Circulation

Chapter 42 – Part I
What you need to know:
 Circulatory vessels, heart chambers, route of
mammalian circulation
 Evolution of the heart from 2→4 chambers
 How RBC’s demonstrate structure/function
 Blood pressure
 Cardiovascular disease (Roles of diet, BP, genetics)
 Transport systems (circulation) linked with gas
exchange (respiration)

 Diffusion of gases only rapid across small distances

Basic: Gastrovascular Circulatory System:
Cells in direct Cavity: Moves fluid to
contact with For digestion & tissues & cells for
environment distribute substances exchange
Ex. sponges Ex. jellies, flatworms Ex. larger animals
Circulatory System = Blood + Vessels + Heart

Open circulatory system: Closed circulatory system:

blood bathes organs directly blood contained in vessels &
•Blood + lymph = pumped around body
hemolymph •Blood and fluid separate
•Heart pumps hemolymph •Ex. annelids, cephalopods,
into sinuses vertebrates
•Ex. arthropods, mollusks
Figure 42.10a

Valve
Basal lamina
Endothelium Endothelium

Smooth Smooth
muscle muscle
Connective Capillary Connective
tissue tissue
Artery Vein

Arteriole Venule
 Types of Blood Vessels
arterioles venules

Arteries Capillaries Veins

• Blood away from heart • Connect • Blood back to heart
• High pressure arteries/veins • Low pressure
• Thick, strong walls • Single-cell thick walls • Thin-walled, large
• Pulse • Exchange of O2/CO2 diameter
• Valves prevent
backflow
  Blood enters through an atrium and is pumped out
through a ventricle
 Fish = single circulation pathway, 2 chambers
 Double circulation: amphibians, reptiles, mammals

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Double circulation pathways in vertebrates
Pathway of blood through heart
Figure 42.6
Superior vena cava Capillaries of
head and forelimbs

Pulmonary Pulmonary
artery artery
Capillaries Aorta Capillaries
of right lung of left lung

Pulmonary Pulmonary vein

vein
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and hind limbs
Cardiac cycle
 Systole: contraction or pumping phase
 Diastole: relaxation or filling phase

 Heart rate: # beats/minute (72 bpm resting)

 Stroke volume: amount of blood pumped by L.
ventricle during contraction (~70 ml)
Figure 42.8-3
2 Atrial systole and ventricular
diastole

1 Atrial and
ventricular diastole

0.1
sec

0.3 sec
0.4
sec

3 Ventricular systole and atrial

diastole
 Valves: prevent backflow of blood

 The atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid, bicuspid)

separate each atrium and ventricle
 The semilunar valves control blood flow to the aorta
and the pulmonary artery
 “Lub-dup” sound = blood against closed AV valves
(lub) / the semilunar (dup) valves
 Heart murmur: backflow of blood through a
defective valve

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Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker of heart, in right atrium
  The pacemaker is regulated by two portions of the
nervous system: the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions
 The sympathetic division speeds up the pacemaker
 The parasympathetic division slows down the pacemaker
 The pacemaker is also regulated by hormones
(epinephrine) and temperature

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Blood Pressure

 BP = systolic/diastolic
pressure
 Systolic: heart contracts
 Diastolic: heart relaxed

 Normal: 120/70

 Pulse: rhythmic bulging of

artery walls with each
heartbeat

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Using a Sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure reading: 120/70
1 2 3

120 120
70

Artery Sounds Sounds

closed audible in stop
stethoscope
Figure 42.13

Direction of blood flow

in vein (toward heart) Valve (open)

Skeletal muscle
Blood returning
to heart
through veins
and venules
Valve (closed)
Lymphatic System: returns lost fluid and proteins to blood
as lymph

 Lymph Nodes: filter

lymph, house WBC’s
 Immune system role

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Blood
 Plasma (55%) – water, ions, proteins, gases,
nutrients, wastes, hormones
 Cells (45%) – RBC, WBC, platelets
 Develop from stem cells in bone marrow
 Red blood cells (erythrocytes): O2 transport via
hemoglobin
 White blood cells (leukocytes): fight infection

 Platelets (cell fragments): blood clotting

Figure 42.17

Plasma 55% Cellular elements 45%

Constituent Major functions Cell type Number per L Functions

(mm3) of blood
Water Solvent for Leukocytes (white blood cells) 5,000–10,000 Defense and
carrying other immunity
substances

Ions (blood Osmotic balance, Separated

Lymphocytes
electrolytes) pH buffering, blood Basophils
Sodium and regulation elements
Potassium of membrane
Calcium permeablity
Magnesium Eosinophils
Chloride
Bicarbonate

Plasma proteins Neutrophils Monocytes

Albumin Osmotic balance,
pH buffering Platelets 250,000–400,000 Blood
clotting
Fibrinogen Clotting
Immunoglobulins Defense Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport
(antibodies) of O2 and
some CO2
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients
Waste products
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Figure 42.18

1 2 3

Collagen fibers
Platelet Fibrin
Platelet plug clot Red blood cell 5 m

Clotting factors from: Fibrin clot formation

Platelets
Damaged cells
Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K)

Enzymatic cascade
+
Prothrombin Thrombin

Fibrinogen Fibrin
Cardiovascular Disease

 Atherosclerosis: buildup of plaque deposits within

arteries
 Heart attack (myocardial infarction): blockage of one or
more coronary arteries
 Stroke: rupture or blockage of arteries in the head
 Hypertension: high blood pressure; promotes
atherosclerosis and increases the risk of heart attack
and stroke

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 42.20
Lumen of artery Plaque
Endothelium Smooth
1 muscle 2

Smooth
LDL muscle
Foam cell Extra-
Macrophage cellular cell
matrix T lymphocyte
Plaque rupture

3 4

Fibrous cap Cholesterol