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LECTURE - 02 Introduction To Geographic Information Systems

This lecture provides an introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and its basics. It defines GIS as a system that collects, stores, manipulates, analyzes, displays, and queries geographically referenced information. The key components of a GIS include spatial data with location and attribute information, software to analyze and display geographic data, and hardware ranging from centralized computers to handheld devices. A GIS allows users to perform tasks like spatial analysis, attribute queries, map production, and visualization of geographic patterns and relationships. Common applications of GIS technology include areas like natural resource management, facilities management, land use planning, and transportation planning.

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AHSAN UL HAQ
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72 views

LECTURE - 02 Introduction To Geographic Information Systems

This lecture provides an introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and its basics. It defines GIS as a system that collects, stores, manipulates, analyzes, displays, and queries geographically referenced information. The key components of a GIS include spatial data with location and attribute information, software to analyze and display geographic data, and hardware ranging from centralized computers to handheld devices. A GIS allows users to perform tasks like spatial analysis, attribute queries, map production, and visualization of geographic patterns and relationships. Common applications of GIS technology include areas like natural resource management, facilities management, land use planning, and transportation planning.

Uploaded by

AHSAN UL HAQ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 2

NUST Balochistan Campus


(Department of Civil Engineering)

Geographic Information
Systems and its basics
Course Outline
1. Introduction to CE 288 (Geoinformatics), Outcomes and Assessment Method.
2. Geographic information system and its basics (week2)
3. Spatial Data types and Acquiring consideration. Data models and Structures. Coordinate System. Datum and
Map Projection and their Transformation. Attribute-based Operation. Introduction to Spatial Analysis
4. Basic Geodesy/Map Projections
5. Introduction to remote sensing, Bands Used in Remote Sensing, Major Components of Remote Sensing
Technology: Remote Sensing applications
6. Earth Resources Satellites/ Platforms, Sensors, and types of Resolutions
7. Introduction to Photogrammetry and Air Survey
8. Global Positioning System, Navigational Satellites, Positioning Systems (GLONASS, GPS & Galileo).
Fundamentals and Elements of GPS. System Operation & Characteristics. Errors and Atmospheres Effects.
Differential GPS (DGPS).
Presentation Contents

• 1 Definitions of GIS

• 2 Components of GIS

• 3 Subsystems of GIS

• 4 Key Activities in a GIS

• 5 Applications of GIS
1 Definitions of GIS

• G stands for Geographic


“GIS” stands for? • I stands for Information
• S stands for System
Geographic

• Geography -Pattern and


process of human and
physical phenomena on the
surface of earth.
Information

• Information is processed data useful for


problem solving.
• Data is basically the collection of facts and
figures that pertain to places, people,
things, events, and concepts.
• A group of interacting, interrelated, or
interdependent elements forming a complex
whole (physical or conceptual in nature).

System • Examples:
• The human body regarded as a functional
physiological unit.
• Solar system
• Water distribution system
What is a “GIS”?
• “An integrated collection of computer
software and data used to view
and manage information about geographic
places, analyze spatial relationships,
and model spatial processes.

A GIS provides framework for gathering and


organizing spatial data and related information
so that it can be displayed and analyzed”. ESRI
• A computer system for
- collecting,
- storing,
What is a - manipulating,
- analyzing,
“GIS”? - displaying, and
- querying
geographically related information.
Defining a “gis”?
• “GIS” is a Toolbox
“A powerful set of tools for storing and
retrieving, transforming and displaying
spatial data from the real world for a
particular set of purposes”.

Peter Burrough (1986).


• “GIS” is an Information System

“A geographic information system is a


special case of information systems where
the database consists of observations on
spatially distributed features, activities or
events, which are definable in space as
GIS points, lines, or areas.

A geographic information system


manipulates data about these points, lines,
and areas to retrieve data for ad hoc queries
and analyses”

(Kenneth Dueker,Portland State University, 1979)


Components of GIS ?
Data has spatial and attribute information to
explain where something is and what something is.

Software is used to open, analyse, display and store geographic


data.

Data and software run-off hardware (ranging from


centralized computers to desktops and to handheld
devices. GI can be created, shared and used from each
of these hardware devices.

People use GIS software to perform GIS tasks on


geographic data. People create and follow Methods
to order GIS tasks and make their work more
efficient.
“gis” Data
“gis” Softwares
“gis” Hardware
“gis” workflows
SPATIAL ANALYSIS METHODS
• Analysis and manipulation of attribute data
– Transform
– Aggregation
– Overlay, etc.
• Spatial analysis
– Buffering
– Neighborhood analysis
– Network analysis
– Spatial statistical analysis, etc.
• Spatial interpolation
– Point-based data, Areal or volume data
• Computation of measures
• Geometric (coordinate) transformation
Capabilities of GIS / Subsystems
• Data Input Subsystem

– Converts existing data into GIS format

– Common sources of data include paper maps, tables of attributes, aerial photos, and
satellite imageries

– A major bottleneck in the implementation of GIS

• Data Storage and Retrieval Subsystem

– Organizes the data, spatial and attribute, in a form which permits it to be quickly
retrieved by the user for analysis.

– Permits rapid and accurate updates to be made to the database

– Involves use of a database management system (DBMS) for maintaining attribute data
Capabilities of GIS / Subsystems
• Data Manipulation and Analysis Subsystem

– Allows the user to define and execute spatial and attribute procedures to generate
derived information

– This subsystem is commonly thought of as the heart of a GIS, and usually distinguishes it
from other database information systems and computer-aided drafting (CAD) systems.

• Data Output and Display Subsystem

– Presentation of outputs by maps and visualization tools (e.g. 3-D, animation)

– Allows the user to generate graphic displays, normally maps, and tabular reports
representing derived information products
Key activities/tasks in a “gis”
“gis” processing flow
5 Applications of GIS
Natural Resources Management
• Wildlife habitat
• Water resources
• Recreation resources
• Floodplains
• Wetlands
• Agricultural lands
• Aquifers
• Forests
• Geology
Facilities Management
• Locating underground pipes and cables
• Balancing loads in electrical networks
• Planning facility maintenance
• Tracking energy use

LAND MANAGEMENT
• Zoning and subdivision planning
• Land acquisition
• Environmental impact policy
• Water quality management
• Maintenance of ownership

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