The C ha1't1 Rule:

RecOLU th£ ~ , V \ '2uk ~ .ful\cJ;o,,.l eA-

Cl stY\'i) le va,ial, I e.

~=~(x) clt~ :o.kle oJ- ?<=~(-!-),,

?l := ~ ( +) Jj ~ ,· Qb (e a:l t .
~ 1:1 i .s c:Lt'# d ~ a.(\d.
~~ - d~ ~
cit- dz" dt
Fuf\cftol\s ~ Two Vo.r(o.hle
T"1~~ S9:
1f w = S- rx) lj ) ; s JJ-?-~ :o.JJ Ic. ct..Ad

?c..-=X (f) ~ '<j = ~ [f)

0-~ cit~ ~ ,·ahl.e. -Puf\c+,on.s J- ~ ~
+fta.. C£)~osi-k -fund-;'ot1 W=f(xf+JJ~( ·f.J)
,·s ct cl,'f+'~refltio.hle · turtdi'or. o~ t ~(\d
~f = t_(?CCt),'jC+l)Xfo+ .f~/xW,~<f))~'r+)
P('l:)O~: 1k prou i UJflSi!-l-.s &-P 1:h(X...)i11~ ~ iq
::ac. af\c.l 'j are &..'.Pf. cd- -e0J ~ W a's dJ.M. a1
-lo CU\d
( dw)-=(ew\.(r.l~) (.@) (dY)
crt -to I;) X )f. d'f t..,-+ 0 Y Po d-t ta

W ~ ~0 :(Xl+o);~C()).
W /:.,r_1 bj, CJ.l\d 6'i be +& {ncr-e~ ~
r~u..f,{-t -froM dto1t~{(\~ --b ~~ io +o lo+dt-
• • ) ♦
i.c ~ -b 0tll~

As -9 Li fh~ :Ml~.,, w-e wr\4-e

l)w= (~ Ax+ (W~) 6~ + 'c'.1 ll,i:+ Ei 6\j

Po J Pc
w ~ £, 1 f .2-. ➔ o ~ 61'-4 "~ 671 ➔ o .
To ob+ou'11d dd':, w.e cli.v Ick -teii ~ eq. b'i1 .6-t"
c;M\J M 6-l ➔ o.

llW..:.(w\ ~+ rru'j) 6Y +f, ~+£ ~

6t %)Po at ~' Po ?it UT l Q"t

dw) 1l_ 6w
(di == 6C'-tu 6~
O

= (w")rJ 4f\~a+ (~ )p/ ~{: oatto{~{

-
Orc:J,;"°'J rderivoJ ivtL
of W (-f:)-= f(,xl-1-)J'<f lt))

To r-e ~ ~ ~ ll\ ~&.~ ~ ~w~

b-r-0t~ dl~v"O<.M ~ ( \ .{,~ l,(.4Ld
W= tfx.J~) Jependti.J-. "0triokf-e
~ Lu
a~
:I(\-lerm.tc.G ~
'l V C)(n' al, 1-e S
~
dt
+ ~-rncJ.ae.ud.a.Al
vov1o.ble
d.w = ~.dx + 't)w • ol':1
~t ~,c. T+ <>':1 7f
 &xornple: t.4-e, ~ ~ &"1- -ic ~'hd
n
& otu-:va..:t:~ ~ W= z2.+~2.
w i~ retped h { al.of\~ ~ fo=J-e.
?CI+)= t.) '\1 {+-) = t '2.. Finol o.1- -1.: Lm
Seluif ovt :

dw::: gw .k + Qw -~
dt o?L d.!- -alj ell-
=%(,l-t~/)i-li-J +~ c?C.~-t) ic1:'2)
:: 2-X·i -+.2.~•2t =~?c+L,~t
.lr 2
== .2•t-+ L, t ·t
= 2.-l -1- 4 !-3
~/ -= ~~_,_~i
3
)f = !2.·1+Lt- i 3
= 2+4= 6
-l: i t=- f

