Slides 02

Techniques of integration
(part 1)

1
Outline
• The process of (indefinite) integration.
• Some standard integrals formulas.
• Definite Integrals.
• Integration using substitution.
• Product of powers of trigonometric functions.

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The process of (indefinite) integration
• The process of integration is the reverse of the process of
differentiation.

• Notation (Indefinite Integrals): ‫ ׬‬4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 .

2𝑥 2 + 7, 𝑜𝑟
• Note that: ‫ ׬‬4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑜𝑟
2𝑥 2 + 5, …

• To allow for the possible presence of a constant, ‫ ׬‬4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶 .

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Standard integrals formulas
Standard integrals Examples

𝑛
𝑎𝑥 𝑛+1 1. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 =
න 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1
2. ‫ ׬‬3y 𝑑y =

4
3. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 𝑑𝑥 =

4. ‫ ׬‬λ 𝑑λ =

5. ‫ ׬‬4 𝑑𝑧 =

6. ‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑦𝑥 ׬‬

7. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑦 =

4
 Standard integrals formulas

Standard integrals Standard integrals

1 1
න cos 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 න sec 𝑎𝑥 tan 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎

1 1
න sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 න csc 𝑎𝑥 cot 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎

1 1
න 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan(𝑎𝑥) + 𝑐 න 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot(ax) + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎

1 1 1
න tan 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 = ln sec 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 න cot 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

1 1
න sec 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sec 𝑎𝑥 + tan(𝑎𝑥) + 𝑐 න csc 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln csc 𝑎𝑥 + cot(𝑎𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎
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Standard integrals formulas
Standard integrals Examples

𝑎𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥
න𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑐 න 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎

න 𝜉 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝜉 =

1 3
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑥| + 𝑐 න 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 2𝑥

1 1 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln |a𝑥 + b| + 𝑐 න 𝑑𝑥 =
a𝑥 + b 𝑎 2𝑥 + 3

2
න 𝑑𝑥 =
1−𝑥
6
Practice
Determine the following integrals
2
1. ‫ ׬‬3𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 ‫𝑥‪3𝑥 2 −5‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫𝑥 ׬‬ ‫𝑡𝑑‬

‫𝑥‪3𝑥 2 −5‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫𝑥 ׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬

‫‪8‬‬
4. ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬sin(3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

5. ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬sin(3𝑥) 𝑑𝑦

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 ‫‪𝑥 4 −1‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪ 𝑥 2 +1‬׬‬

‫‪10‬‬
Definite Integrals

𝑓(𝑥)
Area under the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
between 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 5 is given by:
5
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1

1 5 𝑥

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Example
Evaluate the following integrals
3
1. ‫׬‬−2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

12
 ‫𝑧‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪0 (1‬׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 ‪− 2𝑥)2‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫𝑧𝑥(‪−2‬׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 )‪+ 1‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
Introduction: Review
Factor
1. 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 8. 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 12

2. 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 3 9. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1

3. 𝑥 2 − 16 10. 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1

4. 3 − 3𝑥 2 11. 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4

5. 𝑥 2 +1 12. 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 − 12

6. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 15 13. 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1

7. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2

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Practice
Determine the following integrals
2𝑥 2 −9𝑥−5
1. ‫ ׬‬2𝑥−10 𝑑𝑥

1−𝑥 2
2. ‫𝑥 ׬‬−1 𝑑𝑥

1−𝑥
3. ‫׬‬ 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥

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 ‫‪𝑥 2 +7𝑥+12‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫𝑥‪ 9+3‬׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬

‫𝑥‪6−2‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬ ‫‪ 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6‬׬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬

‫‪17‬‬
Integration by Substitution
• Integration by Substitution (also called u-Substitution) is the reverse
process of differentiation using Chain Rule.

• Integration by substitution works when the integration is set up is a

special way.

න𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Example
Determine the following integrals
1. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 − 𝑥 7 (1 − 3𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

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‫𝑥𝑑 ‪ 2𝑥(4𝑥 2 + 3)4‬׬ ‪2.‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
 3 Note:
3. ‫ ׬‬5𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 𝑐
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎

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 ‫‪(1+ 𝑥)5‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫׬‬ ‫𝑥‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬

‫‪22‬‬
 1 1
5. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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6. ‫ ׬‬sin 2𝑥 cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

7. ‫𝑛𝑖𝑠 ׬‬3 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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8. ‫ 𝑐𝑒𝑠 ׬‬3 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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9. ‫ ׬‬tan 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 ‫‪4𝑦−1‬‬
‫‪ 𝑦−2𝑦2‬׬ ‪10.‬‬ ‫𝑦𝑑‬

‫‪27‬‬
 3 ln 𝑥 +5𝑥 2
11. ‫׬‬ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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 ‫𝑥‬
‫‪ 2+3𝑥 2‬׬ ‪12.‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬

‫‪29‬‬
 ‫‪4𝑥+2‬‬
‫‪ 3𝑥 2 −6𝑥−9‬׬ ‪13.‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬

‫‪30‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑 ‪ 2𝑥 3 1 − 𝑥 2‬׬ ‪14.‬‬

‫‪𝑥3‬‬
‫׬ ‪15.‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪𝑥 2 +1‬‬

‫𝑥 ‪ 1 + 3‬׬ ‪16.‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬

‫‪31‬‬
17. ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
18. ‫ ׬‬csc 2
𝑑𝑥

Note:
1
න sec 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 sec 𝑎𝑥 + tan(𝑎𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑎
1
න csc 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑙𝑛 csc(𝑎𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑎𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑎

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 Thank you

Try worksheet 1 for more practice problems

Contact your instructor for questions

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