Lecture 7.

Transistor Compound Configuration

Cascaded System First-stage gain

• Popular connection of amplifiers is the cascade 2.2𝑘 ||(15𝑘 ||4.7𝑘 ||(200)(6.386))
connection. 𝐴𝑣1 = −
6.386
• Cascade connection is a series connection with the 659.221
output of one stage then applied to the next stage. 𝐴𝑣1 = − = −103.072
6.386

Second-stage gain
2.2𝑘
𝐴𝑣2(𝑁𝐿) = − = −344.503
6.386
Resulting over-all gain
• Cascade connection provides a multiplication of the
𝐴𝑣𝑇(𝑁𝐿) = 𝐴𝑣1 ∗ 𝐴𝑣2(𝑁𝐿)
gain of each stage for a larger overall gain.
𝐴𝑣𝑇 = 𝐴𝑣1 ∗ 𝐴𝑣2 ∗ … ∗ 𝐴𝑣𝑛 𝐴𝑣𝑇(𝑁𝐿) = −103.072(−344.503) = 35508.613
Output voltage
Example: 𝑉𝑜 = 𝐴𝑣𝑇(𝑁𝐿) 𝑉𝑖 = (35508.613)(25𝑢𝑉 )
For the given network, determine 𝑉𝑜 = 887.715
a. Calculate 𝐴𝑣𝑁𝐿 and 𝑉𝑜
b. Calculate 𝐴𝑣𝑇 and output voltage if a 4.7k load is Solution B:
applied to the second The over-all gain with the 4.7kΩ load applied is
c. Calculate 𝑍𝑖 for the first stage and 𝑍𝑜 for the 𝑉𝑜 𝑅𝐿
𝐴𝑣𝑇 = = 𝐴𝑣𝑇(𝑁𝐿) ( )
second stage 𝑉𝑖 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑍𝑜
4.7𝑘
𝐴𝑣𝑇 = 35508.613 ( ) = 24187.026
4.7𝑘 + 2.2𝑘

or other method to calculate 𝐴𝑣 𝑇 with load

𝐴𝑣1 = −103.072 (same)
𝑅𝐶 ||𝑅𝐿 (2.2𝑘 ||4.7𝑘)
𝐴𝑣2 = − =− = −234.661
𝑟𝑒 6.386
𝐴𝑣𝑇 = 𝐴𝑣1 ∗ 𝐴𝑣2 = −103.072(−234.661)
𝐴𝑣𝑇 = 24187.026

Then solve for 𝑉𝑜

𝑉𝑜 = 𝐴𝑣𝑇 𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑜 = 24187.026(25𝑢𝑉) = 605.675𝑚𝑉
Solution A:
DC Bias Analysis Solution C:
4.7𝑘
𝑉𝐵 = 20 ( ) = 4.771𝑉 𝑍𝑖1 = 𝑅1 ||𝑅2 ||𝛽𝑟𝑒
15𝑘 + 4.7𝑘 𝑍𝑖1 = 4.7𝑘 ||15𝑘 ||(200)(6.386)
𝑉𝐸 = 4.771𝑉 − 0.7𝑉 = 4.071𝑉
4.071 𝑍𝑖1 = 0.941𝑘Ω
𝐼𝐸 = = 4.071𝑚𝐴
1𝐾
𝑍𝑜2 = 𝑅𝐶 = 2.2𝑘Ω
20𝑉 − 2.2𝑘(4.071𝑚𝐴) − 𝑉𝐶 = 0
𝑉𝐶 = 11.043𝑉 Example 2:
Determine 𝐴𝑣𝑇 , 𝑉𝑜 , 𝑍𝑖 and 𝑍𝑜 of the given network below:
AC Analysis
26𝑚𝑉
𝑟𝑒 = = 6.386Ω
4.071𝑚𝐴