'.Iti ~i£7c.O<Mfl.e., we coll'l c~ck. Y-.ll

rest.Jl ~t~ o. more2 clir-ec+ ctllet.do.A-."0v1

W= %\~1..::: t~+ t ~
~= ft (-{2-+ i-" ) = .2.-!--+ L. -1. s

(t)i-=-1= ~-i+~-l~= t
FU,(\c{ionJ JI. Tliree Va rio.hies
~ ,..edl £: ( ~ n Ru.I.£)
1f w~fc~> 'j, "tl is cl..til-ere~ ;~le OAd
X> 'j I a~ d..,,.~ to.kJ l.l< .fuf\ch"o-"
c.tf\cl 2

~ tJ ~ W 1> a. c.Lt #.f-e-r~toJ,LL .fu,dro;1

of- -l: eutd
Jw _ ~l.O J" -+ '()Lo .~ -t 'CHA . ch .
X - c)"- ~ a'j ~ az. -a=E"
f=x.o.....,fle ! 'Frnd ~~ t/
LU= "-~ +e~; ,c:::. c.u~~ 1 'j= s;~i- J -a=i.
Sc,\t.d-{o,1 :
N ~¼-e.. ~ ?c. I~)= toJ+.) 'ij lf-}:;.Sint, &.(-l)=-i
de.~: M eu.. rv-e.. I" spo..c..Q..1
o.. +s -k-o c. .a..
:

it coJJ..cl OL J..1..ltx. ~t

dlN= ~.d.t-1-~~ + ~-.il

dt a~ ~ ~ ~ 02 -at
= ) ·(-SI~+}+ Z· Cbs't + e"i. 1
= (sint)(-s,"4) -t Co>+ .C--:>.>t + e_~ ~
= -s\t1a.t -t ~~?-t + et =- ei+ cos2t
'For Cl ~ico.l W-.Qfpr~Wiof\ ~ ~
Q!o"'l (). wrve,, ~'V\lc.. ~ O.t'\ s~~c+ w~u
pcs,<f-r1>"" is ~11'1 ~ w ,+-& +~
i.
1¥ W =-T(-;t., ~,"i!) i!. ~ ~ ~re J-
ct. po W- (x , 'j, z- ) a.lo~ a. cu. rVfL C c.,., .~
~ ~ ic 9rlUld-io"'s " .. xU-),) ~ =-'d {f-)/;&~'l(-1-li
~ +/..a. COMfosl~ ~nc+iol"'t
w:::. T( ~H-)., 'd {+) 1 -a (+-l)
repre~..t & ~f'U'dure te~iv-e +c
t a.lo I\~ ~ eu.rw2. • ~ der1vcJ i~ ~ IJ
~ -tk. {ns-k:iil"liott1eou.s r-o.:f.e. ~ ch01na' ~
~ ( " O liuf'e. dut. +-o -Ma. tno~t'ol'I ~ ~

Curv-4-.
 Fu.nc+.'of\.r 'De-{.'in.ed c9fl Su ..r ~~ s
I.f w~ a.r-e tn~ iec l 1Y1 ~ ~~ o.. :i-u ~
1
Cu-==-f(~ ,'j, ~) Of'\ +A-a- eo. r~
s ~ CJL

we . +e,.,,n Ii:. o-'2 ?c/ 'd, ~ Q.-1 fu.t\.C+io11s ~ ~

\/OLr,Ovb\.es r and s & f ~ :~ ~ f'o ~s'
bl\~ f+u cks af\d . Wi uJe s.
'.l(l ?C= ~Cr1 s) ~ ~ :- h (r,s) _, 0-<\d. 2=-kCr~s)....+~
WR.. CO(A rk){f \.t.. -l:-fui.. km p.r.u-oJ-ure. Q..o a fut'l Vl,'o /1

