Assignment 1, ENM2600

Value: 30%, total: 300 marks

Question 1: [30 marks]

a) Find the roots of the cubic equation:
z3 + 4 z2 + 22 z – 68 = 0.
Show the roots in the Argand diagram. [10 marks]

Solution: One of the roots of the cubic equation can be readily found by the trial method, z1 = 2.
Dividing then cubic equation by the monomial (z – 2), we find: z2 + 6 z + 34. Therefore, the
cubic equation can be factorised as: z3 + 4 z2 + 22 z – 68 = (z – 2)( z2 + 6 z + 34) = 0.
The roots of the quadratic polynomial can be easily found using the standard formula:

−b  b 2 − 4ac −6  36 − 136 −6  −100 −6  10j

z2,3 = = = = = −3  5j.
2a 2 2 2
Thus, we obtain z1 = 2, z2 = –3 + 5 j, z3 = –3 – 5 j.
The roots are shown in Fig. 1.

Im z
z2 6
5
4
3
2
1 z1
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Re z
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
z3 −6

Fig. 1. The roots of the cubic equation.

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Rubric:
1 mark for correct root found by the trial method;
4 marks for the correct factorisation of the cubic equation;
3 marks for the correct finding of two other roots;
2 marks for the correct presentation of the roots in the Argand diagram.

b) Determine moduli and arguments of the roots (present the arguments in radians up to
three decimal places).
Present all roots in the polar and exponential forms. [9 marks]

Solution: The module of the first root is |z1| = 2, and its argument is 1 = 0 rad.
The first root in the polar and exponential forms is: z1 = 2 (cos 0 + j sin 0) = 2 ej0.

The module of the second root is z2 = (−3)2 + 52 = 34 , and its argument is:

2 = tan–1(–5/3) = –1.03 +  = 2.111 rad.

The second root in the polar and exponential forms is: z2 = 34 (cos 2.111 + j sin 2.111) =

34 e2.111j.

The module of the third root is z2 = (−3)2 + (−5)2 = 34 , and its argument is:

2 = tan–1(5/3) = 1.03 –  = –2.111 rad.

The second root in the polar and exponential forms is: z3 = 34 (cos 2.111 – j sin 2.111) =

34 e–2.111j.

Rubric:
1 mark for correct module of the first root;
1 mark for correct argument of the first root;
1 mark for correct presentation of the first root in the polar and exponential forms;
1 mark for correct module of the second root;
1 mark for correct argument of the second root;
1 mark for correct presentation of the second root in the polar and exponential forms;
1 mark for correct module of the third root;
1 mark for correct argument of the third root;
1 mark for correct presentation of the third root in the polar and exponential forms.

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 c) Connect roots in the Argand diagram by straight lines and form a triangle. Find the
perimeter p of the triangle (in the dimensionless form) in the exact form and in decimal
up to four significant figures. [7 marks]

Solution: The distance between the points z2 and z3 is, obviously, d23 = 10 as shown in Fig. 1.

The distance between the points z1 and z2 is d12 = |z1 – z2| = (2 + 3) 2 + 52 = 50 = 5 2 .

The distance between the points z1 and z3 is d13 = d12 = |z1 – z3| = (2 + 3) 2 + 52 = 50 = 5 2 .

( )
Therefore, the perimeter of the triangle is: p = 10 + 10 2 = 10 1 + 2  24.14 .

Rubric:
1 mark for correct distance between the points z2 and z3;
2 mark for correct distance between the points z1 and z2;
2 mark for correct distance between the points z1 and z3;
1 mark for correctly calculated perimeter in the exact form;
1 mark for correctly calculated perimeter in the decimal form.

d) Find the area S of the triangle in item c) (in the dimensionless form). [4 marks]

Solution: The length of the base of the triangle (the distance between the points z2 and z3) is,
obviously, d23 = 10 as shown in Fig. 1. The height of the triangle is h = 3 + 2 = 5.
Therefore, the area is S = d23h/2 = 50/2 = 25.

Rubric:
1 mark for the correctly determined base of the triangle;
2 mark for the correctly determined height of the triangle;
1 mark for the correctly determined area of the triangle.

Question 2: [50 marks]

Find and plot the Cartesian equations of the loci of z given by the following equations (for a
circle indicate explicitly coordinates of its centre and radius; for an ellipse indicate explicitly
coordinates of its foci and semi-axes; for a straight line indicate explicitly its gradient and y-
intercept, for a ray indicate explicitly coordinates of its origin and gradient).

