Closed-Loop System

A closed-loop system, also known as a feedback control system, is a control system in which the
output of the system is continuously monitored and compared with the desired or reference
output. The feedback loop enables the system to make adjustments based on the discrepancy
between the actual output and the desired output, ensuring that the system remains stable,
accurate, and responsive to changes in its environment.

Types of Closed-Loop Control.

i. Proportional (P) Control: In this type of control, the controller generates a control action
proportional to the error signal. The larger the error, the larger the control action.
Proportional control provides stability but may not eliminate steady-state errors entirely.
ii. Integral (I) Control: Integral control, also known as reset control, is used to eliminate
steady-state errors in the output. The controller accumulates the error over time and
applies a control action based on the integral of the error. This ensures that any long-term
error is corrected.
iii. Derivative (D) Control: Derivative control anticipates future trends in the error signal. It
calculates the rate of change of the error and applies a control action proportional to this
rate. Derivative control helps in reducing overshoot and improving the system's response
time.
iv. Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Control: PID control combines proportional,
integral, and derivative control actions to achieve the best control performance. PID
controllers are widely used in various applications due to their versatility and ability to
handle different types of control requirements.

Components of a Closed-Loop System

i. Plant or Process: The plant or process represents the system being controlled. It can be a
physical system, a mechanical process, an electrical circuit, or any other entity whose
output needs to be controlled.
ii. Controller: The controller is the core component of the closed-loop system responsible
for generating the control action based on the feedback. It receives the error signal, which
is the difference between the desired output (setpoint) and the actual output (measured
value). The controller uses this error signal to calculate the control action that should be
applied to the plant to minimize the error.
iii. Sensors: Sensors are used to measure the actual output or process variable of the system.
They provide feedback information to the controller about the current state of the system.
iv. Actuators: Actuators are devices that receive the control action from the controller and
apply it to the plant. They cause changes in the plant's behavior to bring the actual output
closer to the desired output.
 v. OLD MODELS

vi. The development of this compressed air engine took place between the end of 2001 and the

start of 2002. It employs a cutting-edge method to regulate the motion of a single crankshaft and

pistons from the second generation. The pistons operate in two stages: a motor stage and a

compression/expansion intermediate stage. The human lung served as the first air compressor.

Only.02 to.08 bar (1 bar equals 14.5 psi) of air pressure may be produced by healthy lungs, which

is not enough for the majority of processing tasks. By 1800, humans were transferring energy

using air compressors. In just three years, Austrian engineer Viktor Popp's 1,500 kW compressor

factory increased to 18,000 kW, becoming the first compressor plant in Paris. Additional

improvements to air compression were made.

vii.

viii. Figure 2.2 (air powered engine)

ix.

x.

xi. 2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

xii. Pressurized air is poured into the reservoir. The intake and exit valves are two of the pneumatic

reservoir's two valves, which was initially filled with air. The limit switches and the output valve

are linked together via a PVC (poly vinyl chloride) hose. The hose is in charge of moving air from

the reservoir to the location where it is required for vehicle functioning. The hose is now
 attached to the pneumatic double acting cylinder from the limit switches. The amount of

compressed air that flows from the reservoir to the double acting cylinder is managed by the

limit switch positioned in between them. Linear motion in this system is converted to rotational

motion by the cranking method due to the reciprocating action of the piston inside the cylinder.

xiii. Figure 2:3

xiv. 2.3 MAIN COMPONENTS AND PARTS

xv. LIMIT SWITCH

xvi. This is a switch operated by the motion of a machine part according to the study on electrical

engineering. The switch can be used as part of controlling system for controlling machinery, as a

safety interlock or counter measure. Due to their rugged nature, ease of installation and

reliability of operation they are used in a wide variety of work environments. The name was

introduced because they were first used to determine the limit of travel of an object.

xvii. DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

xviii. This mechanism or device is a cylinder in which the working fluid (gas) acts alternatively on both

sides of the piston. When connecting the piston in a double acting cylinder to an external

mechanism, such as a crankshaft or a connecting rod a hole must be provided in one end of the

cylinder for the piston rod which is the fastened with a gland or stuffing box to prevent escape of

the working fluid. They are mostly common in steam engines but very uncommon in other

engine types. Many hydraulic and pneumatic systems use them when there is the need for force
 production in both directions. A port is situated at each end, supplied with hydraulic or

pneumatic fluid for both extension and retraction of the piston. It is usually used where an

external force is unavailable to retract the piston.

xix. Also known as air cylinder is a mechanical device that uses the power of compressed gas as a
force required in reciprocating linear motion. The piston rod transfers the force it develops to the
object to be moved. This occurs when compressed air enters the tube at one end of the piston
and impact force on it. These are sometimes preferred due to their quiet and clean nature. Large
amounts of space for fluid storage are
OLD MODELS

The development of this compressed air engine took place between the end of 2001 and the start of

2002. It employs a cutting-edge method to regulate the motion of a single crankshaft and pistons from

the second generation. The pistons operate in two stages: a motor stage and a compression/expansion

intermediate stage. The human lung served as the first air compressor. Only.02 to.08 bar (1 bar equals

14.5 psi) of air pressure may be produced by healthy lungs, which is not enough for the majority of

processing tasks. By 1800, humans were transferring energy using air compressors. In just three years,

Austrian engineer Viktor Popp's 1,500 kW compressor factory increased to 18,000 kW, becoming the first

compressor plant in Paris. Additional improvements to air compression were made.

Figure 2.2 (air powered engine)

2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

Pressurized air is poured into the reservoir. The intake and exit valves are two of the pneumatic

reservoir's two valves, which was initially filled with air. The limit switches and the output valve are

linked together via a PVC (poly vinyl chloride) hose. The hose is in charge of moving air from the
reservoir to the location where it is required for vehicle functioning. The hose is now attached to the

pneumatic double acting cylinder from the limit switches. The amount of compressed air that flows from

the reservoir to the double acting cylinder is managed by the limit switch positioned in between them.

Linear motion in this system is converted to rotational motion by the cranking method due to the

reciprocating action of the piston inside the cylinder.

Figure 2:3

2.3 MAIN COMPONENTS AND PARTS

LIMIT SWITCH

This is a switch operated by the motion of a machine part according to the study on electrical

engineering. The switch can be used as part of controlling system for controlling machinery, as a safety

interlock or counter measure. Due to their rugged nature, ease of installation and reliability of operation

they are used in a wide variety of work environments. The name was introduced because they were first

used to determine the limit of travel of an object.

DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER

This mechanism or device is a cylinder in which the working fluid (gas) acts alternatively on both sides of

the piston. When connecting the piston in a double acting cylinder to an external mechanism, such as a

crankshaft or a connecting rod a hole must be provided in one end of the cylinder for the piston rod
which is the fastened with a gland or stuffing box to prevent escape of the working fluid. They are mostly

common in steam engines but very uncommon in other engine types. Many hydraulic and pneumatic

systems use them when there is the need for force production in both directions. A port is situated at

each end, supplied with hydraulic or pneumatic fluid for both extension and retraction of the piston. It is

usually used where an external force is unavailable to retract the piston.

Also known as air cylinder is a mechanical device that uses the power of compressed gas as a force
required in reciprocating linear motion. The piston rod transfers the force it develops to the object to be
moved. This occurs when compressed air enters the tube at one end of the piston and impact force on it.
These are sometimes preferred due to their quiet and clean nature. Large amounts of space for fluid
storage are