~ r a.,,.,d. s w .'~ +AL t.'.lMfru,'.k. -Rtl\ct-i011

w=f(9Cr,s)J ~(r, 5)J krr 1s) ).
~: :?. o S <)•
~= ( '·'=
vu
w{ r,s ))
"dr

Tn-&,cetY\"I ( cb.:11\ f2u.k) :---

S..tfpt1se ~ W-== ..frx.J '.,, 2} , :k-= 't)U·1 .s); ~:h(r-,s J;
and 2=- kCr -,s) . ':r/ a.U 4 ~f\.c ,4,o "J cu--e..
J;~ ;o.,l,l-e1 ~ W ~ pou4,'oJ derivodi~.s
w:l-« te5 fec l -h,. r- ~ s., ~i~ ~J -lk -P o~
g~ _~ w i2' ~~ ~Vo_ Bz
~'"" - l"- a.,.. + a'j ar- + a2: ~r

dw - ca lAl olAl h
. Qx c)W ~~
~s - a~ o- s -+ o'j as ~ a~ -~
'B,0t"ch t),a~roMS
w : t (?<. )~ Ii }
~
a'X..
w.
a:t

-
r s
Wr= W~:tr-+ W~~r-+ W2 ~r WS =WX X.5 -+W'j llJS+W~s
Z

£~cxmrle.: £ xpr-e.u '60~ CUld

~ (' CL-1\.c{ s {j
~ 2- r-
W= ?C. -t 'j-+ 2) "--=-5;
2,-:- e 2.r
-1 #-
W=
___
#(x,
____~------- -
__,,.,.,.

~i
':j) J ?!.=~(r, S) J ~== h.(r,
~
aw-=~~~-+-,~. 'tl'j
)'r- t)X t)r- ~ 1r
fil_~l..\l1K+c)W ~y .
~s - oX oS dj. 'dS
1~ W = f( x) 0,nd ?l = icr, .sJ) ~
'd w_ Jw -~ 'dw _ d w .~
dr -- d~ dr d5 - a~ o-S

Le+ w== e-?C. -~ d ,C .= -4:CM.; 1(f }

E ?C,(0,<.""'f le. i
hY\c1 & ex. vi c( ,a w
dr oS
Trviplic,'-l- t),~ i'~ i'° "" "2evisf-l-ed
IW O VO tt~ ~te CkO(..tiv, 12u1iz_ af\ ThW1 s leocl&
-t-D Ct ~rn u.J .0t ~ io. ke. s So ~ oF ~
CU~r-'1\ ~u.f- D~ i«1pllcii- d U-,~er-eJ'l1 i~I Dr .. S" f~ u
~
I ) ~ -fu f\c fio ~ ~( ?t ,l.j ) ir clt~ ,o.J,~
.2.) ~ J?u(\.d-i°"' F fa_, '1) = o c:J.aArf\.e.~ lj.
-imf h .~ I1 ~ a &.-.~ io.k Le. Ju (lc.f,'M &#- ~
s~ ~= h( k).
Si'n ce. w = f/ x ,'jJ = o....... W- '~ s ~
?-l :.t- I 'j- dh {f- ).
6- dt..l _ .J~ -4 ~(...:). dy
';)W
- cH - d~ di d~ dt
o=F"'·~-+ ~-~
~ ~ = - F-x
F~
 f'JUJc.wi ple_: (M.e ~ ~rmu ('-\. +o ~d
1it i~ X °2:+ \1 '3 == lD~(~ +":J) ·
2
Solu:iflo": Le.+ f:I~, 'j) ::?C- +'j !.e:,_s (:,c..y )=U
2 :k.-f- San ( ?t+'j )
30~sm (?C~':j)

N.o w :f F(K 1'j, -. ) -:::: o cle./{nes 2- ~ a ~c-

~ ?(. ~""ct ~' s°1 2~ tr'><.,"J) :...,,..c.~~
HM
~ ~ c. ot"\ 1t11d 2,c. cxtld ~ ~ i 'j U-<1•~
CWA,~ "~ .
Su(ro5,L ~ F Dv.J ,P a~ at.-#.
~l\.c l:Dll~. ~ we CQt--, ~u. ~ ~'½
R.,Je ~ ci. ~+ ~oJ.e. ~ ~ r e ~
~F (?«. •'1, l )= o w. r. +. ?C.
~ ~=~< x,~)