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Hint: Replace trig functions by their exact values where appropriate.

z+ j 
a) = sin 2 . [20 marks]
−3j − 5 z
*
6

z+ j 1
Solution: Simplify the equation first recalling that j* = –j: = . Multiplying by the
3j − 5 z 4

denominators on both sides, we obtain 4 z + j = 3j − 5 z . Substitute then z = x + jy:

4 x + j( y + 1) = (3 − 5 y ) j − 5 x ,
4 x 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = (−5 x) 2 + (3 − 5 y ) 2 .

Squaring both sides, we obtain:

16 ( x 2 + y 2 + 2 y + 1) = 25 x 2 + 25 y 2 − 30 y + 9;
9 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 62 y = 7;
2 2
 31   31 
9 x + 9  y −  −   = 7;
2

 9  3
2
 31  1024
9 x2 + 9  y −  = ;
 9 9
2 2
 31  1024  32 
x + y−  =
2
=  .
 9 81  9 
This is equation of the circle with the centre (0, 31/9) and radius R = 32/9 – see Fig. 2.

y
8

−4 −2 0 2 4 x
−2
Fig. 2. The Cartesian equation of the locus given by equation in Q1a).

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Rubric:
4 marks if the moduli of complex numbers are found correctly;
10 marks if equation of the figure was derived in the correct explicit form;
2 marks if the characteristic coordinates of the figure were found correctly;
4 marks if the figure was correctly presented in the Argand diagram.


b) arg ( z − 4 − 5j) = . [20 marks]
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Solution: Denote w = z – 4 – 5 j. Than we have arg (w) =  /3 – this is a ray originated at the
point (0, 0) in the direction  =  /3 (the modulus of w is not fixed, it may take an arbitrary value,
but |w|  0) – see line 1 in Fig. 3. In terms of z, we have arg (z – 4 – 5 j) =  /3 or arg (x + jy – 4 –
y −5 
5 j) =  /3. Then, = tan = 3 . From this equation, we deduce:
x−4 3
y − 5 = 3 ( x − 4 ) ; y = 3x + 5 − 4 3.

This is formally the equation of a straight line shown in Fig. 3 by dashed line 2. But we should
take only a portion of this line, the ray 3 that originates at the point z = 4 + 5 j. Ray 1 corresponds
to the solution for w, but w = z – 4 – 5 j or z = w + 4 + 5 j. This means that when w = 0, we have
z = 4 + 5 j; therefore the point w = 0 maps into the point z = 4 + 5 j.

, y
9

7
3

6 1
5
4

3
2
2

−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 u, x
−1

Fig. 3. The superposed planes w and z. Line 1 in the w-plane (u,v-plane) as described in the text
and lines 2 and 3 in the z-plane.

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Rubric:
4 marks if the given equation correctly simplified;
6 marks if the equation of the figure was derived correctly;
6 marks if the figure was shown correctly in the Argand diagram;
4 marks if the origin of figure was found correctly.

c) The figure is described by the following equation: |z – z1| + |z – z2| = 10, where z1 = 3 + 2j
and z2 = 5 – 6j.
What this equation describes? [1 mark]
Show the positions of the points z1 and z2 on the Argand diagram. [1 mark]
What is the meaning of points z1 and z2? [1 mark]
What is the meaning of the number 10? [1 mark]
Plot qualitatively the figure described by this equation. [4 marks]
Find the distance between the points z1 and z2. [2 marks]

Solution: The given equation describes the ellipse with the foci at the points z1 and z2. Therefore,
z1 and z2 are complex coordinates of the foci. Their positions are shown in Fig. 4.
The number 10 is the sum of distances d1 and d2 from the foci to an arbitrary point lying on the
ellipse, i.e. d1 + d2 = 10.
The given equation is plotted in Fig. 4.
y
8

2 z1

−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
−2 d
−4

−6 z2
−8

− 10
− 12

Fig. 4. The qualitative graphic of the ellipse with the positions of its loci z1 and z2 and the
distance d between them.

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The distance between the foci is:

d = z1 − z2 = ( x1 − x2 ) + ( y1 − y2 ) = ( 3 − 5) + ( 2 + 6 ) = 4 + 64 = 68 .
2 2 2 2

Rubric:
1 mark if the figure determined correctly;
1 mark if the positions of the points z1 and z2 are shown correctly on the Argand diagram;
1 mark if the meaning of points z1 and z2 is explained correctly;
1 mark if the meaning of the number 10 is explained correctly;
4 marks if the qualitative plot of the figure is presented correctly;
2 marks if the distance between the points z1 and z2 is found correctly.

