THE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, AKURE, ONDO STATE

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL

PLANNING

URP305
(PLANNING STUDIO III- NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN)

ASSSIGNMENT BY
OSOEBOH JOSHUA
WITH THE MATRIC NO
URP/19/2131

LECTURERS-IN-CHARGE
Prof. J. O. Bashorun
Dr. M. O. Alabi
Dr. O. B. Owolabi
Dr. I. O. Olamiju
Mrs. M. C. Ola-Omole
Mr. O. Olufayo

JUNE, 2023
What is a Neighbourhood?

I can define a neighborhood as a distinct and identifiable area within a city or town
that exhibits certain characteristics and functions as a basic unit of urban analysis and
planning. Neighborhoods are typically smaller in scale than the entire city or region
but larger than individual blocks or buildings. They are fundamental building blocks
of urban areas and play a vital role in shaping the overall urban fabric.

Neighborhoods are characterized by a combination of physical, social, and economic

attributes. Physically, they often have well-defined boundaries, such as major roads,
natural features, or land-use transitions. They encompass a variety of land uses,
including residential, commercial, institutional, and recreational spaces, providing
residents with a range of amenities and services within close proximity.

Socially, neighborhoods are comprised of a community of people who share common

interests, values, and experiences. They foster social interactions and networks among
residents, promoting a sense of belonging, social cohesion, and identity.
Neighborhoods can have their own unique culture, history, and traditions,
contributing to the diversity and vibrancy of a city.

Economically, neighborhoods serve as hubs of economic activity. They often contain

local businesses, shops, and services that cater to the needs of residents.
Neighborhoods with mixed-use developments can create opportunities for
employment, entrepreneurship, and economic growth, while also providing
convenience and accessibility for residents to meet their daily needs.

From a planning perspective, neighborhoods are essential units for urban analysis and
intervention. Planners study neighborhoods to understand their demographic
composition, housing stock, transportation patterns, infrastructure needs, and
environmental conditions. They assess the strengths and weaknesses of
neighborhoods to identify areas for improvement and develop strategies for enhancing
their livability, sustainability, and resilience.
Neighborhood planning involves engaging residents and stakeholders to gather their
input and incorporate their aspirations into the decision-making process. This
participatory approach ensures that neighborhood development aligns with the needs
and desires of the community, promoting a sense of ownership and fostering social
equity.

I listed some key aspects and characteristics of a neighborhood:

 Physical Boundaries: A neighborhood is delineated by specific boundaries, which

can be natural features like rivers or man-made boundaries like roads or railways.
These boundaries help define the extent of the neighborhood and distinguish it from
adjacent areas.

 Scale and Size: Neighborhoods can vary in size, ranging from a few blocks to
larger areas encompassing several square miles. The scale of a neighborhood is
usually defined to ensure that it is compact enough for residents to have a sense of
community and identity.

 Land Use and Zoning: Neighborhoods typically have a mix of land uses,
including residential, commercial, and sometimes industrial or institutional. Zoning
regulations play a crucial role in guiding the distribution and compatibility of these
land uses within the neighborhood.

 Population and Housing: Neighborhoods are inhabited by a diverse population,

which may vary in terms of demographics, income levels, and cultural backgrounds.
Housing types within a neighborhood can include single-family homes, apartments,
townhouses, or mixed-use buildings.

 Amenities and Services: A well-designed neighborhood provides access to

various amenities and services to meet the daily needs of its residents. These can
include parks, schools, healthcare facilities, grocery stores, recreational areas, and
public transportation options.
 Connectivity and Infrastructure: Neighborhoods should have a well-planned
transportation network and infrastructure that supports easy movement within and
outside the area. This includes roads, sidewalks, bike lanes, public transit options, and
utility services.

 Social Cohesion and Community Engagement: Neighborhoods foster a sense of

community and social interaction among residents. They often have community
organizations, neighborhood associations, or local initiatives that promote
engagement, social cohesion, and participation in decision-making processes.

 Character and Identity: Each neighborhood possesses a unique character and

identity that reflects its history, culture, architecture, and overall ambiance. Preserving
and enhancing these qualities is an important consideration in urban planning to
maintain the distinctiveness of neighborhoods.

 Urban and Regional Planning students study neighborhoods to understand their

role in shaping cities and to develop strategies that promote sustainable, livable, and
equitable communities. This includes analyzing land use patterns, transportation
systems, social dynamics, and environmental factors to improve the quality of life for
residents and enhance the overall urban fabric.

What is an Environmental Area?

As an Urban and Regional Planning student, I have come to understand the
significance of environmental areas in shaping sustainable and resilient cities. An
environmental area refers to a designated geographical space within an urban or
regional context that holds unique ecological characteristics, natural resources, and
environmental values. These areas are essential for maintaining ecological balance,
conserving biodiversity, and safeguarding the overall well-being of both human and
non-human inhabitants.