O= ~ - !f ~
'di= . ~~ aF. ~
d"' - ~" ~ ~ O'-' ~ 4-Tz ) k
~ \J ~
-, -o
O = F. -t t:
,c.
=> ~ _ _ Fx.
J;
ll
17e. d~ - F~
Fr~o
S iM:1\0 rlj/ cL~ ~:-oJ.'vtj Fr?(,~' 2 )= 0
w.r~l~ ~J w~ ~~
h -t F- G'2 - u - Q2 - ;:-~
~ 2- dJ - °½ -- F-z
f="i=F" 0
E7t:.~,'se> :
!) Fo.- ~
a fu "ct.'o"' ~ -t_,
~w:,. ,_ 1

k o rt
(CA.)
t 'j
exrress w
j ~ ClAo,,'vt.
u..& t fl..
0--1

f<uL2. cud ~';I 0?l.{'r€$f:(\~ w I 11 -+efM...!. J -1:

at\&. cUf'W-eAirC>vt,'n~ ~·rec.4-e½ w. r. i. t.
~ (~) e.vc.1.uc.:k ~~ ~ & ~(A..,,

\J~ t. J.
a) w:. ; 1 + i 2. , 'X.=- c.D s¼. , J ::-S{v?i 1 -l= f-J -i:=2.

2) LeJ w =- ~ (,c_, ~) J -x= ~ Cs) 1 ~ = -t.cs).

Drow ~ brot\C~ oU09<0v\1 and lArite a C~1~
~J.ti ~,~ ~ r and ~~ . 'afr
3) Su.erox.. -1-€..a.t 2-=-1-'f'X,'j)., ?(== ~rr,s) .1 ~cr,s J
a_ ('.(L ~~ ;o.J, \-e ~ r'\C ID A S • ~ \/ oJ.u_ eJe+
.1~ cx.ncl 9.!: al ~ .oo ;M ( r, s) . ( .rz. ,.Ii) -iP
dI c)5 u
?{(vi,Ji)= 2_ 1 j(Jz,Ji)=f ,1 Xr(fi,li.)= ~
~r-f li,!i}:::: ~ J ?Cs(-liih.) = ";,_ J ~ili,Ji)==~,

g:;/2; !) = 4 J :9:l2· r) = 3f ·
3) L-e-+ w=+ ;1:'2.-+ r 1-x~ 7(.:. u+ v
2
?c.-z..~

J:::U-V / 2-=UV,, atA.d (u,v)=(l,t) _

E?£ft'a'S _g~t;_ CUld \W
M 0.. ~,\.dC'o-,-t u a..Ad lJ;

cvJ_ ~ eve--t.u.4 ~
aAc1 WJ -a¼- (1,t).
4) E-voJ.,u~ bdx. a.¾- ~ fl~ .,.ooivJ- rfl

~e?t+ S,V\(?t+'j-4) -i =0.1 (o.}i)

~-x f~' ~ a_s Ol cL~ :oJJ I.e. ~~,/\

e...(? ?c_ Cl. lt!Jc.J. ,..J_ ( 0 1
,( ) •

s-) L~tlt1{><¼~'2.) -'"'e?c.--Z--l-"'i! = o. .

F{t\cl u GLI\J ~ ~ (,, DI ~)'
o'1:. oJ
b) F,'"cl ~ a.t'ld ~ w iuui U= ..l, V= - 2.
If i!::: \ n ?c. f.M\d.. ~ = VV➔ 3 1k~'u..

-:,t) Surros.e +€u:,.J- (.., e._ S11 O:.,+ :-t-.J.e polou--

= r- CA~ e- I ~-= r-- s. ,'i'\ e In
c.g Of'd...'(\.ei.:!e.., ?(_ q

r;t.f,e~: die .fu.nc. f i' ol\ W =-¥ (,c, ~) .

S'hoL.) · ~ 2.. L.
- (-fxY--+ (.fj)'= ~r) + :"-rwe-)
(See- p~)