Question 3: [40 marks]

Determine which of the following differential equations are separable.
In each case explain why the differential equation is or is not separable.
If separable, find the general solution to the differential equation.

Hint: Solution may be not integrable in terms of elementary functions. In this case it can be left
in quadrature, i.e. in terms of integral. Don’t give up in advance and make sure that this is the
case.

a) ( 4 − x ) dy
2

dx
=−
2x
ln y
; [16 marks]

b) y = sin y + xy ; [4 marks]
dy
c) e y = 2 e y + 4 ln x + 3 [20 marks]
dx

Solution:
a) This is non-linear separable equation because function y is under the logarithm whereas
its derivative is in the first power. The expression for the derivative can be presented in
the factorizable form, and then the variables can be separated:

2x 2x d (x )
2

ln y dy = −
( 4 − x2 )
dx   ln y dy =  x 2 − 4 dx =  x 2 − 4 .
After integration, we obtain (use integration by parts for y):

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 y ln y − y = ln x 2 − 4 − ln C ,

where C is the constant of integration.

This solution can be presented in terms of x(y):

x 2 − 4 = C exp  y ( ln y − 1) ;

x1 = 4 + C exp  y ( ln y − 1) , x2 = − 4 + C exp  y ( ln y − 1) .

Therefore, there are two branches of the solution with x1(y) and x2(y).

Rubric:
2 mark if the equation correctly determined in terms of liner/non-linear and a correct reason is
given;
2 mark if the equation correctly determined in terms of separable/non- separable and a correct
reason is given;
9 marks if equation was solved correctly;
1 mark if a constant of integration was included.
2 mark if solution is presented in the correct form for all possible branches.

b) This is non-linear (because function y is under the function sin), and non-separable
equation because the right-hand side of this equation is not factorizable.

Rubric:
2 marks if the equation correctly determined in terms of liner/non-linear and a correct reason is
given;
2 mark if the equation correctly determined in terms of separable/non- separable and a correct
reason is given.

c) Equation in Q3c) is nonlinear but separable equation (equation contains functions of y but
the expression for the derivative can be presented in the factorizable form):
ey ey
ey + 4
dy = 2 ln x + 3 dx;   ey + 4
dy =  2 ln x + 3 dx + C.

Denoting w = ey, after integration, we obtain:

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 dw
 w+4
= 2  ln x + 3 d ( x + 3) + C;

2 w + 4 = 2 ( x + 3) ln x + 3 − ( x + 3)  + C.
w + 4 = ( x + 3) ( ln x + 3 − 1) + C 2.

w + 4 = ( x + 3) ( ln x + 3 − 1) + C 2  .
2

e y = ( x + 3) ( ln x + 3 − 1) + C 2  − 4.
2

y ( x) = ln ( x + 3) ( ln x + 3 − 1) + C 2  − 4.
2

Rubric:
2 marks if the equation correctly determined in terms of liner/non-linear and a correct reason is
given;
2 mark if the equation correctly determined in terms of separable/non- separable and a correct
reason is given.
12 marks if equation was solved correctly;
1 marks if the constant of integration was included;
3 marks if solution is correctly presented in the explicit form.

Question 4: [30 marks]

Determine the type of the equation (is it linear/non-linear, separable/non-separable,
homogeneous/non-homogeneous): (1 + x2) y' – 2x (1 + y2) = 0.
Find its solution subject to the initial condition y(0) = 1.
Verify the solution obtained by its substitution into the original equation.

Solution: This is the non-linear separable equation. Separating the variables x and y, we obtain:
dy xdx dy xdx dx 2
1+ y 2
=2
1 + x2
  1 + y2  1 + x2  1 + x2 .
= 2 =

Integrating then this equation, we find:

tan −1 y = ln ( x 2 + 1) + C;

y ( x) = tan ln ( x 2 + 1) + C  .

where C is a constant of integration.

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Using the initial condition, we obtain: 1 = tan C, hence C =  /4, and the particular solution

subject to the initial condition is: y ( x) = tan ln ( x 2 + 1) +  4  .

To verify the solution, let us find its derivative bearing in mind that the derivative of tan x is:
(tan x)' = 1/cos2(x) = 1 + tan2(x).


Then, using the chain rule, we find: y( x) = 1 + tan 2 ln ( x 2 + 1) +  4  2
2x
x +1
.

2 (
1+ y2 ) .
dy 2x
From the original equation we see that: =
dx 1 + x
Substitution the solution y(x) into the right-hand side of this equation, we see that it is exactly the
same expression as in the derivative y':
dy
=
2x
dx 1 + x 2  
1 + tan 2 ln ( x 2 + 1) +  4  .