To illustrate this concept, let's consider the example of a city with a large urban park
situated within its boundaries. This urban park serves as an environmental area due to
its distinctive ecological features and functions. It provides a refuge for various plant
and animal species, serving as a vital habitat for wildlife within the urban landscape.
The park's green spaces and vegetation also contribute to air purification, temperature
regulation, and carbon sequestration, thus mitigating the impacts of urban heat island
effects and air pollution.

Moreover, the park's recreational amenities, such as walking trails, picnic areas, and
playgrounds, offer opportunities for residents to connect with nature, engage in
physical activities, and improve their overall well-being. The presence of an
environmental area like this park in an urban setting contributes to the overall
livability and quality of life for city dwellers.

In urban and regional planning, the identification and protection of environmental

areas are key considerations. These areas can be designated as protected natural
reserves, conservation zones, or green corridors, ensuring their preservation and
sustainable management. Through careful planning, land use regulations can be put in
place to prevent encroachment and degradation of these areas by incompatible
development activities. This includes setting buffer zones around environmentally
sensitive areas to safeguard them from the potential negative impacts of urbanization,
such as pollution, fragmentation, and habitat loss.

Additionally, urban and regional planning seeks to integrate environmental areas into
the broader urban fabric by incorporating green infrastructure and ecological design
principles. This involves creating networks of green spaces, preserving natural
corridors, and promoting the use of sustainable building materials and practices. By
doing so, planners aim to enhance the resilience of urban areas to climate change,
improve the provision of ecosystem services, and create more sustainable and
inclusive cities.

I listed some keys aspects of Environmental Area

Ecological Significance: An environmental area is typically recognized for its
ecological importance, such as the presence of unique or rare species, diverse habitats,
or sensitive ecosystems. It may include areas like wetlands, forests, coastal zones, or
other natural landscapes that support biodiversity and ecological balance.
Natural Features: Environmental areas often possess distinctive natural features that
contribute to their significance. These features can include rivers, lakes, mountains,
caves, canyons, or any other physical elements that shape the natural landscape and
provide ecological functions.

Environmental Value: An environmental area holds inherent value in terms of

environmental protection, conservation, and sustainability. It may serve as a natural
buffer against urban development, contribute to climate regulation, provide clean air
and water, or offer recreational opportunities for residents.

Planning Considerations: In urban and regional planning, an environmental area

requires careful consideration and integration into planning processes. This involves
assessing potential impacts on the natural environment, identifying strategies for
conservation and restoration, and incorporating measures to minimize adverse effects
from urban development.

Land Use and Development: Balancing the needs of urban development with the
preservation of an environmental area is a critical aspect of planning. This includes
designating appropriate land uses, implementing zoning regulations, and establishing
conservation areas or protected zones to safeguard the environmental integrity of the
area.

Sustainability and Resilience: An environmental area contributes to the overall

sustainability and resilience of a region by providing ecosystem services, promoting
climate adaptation, and supporting the well-being of communities. Planning efforts
should aim to enhance these aspects by integrating green infrastructure, sustainable
design principles, and nature-based solutions.

Public Awareness and Engagement: Recognizing the importance of public awareness

and engagement, an environmental area should involve the local community in
decision-making processes. Public education, participation, and collaboration with
stakeholders can help foster a sense of stewardship and ensure the long-term
protection of the area.
Environmental Justice: Addressing environmental justice concerns is crucial in
planning for an environmental area. This includes considering equitable access to
green spaces, avoiding disproportionate environmental burdens on marginalized
communities, and promoting social equity in the distribution of environmental
benefits.

Briefly explain with a diagram classical model or Urban design

1.

Classical models or urban designs refer to planning and design principles that draw
inspiration from historical urban forms, particularly those found in ancient
civilizations or traditional cities. These models emphasize specific design elements
and spatial configurations that have been influential in shaping urban environments
throughout history.
Urban design is about a great variety of places: whether town and city centres,
residential neighbourhoods and suburbs, grassy fields on the edge of villages, down-
at-heel industrial estates, or unloved and overlooked areas around train stations, rivers
and canals. Urban design defines the nature of buildings and the spaces between them,
and how the design itself should be worked out: design processes and outcomes.
Urban design inspires, illustrates and defines how a place could be improved or
protected to bring benefits to investors, developers and wider society.
Here are a few classical models of urban design:

Gridiron or Grid Pattern: The gridiron pattern is one of the oldest and most prevalent
urban design models. It involves a regular network of intersecting streets, forming a
grid-like structure. This design provides a clear hierarchy of streets, facilitates ease of
navigation, and allows for efficient land use.

