of balance. It is a reconciliation of opposing forces
in a composition that results in visual stability. Most successful
compositions achieve balance in one of two ways: symmetrically
or asymmetrically.
• CONTRAST
• It is the act of combining elements to point out their differences
• Movement
• It is the act combining elements in an artwork to create the
illusion of action.
• Repetition of elements or combinations of elements in a
recognizable organization.
• Proportion is determined by a comparison of the size of the
different parts of an object or of an arrangement; it is achieved
when one part of an object does not seem too big or small for the
other parts.
• UNITY
• It is the total visual effect achieved by blending the elements and
principles of design
• Rule of Thirds
• The rule of thirds is a "rule of thumb" or guideline which applies
to the process of composing visual images such as designs, films,
paintings, and photographs.
• The guideline proposes that an image should be imagined as
divided into nine equal parts by two equally spaced horizontal
lines and two equally spaced vertical lines, and thatimportant
compositional elements should be placed along these lines or
their intersections.
• Proponents of the technique claim that aligning a subject with
these points creates more tension, energy and interest in the
composition than simply centering the subject.