Rubric:
2 marks if the equation type was determined correctly;
2 marks if the separation of variables was correct;
8 marks if the integration in the left-hand side was correct;
8 marks if the integration in the right-hand side was correct;
1 mark if a constant of integration was included;
2 marks if the constant of integration was found correctly;
1 marks if solution is found correctly in the explicit form;
6 marks if verification was implemented correctly.

Question 5: [30 marks]

y
+ y = e− x
2
a) Determine whether the differential equation
2x
- is linear or nonlinear?
- separable or non-separable?
- homogeneous or non-homogeneous?
Give reason to your answers.

b) Find a particular solution subject to the initial condition y(0) = –1.

c) Determine whether the solution is the odd or even function?

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d) Using a technology, plot the solution in the interval x  [0, 4].

Solution:
a) The given equation is linear (function and its derivative are both in the first power), non-
homogeneous (there is a function in the right-hand side that does not depend on y, but depends
on x only), but it is non-separable (it is impossible to present the expression for the derivative in
the factorizable form).

b) Present the equation in the standard form y + 2 xy = 2 xe − x and find the integrating factor:
2

I ( x ) = exp (  2 xdx ) = exp ( x ) = e

2 x2
.

Multiplying equation by the integrating factor, we obtain ye x ( ) = 2x .

2

Integrating this equation, we obtain: ye x = x 2 + C or y( x) = ( x 2 + C ) e− x .

2 2

Using the initial condition, we determine the constant of integration: –1 = C, or C = –1.

Therefore, the particular solution is y( x) = ( x 2 − 1) e− x .

2

c) The solution is even function because y(–x) = y(x).

d) Graphic of this function is shown in Fig 5.

y
0.3

x
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

− 0.3

− 0.6

− 0.9

− 1.2

Fig. 5. Graphic of the solution.

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Rubric:
2 marks if equation type was determined correctly;
6 marks if the integrating factor was found correctly;
12 marks if equation was solved correctly;
1 mark if a constant of integration was included;
2 marks if a constant of integration was correctly determined from the initial condition;
2 marks if solution evenness is determined correctly;
5 marks if solution is correctly presented graphically.

Question 6: [40 marks]

To boil water in some cattle from T0 = 25°C to Tb = 100°C it takes 180 sec.
a) Assuming that the rate of temperature increase is proportional to the difference of current
water temperature and constant air temperature which is Ta = 20°C, find the differential
equation describing water temperature as a function of time. [10 marks]
b) Solve the differential equation and find at what time water temperature attains 90C?
Present your answer in seconds up to three significant figures. [30 marks]

Solution: a) According to the condition about the rate of water temperature increase, we obtain
the required equation:
dT
= k (T − Ta ) ,
dt
where k is an unknown coefficient of proportionality.
b) A formal solution to this equation is:
T ( t ) = Ta + Ce k t ,

where C is a constant of integration and time t ≥ 0.

Using the given conditions (T(0)  T0 = 25C and T(180)  Tb = 100C), we obtain:
T(0)  25 = 20 + C, therefore C = 5.
T(180)  100 = 20 + 5ek·180,  80 = 5ek·180,  e180k = 80/5= 16. Therefore, k = (ln16)/180.
Thus, the dependence of water temperature on time in seconds is: T(t) = 20 + 5et·(ln16)/180.
Now, we can determine at what time (denote it by t90) the temperature will be 90C:
90 = 20 + 5et·(ln 16)/180;  70 = 5et·(ln 16)/180; et·(ln 16)/180 = 70/5 = 14.
Then, t90·(ln16)/180 = ln14. From this equation we find: T90 = 180 ln14/ln16  171 sec.

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Rubric:
10 marks if the differential equation was correctly derived;
6 marks if the derived equation was solved correctly;
2 marks if the constant of integration was determined correctly;
10 marks if the coefficient of proportionality k was determined correctly;
2 marks if solution was correctly presented in the explicit form;
8 marks if time t90 was found correctly;
2 marks if the result correctly presented up to three significant figures.

Question 7: [35 marks]

a) Determine the type of the differential equation
t ( t 2 + 1) x − 3x ( t 2 + 1) = t 4

(is it linear/ nonlinear, separable/non-separable, homogeneous/non-homogeneous?).

b) Find the particular solution subject to the initial condition x(1) =  /4.

dx 3 t3
Solution: Rewrite first the equation in the standard form − x= .
dt t 1+ t2
This equation is linear non-separable, non-homogeneous. Find first the integrating factor:


1 
I ( t ) = exp  −3 dt  = exp ( −3ln t ) = exp ln t
t 
−3
( t
1
)
= 3.

Multiplying the equation by the integrating factor, we obtain:

d x 1
 3= .
dt  t  1 + t 2
Integration gives:
x dt
= + C = tan −1 t + C ,
t 3
1+ t 2

where C is the constant of integration. From here, we find the general solution:
x(t ) = t 3 ( tan −1 t + C ) .

