Multiplexing and Spectrum

Spreading
CT423: Data Communications

Lecturer: Luong Vinh Quoc Danh, Ph.D

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Cantho University

Source: Chaiporn Jaikaeo, Kasetsart University

Multiplexing
Multiplexing is the set of techniques that
allow the simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals across a single data link.
In a multiplexed system, a link is divided
into n channels.

D
M 1 link, n channels E
n signals U M
n signals
(input) X U (output)
X

Multiplexer Demultiplexer

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Categories of multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

An analog multiplexing technique to combine signals

Medium BW > Channel BW

Each signal is modulated to a different
carrier frequency
E.g., broadcast radio
Channel allocated even if no data

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Conceptual View of FDM

Channel 3
Channel 2
Channel 1f3
f2
f1

FDM: Multiplexing Process

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FDM: Demultiplexing Process

Guard Bands
Strips of unused bandwidth to prevent signals from
overlapping

FDM

f f
3 kHz 3 kHz 3 kHz 3 kHz

FDM
(no guard band)

f
3 kHz 3 kHz 3 kHz

3 kHz f
FDM
(with guard band)

f
3 kHz 3 kHz 3 kHz
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 FDM: Example 1
Five voice channels, each with 3-kHz bandwidth,
are to be multiplexed together.

If there is a need for a guard band of 1.5 kHz,

what is the minimum bandwidth of the link?

1.5 kHz 1.5 kHz 1.5 kHz 1.5 kHz

3 kHz 3 kHz 3 kHz 3 kHz 3 kHz

f
21 kHz
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FDM: Example 2
Four digital-data channels, 1 Mbps each, use a
satellite channel of 1 MHz. Design an appropriate
configuration using FDM.

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 Analog Hierarchy
Used by AT&T
4 kHz 48 kHz
12 voice channels
12 voice channels

4 kHz 240 kHz

F group 60 voice channels
D
…

2.52 MHz
M 5 groups F supergroup 600 voice channels
4 kHz D

10 supergropus
M master 16.984 MHz
F group 3600 voice channels
D

…
M

6 master groups
F Jumbo
group
D
M

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Example
The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two
bands. The first band of 824 to 849 MHz is used for
sending, and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving.
Each user has a bandwidth of 30 kHz in each direction.
How many people can use their cellular phones
simultaneously?
Solution
Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz by 30 kHz, we
get 833.33. In reality, the band is divided into 832
channels. Of these, 42 channels are used for control,
which means only 790 channels are available for cellular
phone users.
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Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
An analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals

WDM is a special case of FDM

λ1 λ1

λ2 WDM WDM λ2
λ1+λ2+λ3
λ3 λ3

λ1 λ1
λ1+λ2+λ3
λ2 Fiber-optic cable λ2

λ3 Multiplexer Demultiplexer λ3

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Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

A digital multiplexing technique to combine data

Medium Data Rate > Signal Data Rate

Multiple digital signals interleaved in time
one unit
A Frame
T
D
B M C B A C B A C B A

C Time slot

Time slots
are preassigned to sources and fixed
are allocated even if no data
do not have to be evenly distributed among sources
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 Conceptual View of TDM
1 Data flow 1
D
2 M E 2
U 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 M
X U
3 X 3

Channel 3
Channel 2
Channel 1
Channel 3
Channel 2
Channel 1
Channel 3
Channel 2
Channel 1

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TDM Frames
A frame consists of one complete cycle of
time slots

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 TDM: Example
Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together.
A unit is 1 bit. Find:
(1) the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing,
(2) the transmission rate of the link,
(3) the duration of a time slot, and
(4) the duration of a frame?

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Empty Slot

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 Synchronization
Multiplexer and demultiplexer must be
synchronized
Framing bits are used to provide synchronization

Synchronization pattern
…1010…

C B A 1 C B A 0 C B A 1 C B A 0

framing bit

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Synchronization: Example
Identify all the framing bits from this bit
sequence output by a multiplexer
2 channels
1 unit = 2 bits

0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

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 Multi-Level Multiplexing

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TDM of Different Data Rates

Data rate from one source may be faster than the others
More than one time slot can be assigned to certain sources
4 kbps
A 1 frame
B C B A
8 kbps 16 kbps
B MUX
4 kbps
C

4 kbps
A
4 kbps
8 kbps 16 kbps
B MUX
4 kbps
4 kbps
C
Note: assume 1 unit = 1 bit
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 TDM of Different Data Rates
B A A B A A B A

1 frame
5 kbps
A A A A A A B A A B A A B A
8 kbps
3 kbps MUX
B B B B

Note: assume 1 unit = 1 bit

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Bit Padding
Different data rates may not be integer
multiples of each other
Solution – Bit padding
1 ms

5 kbps Bit 6 kbps A B A B A A B A A B A

A Padding
MUX
3 kbps 9 kbps
B
Extra bit

B A A B A A B A
3000 cycles/s
A A A A A

Note: assume 1 unit = 1 bit

B B B

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 Digital Signal (DS) Hierarchy
64 kbps

1.544 Mbps
DS-0 24 DS-0
24 channels

6.312 Mbps
T DS-1 4 DS-1
D
…

44.376 Mbps
M T DS-2 7 DS-2
DS-0 D
M 274.176 Mbps
T DS-3 6 DS-3
D
M
T
DS-4
D
M

1 kbps = 1,000 bps

1 Mbps = 1,000 kbps
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DS Services and T Lines

DS-0, DS-1, etc, are services
T lines are used to implement these services

Rate Voice
Service Line
(Mbps) Channels

DS-1 T-1 1.544 24

DS-2 T-2 6.312 96

DS-3 T-3 44.736 672

DS-4 T-4 274.176 4032

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T Lines and Analog Signals

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T-1 Frame Structure

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 E Lines
European's version of T lines
Also used in Vietnam

Rate Voice
E Line
(Mbps) Channels

E-1 2.048 30

E-2 8.448 120

E-3 34.368 480

E-4 139.264 1920

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Inverse Multiplexing

low-speed lines

high-speed line high-speed line

Inverse Inverse
MUX DEMUX

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 Spread Spectrum
Spread signal to use larger bandwidth
To prevent eavesdropping
To reduce effects from interference

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Frequency-Hopping SS
"FHSS" – Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum
Used in Bluetooth technology

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 FHSS Cycles
FHSS uses M different carrier
frequencies that are modulated
by the source signal.

PN code generator creates

a k-bit pattern for every
hopping period Th.

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Direct-Sequence SS
"DSSS" – Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum
Used in Wireless LANs

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 DSSS and Interference
Amplitude
Narrow Band Signal
Narrow Band Interference
Spread Spectrum Signal

Frequency

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DSSS Example
Each data bit is assigned a code of n bits, called chips,
where the chip rate is n times that of the data bit.

For n = 11, the spreading code is 11 chips having the pattern

10110111000 The required bandwidth for the spread signal is
11 times larger than the bandwidth of the original signal.
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