Loading of the second stage

𝑍𝑖2 = 𝑅1 ||𝑅2 ||𝛽𝑟𝑒
Which results for the following gain
−𝑅𝐶 ||(𝑅1 ||𝑅2 ||𝛽𝑟𝑒 )
𝐴𝑣1 =
𝑟𝑒
Unloaded second stage DC Analysis
𝑅𝐶 18𝑘
𝐴𝑣2(𝑁𝐿) = − 𝑉𝐵1 = 30𝑉 ( ) = 19.285𝑉
𝑟𝑒 10𝑘 + 18𝑘
10𝑘
𝑉𝐵2 = 30𝑉 ( ) = 10.714𝑉
18𝑘 + 10𝑘
Prepared by: Engr. Rhodonelle S. Duatin
Department of Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering
 • In cascode connection, CE provides high input
19.258𝑉 − 0.7 − 𝐼𝐸1 (1𝑘) = 0 impedance, this decreases the miller capacitance.
𝐼𝐸1 = 18.585𝑚𝐴 • Miller capacitance are capacitances appears across
the base and collector terminals of a transistor which
10.714 − 0.7 − 𝐼𝐸2 (1𝑘) = 0 can reduce circuit’s high frequency response
𝐼𝐸2 = 10.014𝑚𝐴 • But at higher frequencies, low miller capacitance can
cause stability in the amplifier circuit, as it can act as
26𝑚𝑉 short circuit by passing amplifier’s gain.
𝑟𝑒1 = = 1.398Ω 𝑘
18.585𝑚𝐴 𝑍∝
26𝑚𝑉 𝐶𝑚
𝑟𝑒2 = = 2.596Ω 𝐶𝑚 ∝ 𝑘𝐴𝑣
10.014𝑚𝐴
• To ensure the miller capacitance on CE is at minimum,
AC Analysis next stage amplifier CB provides low input impedance,
(𝑅𝐶1 ||𝑟𝑜1 ||𝑍𝑖2 ) good high frequency operation.
𝐴𝑣1 = − • Low input impedance on CE provides high miller
𝑟𝑒1
𝑍𝑖2 = 𝑅1 ||𝑅2 ||𝛽2 𝑟𝑒2 capacitance and high gain.
• High gain is provided by CB resulting in large voltage
𝑍𝑖2 = 18𝑘 ||10𝑘 ||(150)(2.596) gain.
• Cascode is the combination of CE and CB
𝑍𝑖2 = 367.159Ω
Configuration
𝐴𝑣𝑇 = 𝐴𝑣𝐶𝐸 ∗ 𝐴𝑣𝐶𝐵
(500 ||2𝑀 ||367.159)
𝐴𝑣1 = −
1.398
𝐴𝑣1 = −151.416 Example:
Calculate the overall voltage gain for the cascode
configuration (𝑟𝑜1 = 20𝑘, 𝑟𝑜2 = 2𝑀).
(𝑅𝐶2 ||𝑟𝑜2 )
𝐴𝑣2 = −
𝑟𝑒2
𝐴 𝑣𝑇 = 𝐴𝑣1 ∗ 𝐴𝑣2

(750 ||2𝑀)
𝐴𝑣2 = −
2.596
𝐴𝑣2 = −288.797

𝐴𝑣𝑇 = (−151.416)(−288.797)
𝐴𝑣𝑇 = 43728.486

𝑉𝑜 = 43728.486(25𝑢𝑉 )
𝑉𝑜 = 1.093𝑉

𝑍𝑖 = 10 ||18𝑘 ||200(1.398)
𝑍𝑖 = 267.946Ω

𝑍𝑜 = 750 ||2𝑀 DC Analysis

𝑍𝑜 = 749.718Ω 4.7𝑘
𝑉𝐵1 = 18 ( ) = 4.947𝑉
6.8𝑘 + 5.6𝑘 + 4.7𝑘
Cascode Connection 4.7𝑘 + 5.6𝑘
• Combination of CE and CB configuration with 𝑉𝐵2 = 18 (
6.8𝑘 + 5.6𝑘 + 4.7𝑘
) = 10.842𝑉
specification of high input impedance and low voltage
gain. 4.947𝑉 − 0.7𝑉 − 1.1𝑘(𝐼𝐸 ) = 0
𝐼𝐸 = 3.86𝑚𝐴