Using the initial condition and bearing in mind that tan–11 =  /4, we determine the constant of
integration:
x(1) =  /4 = tan–11 + C;  C = 0.
Therefore, the particular solution subject to the initial condition is x(t ) = t 3 tan −1 t.

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Rubric:
2 marks if equation type was determined correctly;
2 marks if equation was correctly presented in the standard form;
6 marks if the integrating factor was found correctly;
4 marks if equation was correctly presented after multiplication by the integrating factor;
10 marks if integration was correct in the right-hand side for the function of t;
2 marks if a constant of integration was included;
3 marks if the general solution is presented in the correct explicit form;
4 marks if the constant of integration was correctly determined from the initial condition;
2 marks if the final solution subject to the initial condition was given in the correct form.

Question 8: [45 marks]

a) Determine the type of the differential equation

( 2 − e ) sec
x 2
y y + 3e x tan y = 0

(is it linear/nonlinear, separable/non-separable, homogeneous/non-homogeneous?). Give

a reason. [4 marks]
b) Find the particular solution subject to the initial condition y(0) =  /4. [37 marks]
c) Plot the solution in the interval t  [0, 5] using any graphical technology. [4 marks]

Solution: This equation is nonlinear (it contains functions of y) and separable (the variables x
and y can be separated). Separating variables, we obtain:
1 cos y 3e x 1 3e x
dy = − dx,  dy = − dx.
cos 2 y sin y 2 − ex sin y cos y 2 − ex
The left-hand side of this equation can be further transformed to:
cos y d ( sin y )
dy = .
sin y (1 − sin 2 y )
2
sin y cos y

Denoting u = sin y, we obtain:

du A B C 
 u (1 − u ) =   u + 1 − u + 1 + u  du,
2

where constants A, B, and C can be easily determined by finding a common denominator:

du A (1 − u 2 ) + Bu (1 + u ) + Cu (1 − u )
 u (1 − u 2 ) =  u (1 − u 2 )
du.

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By comparison left- and right-hand sides, we find: A = 1; B + C = 0; B – C – A = 0.
This gives: B + C = 0; B – C = 1; B = 1/2; C = –1/2. Therefore, by integration, we obtain:

du 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 u
 u (1 − u ) =   u + 2 1 − u − 2 1 + u  du = ln u − 2 ln 1 − u − 2 ln 1 + u
2
= ln
1− u2
.

Bearing in mind that u = sin y, we obtain in the left-hand side:

sin y sin y
ln = ln = ln tan y .
1 − sin 2 y cos 2 y

No consider the right-hand side of the equation and transfer it as follows:

3e x d ( 2 − ex )
− dx = 3 .
2 − ex 2 − ex
Denoting w = 2 – ex, we can easily integrate it:
dw
3 = 3ln w + ln C = 3ln 2 − e x + ln C.
w
Here constant C can be presented as ln C.
Equating now the expressions in the left- and right-hand sides, we obtain:
ln tan y = 3ln 2 − e x + ln C.

Applying antilogarithm to both sides, we derive the general solution in the implicit form:

tan y = C ( 2 − e x ) .
3

Note that the constant of integration can be denoted as ln C.

Using the initial condition, we can determine the constant of integration:

y(0)  ;  1 = C ( 2 − 1) .
3

4
This gives C = 1.
Therefore, the particular solution subject to the initial condition is:

tan y = ( 2 − e x ) , or in the explicit form: y ( x) = tan −1 ( 2 − e x ) .

3 3

Graphic of this function is shown in Fig 6.

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 y
1.5

0.5

x
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

− 0.5

−1

− 1.5

2
−2

Fig. 6. Graphic of the solution.

Rubric:
4 marks if equation type was determined correctly;
2 if equation was simplified correctly;
15 marks if integration was correct in the left-hand side for the function of y;
5 marks if integration was correct in the right-hand side for the function of x;
1 mark if a constant of integration was included;
6 marks if the general solution is presented in the correct implicit form;
2 marks if the constant of integration was correctly determined from the initial condition;
2 marks if the final solution subject to the initial condition was given in the correct implicit form;
4 marks if the general solution is presented in the correct explicit form.
4 marks if solution is correctly presented graphically.

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