” Dm x ctor aecting eve of ert ect rents r + Bkeetrode material i 2 lect sie rid lh tin + Meme otf 1 Dipmtcerto wers iyo ad et ot 2.33 Rod ExricoPipn Ear Sete as conten bing 60m Se ket of re SO te nnd nome eh sa a eye eas 3 mT dmc beeen tv een ls i csc waph af he clcrde Deal we ven =F 21 | 6+ sappe-ndeaamad ‘ype of earthing Is wed where apace is congested Duce he iio te of ong uma te ty of dnd at reed or pti uma eg of i ont ret fae ot “Eaningseerly meas consign equipment oe eth ch» mame sca imes an ent onde charge Se =) Soe etl uhm a mfr al pil pro142 ELECTRICAL DESIGN ESTIMATING AND COSTING fails, the current is liable to leak into the metal body of the motor which would get charged with the supply Pressure and become alive and dangerous, unless the charge is drained away to earth by an earth connection. As the discharge takes place to earth, the impedence of path of the current is low, a large amount of current flows to earth. The faulty Currents would flow into the earth which would then blow out the fuse on the phase line Ws the current exceeds the limiting value of the fuse installed in the circuit will blow off resulting. in disconnecting the supply to the motor. The earthing therefore helps to automatically clearing the fault current eliminating the possibility of any danger of electric accidents, Thus earthing of metallic parts of eleciric equipment and appliances provides safety. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS REGARDING EARTHING OF ELECTRICAL LATION ‘The various important specifications regarding earthing as recommended by LS.I. are given below : AL Distance of Earth fronj Building : An earthing electrode shall not be situated within a distance of 1,5 metres frém the ‘building hase installation system is being earthed. CECQE Size of Earth Continuity Conductor : The conductor, by means of which the metal body of an equipment or appliance is connected to the earth is known as ‘earth continuity conductor’ (E.C.C.).The earth continuity can be ensured either through metal conduit, metal sheathing of metal sheathed cables or by a'special earth continuity conductor. The cross-section of earth continuity conductor should not be either less than 2.9 mm? (14 SWG) or half of the installation conductor size. ‘4. Resistance of Earth : Thete is no hard and fast rule (The main principle regarding earth resistagce is that the earth resistance should be low enough to cause flow of current sufficient to operate the protective relay or blow fuses in the event of an earth fault. The value of earth resistance does.not remain constant but changes with the weather) as it depends upon the moisture content of the soil and are maximum during dry season. (As a general rule, the lower the value of earth resistance better it is but even then the following values of earth resistance (maximum permissible values) will give satisfactory results : Large power station 0.5 Major power station 1.0 0 ‘Small substations 2:0 - In all other cases 8.0.2.) Eath continuity inside an installation ie. from the earth plate-to any point in the installation 1.0 Q. “The sensitivity of the protective equipment, system voltage and the maximum fault current directly relate to permissible value of earth resistance. In case the earth resistance exceeds the permissible value, then in the event of earth fault, the fault current may not reach a sufficient value to operate the protective + equipment (such as fuses or relays) and dangerous conditions may arise. XA. The earth wire and earth electrode will be of same meteral. V5. (Mie earth wire'shall be taken through Gl. pipe of 12.7 mm of diametre for at least 30.5 em length above and below-ground surface to the earth electrode to protect it against mechanical damage — 6. Itis not necessary that earth wire connected to an earth electrode is run along the whole wiring system All the earth wires run along the various sub-circuits shall be terminated and looped firmly at the ‘main board and from main board the main earth wire shall be taken to the earth clectrode. The loop earth ‘wites used shall not be ether less than 2.9 mm? (14 $.W.G,) or half of the size of the sub circuit conductor. The earthing electrode shall always be placed in vertical position inside the earth or pit so that it mayibe"in contact with all the different earth layers, ‘What happens in case of failure of insulation at one place ? In case of failure of insulation at one place, the phase or live wire will (ouch the metallic part of some equipment. and.as such {fa man comes in gomtact with that electrically charged. aon a about wo face's shockif thatjequipment is not connected to earth, If that equipment is earthed, the heavy current will low through phase wire and the fuse) wire will blow off resulting in disconnection to that circuit. aWet Eatatg and axing BD It 208/96, pono mdr nd gh nny be ed sruge 15 ca wud te ye Tus meres oe ‘eae rnc ‘Soups a 232 Pate Eating Rept ee ek Ms ys ed od tw ing