𝐼𝐶1 ≅ 𝐼𝐶2 = 3.86𝑚𝐴

𝐼𝐸1 ≅ 𝐼𝐸2 = 3.86𝑚𝐴

26𝑚𝑉 26𝑚𝑉
𝑟𝑒 = = = 6.735Ω
𝐼𝐸 3.86𝑚𝐴
𝑟𝑒1 = 𝑟𝑒2 = 𝑟𝑒 = 6.735Ω

Prepared by: Engr. Rhodonelle S. Duatin

Department of Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering
AC Analysis 𝐼𝐶 = 𝛽𝐷 𝐼𝐵
𝐼𝐶 ≅ 𝐼𝐸
Voltage gain of 𝑄1 (CE configuration) 18 − 𝐼𝐵1 (3.3𝑀) − 0.7 − 0.7 − 390(𝛽𝐷 𝐼𝐵1 ) = 0
(𝑅𝐶 ||𝑟𝑜1 ) 𝑟𝑒 ||𝑟𝑜1 18 − 0.7 − 0.7
𝐴𝑣1 = − =− 2 𝐼𝐵1 =
𝑟𝑒1 𝑟𝑒1 3.3 + 390(5000)
6.735 ||20𝑘 𝐼𝐵1 = 3.161𝑢𝐴
𝐴𝑣1 = − = −0.999
6.735
𝐼𝐸1 = (3.161𝑢𝐴)(50) = 0.158𝑚𝐴
Voltage gain of Q2 (CB configuration) 𝐼𝐸2 = (3.161𝑢𝐴)(5000) = 15.808𝑚𝐴
(𝑅𝐶 ||𝑟𝑜2 )
𝐴𝑣2 =
𝑟𝑒2 26𝑚𝑉
(1.8𝑘 ||2𝑀) 𝑟𝑒1 = = 164.556Ω
𝐴𝑣2 = = 267.02 0.158𝑚𝐴
6.735 26𝑚𝑉
𝑟𝑒2 = = 1.644Ω
15.808𝑚𝐴
𝐴𝑣𝑇 = −0.999(267.02)
𝐴𝑣𝑇 = 266.753 AC Analysis
𝑍𝑖 = 𝑅𝐵 ||(𝛽𝐷 𝑅𝐸 )
Darlington Connection
𝑟𝑒1
• A very popular connection of two bipolar transistors for 𝑍𝑜 = 𝑅𝐸 || ( + 𝑟𝑒2 )
operation as one “superbeta” transistor 𝛽2
• Behave as a single unit with a current gain that is the
product of the current gains of the individual transistor. 𝛽𝐷 𝑅𝐵
𝐴𝑖 =
• Provides very high input impedance 𝑅𝐵 + 𝛽𝐷 𝑅𝐸
• Provides very high current gain
• Application: Audio Amplifier and Motor Control 𝑅𝐸 + 𝛽𝐷 𝑅𝐸
𝐴𝑣 = ≅1
𝑟𝑒1 + 𝑟𝑒2 + (𝑅𝐸 + 𝛽𝐷 𝑅𝐸 )

𝑍𝑖 = 3.3𝑀 ||(5000)(390) = 1.225𝑀Ω

161.49
𝑍𝑜 = 390 || ( + 1.644) = 3.231Ω
100

5000(3.3𝑀)
𝐴𝑖 = = 3142.857
3.3𝑀 + 5000(390)

390 + 5000(390)
𝐴𝑣 = = 0.99
164.556 + 1.645 + (390 + 5000(390))
Example:
Calculate 𝑍𝑖 , 𝑍𝑜 , 𝐴𝑖 , and 𝐴𝑣 Feedback Pair
• The feedback pair is a two-transistor circuit that
operates like the Darlington circuit.
• Uses pnp transistor driving npn transistor
• Provides very high current gain

DC Analysis
𝛽𝐷 = 𝛽1 𝛽2
𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐵𝐸
𝐼𝐵1 =
𝑅𝐵 + (𝛽𝐷 )𝑅𝐶
DC Analysis 𝐼𝐶1 ≅ 𝐼𝐸1 = 𝐼𝐵1 (𝛽1 )
𝛽𝐷 = 𝛽1 𝛽2 𝐼𝐶2 ≅ 𝐼𝐸2 = 𝐼𝐵1 (𝛽𝐷 )
𝛽𝐷 = 50(100) = 5000

Prepared by: Engr. Rhodonelle S. Duatin

Department of Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering
AC Analysis
𝑍𝑖 = 𝑅𝐵 ||(𝛽1 𝑟𝑒1 + 𝛽𝐷 𝑅𝐶 )

𝑟𝑒1
𝑍𝑜 = 𝑅𝐶 ||
𝛽2

𝛽𝐷 𝑅𝐵
𝐴𝑖 = −
𝑅𝐵 + 𝛽𝐷 𝑅𝐶

𝛽2 𝑅𝐶
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑟𝑒1 + 𝛽2 𝑅𝐶

Example:
Calculate 𝑍𝑖 , 𝑍𝑜 , 𝐴𝑖 and 𝐴𝑣 .

DC Analysis
𝛽𝐷 = 140(180) = 25200
18𝑉 − 0.7𝑉
𝐼𝐵1 =
2𝑀Ω + (25200)(75Ω)
𝐼𝐵1 = 4.447𝑢𝐴
𝐼𝐸1 = 4.447𝑢𝐴(140) = 0.622𝑚𝐴
𝐼𝐸2 = 4.447𝑢𝐴(25200) = 112.064𝑚𝐴
26𝑚𝑉
𝑟𝑒1 = = 41.8𝛺
0.622𝑚𝐴
26𝑚𝑉
𝑟𝑒2 = = 0.232𝛺
112.064𝑚𝐴
AC Analysis
𝑍𝑖 = 2𝑀Ω||(140(41.8Ω) + (25200)(75Ω))
𝑍𝑖 = 0.973𝑀Ω

41.8Ω
𝑍𝑜 = 75Ω|| ( ) = 0.231Ω
180

(25200)(2𝑀Ω)
𝐴𝑖 = −
2𝑀Ω + (25200)(75Ω)
𝐴𝑖 = −12956.298

180(75Ω)
𝐴𝑣 =
41.8Ω + 180(75)
𝐴𝑣 = 0.996 ≅ 1

Prepared by: Engr. Rhodonelle S. Duatin

Department of Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering