BASIC LAWS

Nurliyana binti Abd Mutalib

SEMESTER 2 2022/2023
 Learning outcome

At the end of this lecture, students should be able to explain and

use Series for Resistors and Voltage Division also parallel Resistors
and Current Divisionin DC circuits analysis.
 Chapter Contents

• Basic Laws
▪ Series Resistors and Voltage Division.
▪ Parallel Resistors and Current Division.
▪ Wye-Delta Transformations.

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 Series Resistors and Voltage Division

• Series: Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or

connected sequentially and consequently carry the same current.
• The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected
in a series is the sum of the individual resistances.
N
Req = R1 + R2 +    + R N =  Rn
n =1

• The voltage divider can be expressed as

Rn
vn = v
R1 + R2 +    + RN
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Series Resistors and Voltage Division

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Series Resistors and Voltage Division
 Series Resistors and Voltage Division
• Example 1

10V and 5W
are in series 8
 4
Series Resistors and Voltage Division
Example 2

Find V1 for the circuit shown in the following figure:

R1 = 2.5 Ω R2 = 10 Ω
 PARALLEL Resistors and CURRENT Division

• Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if they are

connected to the same two nodes and consequently have the
same voltage across them.
• The equivalent resistance of a circuit with N resistors in parallel
is:
1 1 1 1
= + +  +
Req R1 R2 RN

• The total current, i is shared by the resistors in inverse

proportion to their resistances. The current divider can be
expressed as: Gn
in = i 10
G1 + G2 +  + Gn
PARALLEL Resistors and CURRENT Division

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PARALLEL Resistors and CURRENT Division
 PARALLEL Resistors and CURRENT Division

Example 3

2W, 3W and 2A
are in parallel 13
 PARALLEL Resistors and CURRENT Division
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Example 4

Find Req for the circuit shown in the following figure:

Answer: 14.4 Ω
 PARALLEL Resistors and CURRENT Division

Example 5
By combining the resistors in the following fig, find Req.

Answer: 6 ohm
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 PARALLEL Resistors and CURRENT Division
Example 6
Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the following circuit:

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Answer: 11.2 ohm

 PARALLEL Resistors and CURRENT Division

Example 7
Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the following circuit:

Answer: 11 ohm
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 PARALLEL Resistors and CURRENT Division

Example 8
Find io and vo in the circuit below. Calculate the power dissipated
in the resistor 3Ω.

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Answer: vo =4 V, io =4/3 A, 5.333 W

 Example 9

Find v1 and v2 in the circuit shown below. Also calculate i1 and i2

and the power dissipated in the 12-Ω and 40-Ω resistors.

Answer: v1 = 5 V, i1 = 416.7 mA, p1 = 2.083 W, v2 = 10 V, 19

i2 = 250 mA, p2 = 2.5 W.
 Example 10
For the circuit shown below, determine:
(a) the voltage vo,
(b) the power supplied by the current source,
(c) the power absorbed by each resistor.

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Answer: (a) vo = 180 V, (b) 5.4 W, P12kΩ=1.2W, P9kΩ=3.6W,

P6kΩ=0.6W,
 Example 11
For the circuit shown below, find:
(a) v1 and v2,
(b) the power dissipated in the 3-kΩ and 20-kΩ resistors, and
(c) the power supplied by the current source.

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Answer: (a) 15 V, 20 V, (b) 75 mW, 20 mW, (c) 200 mW
Wye-Delta Transformations
 Wye-Delta Transformations
• Some circuits may not be in parallel or series
• These can be wye (Y) or tee (T) circuit and delta (Δ) or pi
(Π).

Two form of same network (a) Y, (b) T Two form of same network (a) Δ, (b) Π
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 Wye-Delta Transformations

Delta Star

Ra Rb Rb Rc Rc Ra
R1 = R2 = R3 =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) ( Ra + Rb + Rc ) ( Ra + Rb + Rc )
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 Wye-Delta Transformations

Star Delta

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Ra = Rb = Rc =
R2 R3 R1
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 Example 12

• Transform the wye network below to a delta network.

Answer: 140Ω , 70Ω , 35Ω .

 Example 13

• For the bridge network below, find Rab and i.

Answer: 24.06Ω , 997.4mA.

 Example 14

• Find Req and i in the

circuit

• Solution

Answer: 12.5 Ω , 3.2A.

 Example 15

• Find the equivalent

resistance at terminals:
(a) a-b, (b) c-d.

• Solution

Answer: 130 Ω , 140 Ω

 Example 16
• Solution

Determine V in the following circuit:

Answer: 42.18V
 Summary

• When two resistors are connected in series, the total

resistance are: Req = R1 + R2
• When two resistors are connected in parallel, the total
resistance are: R1 R2
Req =
R1 + R2
• The voltage division can be used for resistor in series.
• The current division can be used for resistor in parallel.
• The wye-delta transformation method can
be used when the resistors are neither in parallel
nor in series.