Organic or Irregular Pattern: Organic urban design models are characterized by

irregular and meandering street layouts. These designs often evolved organically over
time, adapting to the natural topography or historical development patterns of a place.
Organic designs can create unique and varied urban spaces, reflecting the local
context and creating a sense of place.

Axial or Radial Pattern: The axial or radial pattern centers around a prominent axis or
central point from which major streets or avenues radiate outward. This design creates
a visual and spatial hierarchy, often leading to prominent landmarks or focal points at
the center.

Courtyard or Square: Courtyard or square designs focus on creating a central open

space or plaza surrounded by buildings or structures. These spaces serve as communal
gathering areas and often have social, cultural, or economic functions. Courtyards or
squares provide opportunities for public activities, events, and interactions.

Mixed-Use and Pedestrian-Friendly Design: Classical urban design models often

emphasize mixed-use development, where different functions such as residential,
commercial, and civic activities are integrated within the same area. Additionally,
they prioritize pedestrian-friendly design elements, such as narrow streets, sidewalks,
and walkable distances between destinations, encouraging active modes of
transportation and social interaction.

Hierarchical Road Networks: Classical urban designs often incorporate hierarchical

road networks that differentiate between major thoroughfares and local streets. This
design helps manage traffic flow, provides efficient transportation routes, and
organizes the urban fabric into different zones or districts.
Building Proportions and Architectural Style: Classical models of urban design often
consider building proportions and architectural styles that are harmonious and
cohesive within the urban context. This can include principles derived from classical
architecture, such as symmetry, proportion, and order, which contribute to the overall
aesthetic quality and visual identity of the urban environment.

It's important to note that while classical models of urban design provide valuable
insights and inspiration, modern urban planning takes into account a broader range of
factors, including sustainability, accessibility, social equity, and cultural context.
Contemporary planning approaches often integrate classical design principles with
contemporary practices to create functional, inclusive, and livable urban spaces.

Explain road hierarchy in Nigeria

The road hierarchy in Nigeria is a system that categorizes and organizes roads based
on their importance, function, and jurisdiction. It helps establish a framework for
planning, development, and maintenance of the road network across the country. The
road hierarchy in Nigeria consists of three main levels: Federal roads, State roads, and
Local roads.

At the top level of the hierarchy are Federal roads, which are under the responsibility
of the Federal Government of Nigeria. These roads connect major cities, states, and
regions within the country. They serve as key transportation arteries, facilitating inter-
state and international travel. Examples of Federal roads in Nigeria include the Lagos-
Ibadan Expressway, Abuja-Kaduna-Zaria-Kano Expressway, and the East-West Road.
These roads receive significant attention and funding due to their strategic importance
for national connectivity and economic development.

The next level in the hierarchy is State roads, managed by the respective state
governments. State roads primarily connect cities, towns, and localities within a
particular state. They play a crucial role in regional connectivity and intra-state
transportation. Examples of State roads include the Owerri-Port Harcourt Road in Imo
and Rivers States, the Ibadan-Oyo Road in Oyo State, and the Gombe-Biu Road in
Gombe State. State governments allocate resources and prioritize investments to
maintain and improve these roads.

At the local level of the hierarchy are Local roads, which are typically managed by
local government authorities. These roads provide connectivity within urban areas,
local communities, and rural regions. They serve as access routes to residential areas,
markets, schools, and other local amenities. Examples of Local roads include streets
within neighborhoods, roads within local markets, and rural roads connecting villages
and farms. Local governments are responsible for the maintenance and development
of these roads to ensure improved mobility and access for local residents.

The road hierarchy in Nigeria is crucial for effective transportation planning and
management. It helps in allocating resources and prioritizing investments based on the
specific needs of different road categories. Federal roads receive significant attention
due to their national importance, while State and Local roads address regional and
local connectivity. The hierarchy ensures a balanced approach to road development,
ensuring that different levels of government focus on their respective road networks.

It is important to note that the road hierarchy is not fixed and can change over time
based on evolving transportation needs and development priorities. Some Local roads
may be upgraded to State roads if they experience increased traffic volumes and serve
a larger area. Similarly, certain State roads may be upgraded to Federal roads if they
serve as vital links for inter-state or international transportation. Regular assessment
and monitoring of the road network are necessary to maintain an effective road
hierarchy and adapt to changing demands.

In conclusion, the road hierarchy in Nigeria categorizes roads into three levels:
Federal, State, and Local. Federal roads connect major cities and regions, State roads
facilitate intra-state travel, and Local roads provide access within urban and rural
areas. This hierarchy helps in planning, development, and maintenance of the road
network, ensuring that resources are allocated appropriately. It contributes to
improved connectivity, regional development, and efficient transportation across the
country.

What is GPS?

GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides accurate positioning, timing,

and navigation information to users worldwide. It consists of a network of orbiting
satellites, ground-based control stations, and receivers that communicate with each
other to determine the exact geographic coordinates of a GPS receiver.

Uses Of GPS

A. Emergency Services: GPS is instrumental in emergency situations. It enables

emergency responders to accurately locate and navigate to incidents, speeding up
response times. Additionally, GPS-enabled personal devices like smartphones can
transmit location information during emergencies, enhancing personal safety.

B. Geospatial Data Collection: GPS is widely used for collecting geospatial data. It
aids in mapping and surveying activities, allowing professionals to accurately
measure and document locations, boundaries, and topographic features. This data is
valuable for urban planning, land management, environmental assessment, and
infrastructure development.

C. Fitness Tracking: GPS has become a popular tool for fitness enthusiasts.
Wearable devices equipped with GPS capabilities can track running, cycling, and
other outdoor activities, providing information on distance, speed, and elevation. This
allows users to monitor their progress, set goals, and analyze their performance.

D. Timing and Synchronization: GPS provides highly accurate timing and

synchronization information. It is used in various industries that require precise
timing, such as telecommunications, power distribution, financial transactions, and
scientific research.
GPS and Drone technology
The relationship between GPS (Global Positioning System) and drone technology is
integral and symbiotic. GPS technology is a fundamental component of drone
technology, providing precise positioning, navigation, and timing information to
drones. Drones equipped with GPS receivers can determine their exact location in
real-time, allowing them to autonomously follow pre-programmed flight paths,
navigate along specific waypoints, or return to a designated home point. GPS enables
drones to operate autonomously and perform complex tasks efficiently and accurately.
It also plays a crucial role in implementing geofencing and flight restriction systems,
ensuring compliance with regulations and enhancing safety by preventing drones from
entering prohibited airspace. Moreover, the integration of GPS with drones has
revolutionized mapping, surveying, and data collection applications. Drones can
capture aerial imagery or LiDAR data while precisely recording the location of each
point, enabling the generation of accurate maps, 3D models, or orthomosaic images.

Here are some key aspects of their relationship:

Positioning and Navigation: GPS is an essential component of drone technology, as it

provides precise positioning and navigation information to drones. By utilizing GPS
receivers, drones can determine their exact location in real-time, allowing them to
autonomously follow pre-programmed flight paths or fly to specific coordinates. GPS
ensures accurate positioning, which is crucial for tasks such as aerial surveying,
mapping, and inspections.

Waypoint Navigation: Drones equipped with GPS can be programmed to navigate

along specific waypoints. Waypoints are predetermined coordinates that define a
flight path for the drone. By using GPS data, drones can follow these waypoints with
high precision, enabling them to conduct systematic aerial surveys, collect data, or
perform surveillance in a controlled manner.

Autonomous Flight: GPS enables drones to operate autonomously, reducing the need
for manual control. Drones with GPS capabilities can perform tasks such as
automated takeoff and landing, maintaining a stable hover, or following predefined
flight patterns. This autonomy allows drones to perform repetitive or complex tasks
efficiently and accurately.

Geofencing and Flight Restrictions: GPS technology plays a crucial role in

implementing geofencing and flight restriction systems for drones. Geofencing uses
GPS coordinates to create virtual boundaries, defining no-fly zones or restricted areas
where drones are not allowed to operate. GPS-based flight restriction systems ensure
compliance with regulations and enhance safety by preventing drones from entering
prohibited airspace.

Return-to-Home (RTH) Functionality: GPS facilitates the implementation of the

Return-to-Home feature in drones. In case of signal loss or low battery, drones
equipped with GPS can automatically navigate back to their takeoff point or a pre-
defined location. This feature enhances the safety and security of the drone by
preventing it from getting lost or crashing due to power issues.

Mapping and Surveying: The combination of GPS and drone technology has
revolutionized mapping and surveying applications. Drones equipped with GPS can
capture aerial imagery or LiDAR data while precisely recording the location of each
image or point. This information, along with GPS coordinates, is crucial for
generating accurate topographic maps, 3D models, or orthomosaic images.

Real-Time Tracking and Data Logging: GPS allows for real-time tracking and data
logging of drones during flight operations. It enables operators to monitor the drone's
location, altitude, speed, and other flight parameters in real-time. This information can
be logged and analyzed later for flight performance assessment, mission analysis, or
troubleshooting.

Overall, the integration of GPS technology with drones enhances their capabilities,
enabling precise positioning, autonomous flight, geofencing, and advanced mapping
applications. GPS plays a fundamental role in improving the safety, efficiency, and
functionality of drones across various industries, including aerial photography,
agriculture, infrastructure inspection, search and rescue, and environmental
monitoring.