aye povided ih ep oa of i ca 60 en x48 Wis mae ofl or 60 cnx 60 eS iiemadnecraciemitinnce ei creamer ate fone Cheol fne ung 17 Foe lye ston and sxeing se the sae of the pte i zie dmx 125m orca (Can 12 12 3 COMP 223 sup taming o¢ wire: earthing ora pes yy et pe of nig ii i ore The ng cl ot a a Sn er pecans: Del weBs ELECTRICAL ESTIMATING AND COSTING Explain the location where the earth pit should not be located ? The earth pit should not be located near pavements, roads and rail tracks etc. The pit should not be located near the building and minimum distance from the wall to pit should not be less than 1.5 Mt. The building foundation should not be affected by excavation of pit. As far as possible, pavements and roadways are definitely avoided for locating earth electrode. The ‘earth electrodes shall not be installed in proximity to a metal fence to avoid the possibility of the fence becomming live, if it is unavoidable, the fence should be earthed. Distance between two earth electrodes—where more than one electrode is required, the plates shall be separated from each other by not less than 2.5 metres and in case of rod and pipe electrodes, the electrodes shall be separated by not less than 2 metres. DIFFERENT METHODS OF EARTHING (a) Earthing through a water mains. (6) Wire or strip earthing. (©) Rod earthing. @ Pipe earthing. (©) Plate earthing. Se Farthing through a water mains. Normally, it is not advisable to use water mains for the purpose. of earthing. It is ensured that the water pipe is of iron and electrically continuous, then only the water mains ‘can be used for earth connections. When making an earth connection, care must be taken to limit the contact resistance to the minimum, Well designed pipe clamps should be used. Wire or strip Earthing. The copper wire of.5 $.W.G. or a copper strip of cross-section not less than 25 mm wide and 1.6 mm thick is used as an earth wire. If round conductors are used, their cross-sectional \| area shall not be smaller than 3.0 mm? if of copper and 6 mm? if of galvanised iron or sicel. The wire | or stip is burried in horizontal trenches of depth enough to maintain earthing process. It shall however be not less than 8 to 15 metres depending upon moisture content in the soil. Enough length of wire or strip should be burried so as to reduce earth resistance value to > large extent. Th: widely 24 distributed as possible, preferably in a single strarght or circular trench or in a number of trenches radiating SX from a point. If conditions require use of more than one strip, they shall be laid either in parallel trenches or in radial trenches. This process is applied at places + to rocky soil. Rod earthing. A solid rod of diameter 12.5 mm solid rods of copper, 19 mm diameter of galvanised ‘iron or a hollow GL. pipe of diameter 25 mm is driven vertically ‘into the earth up to a depth of 5 0 6.4 ‘metres depending upon depth of moisture in the earth. This system of earthing is suitable for sandy earth. rodes shall be here it is difficult to dig pits of desired depth due In order to increase the embedded length of | electrodes under the ground, which is sometimes necessary to reduce the earth resistance to desired value, more than one rod sections are hammered one above the other but after making proper joints. Since, excavation is not required, it ‘The earth wire (G.1-wire) is carried in the pipe to the ground and in the cas Bap to it with small sturdy clamps. & lethod of providing pipe earthing as recommended by L.S.1. with diagram. This is a system of earthing as compared to other systems suitable for the same 0 + A pipe of diameter sufficient to carry the fault current is selected. The size of the pipe which serves yo as an ab as jode, depends upon (a) the current to be carri ihe type of soil. According to LS. } standard specification No, 732 ~ 1963, the galvanised iron pipe shall not be less than 38 mm diameter and ‘ : : common uth and moisture conditions.EARTH! ELECTRIC SHOCK, ELECTRIC FIRE 147 2 me for ordinary soil but if th be increased to 2,75 mt soil is dry and the length of the pipe to be embedded should The pipe must be placed in a permanently wet ground. The depth at which the pipe should be buried depends upon condition of soit and moisture. According to ISI, the pipe should be placed at a depth of 4.75 metres again depending upon moisture. ‘The pipe having a tapered casting at the bottom is placed up right in that pit. The chercoal and salt are filled in that piv alternately in layers upto about two metres from bottom and for a distance of about 15 cm around the pipe to increase dampiess and moisture around the each pipe. The pipe placed has_12 ‘mm diameter holes drilled init so that water poured from top is made to spread in the charcoal lavers through the holes to decrease earth resistance accordingly. The pit of about 40 square em is dug in the soil. FUNNEL WITH WRE mm de pipe EARTH WIRE 40mm Gi. PRE 2703MTS LONG (ON SOL. CONDITION) 5 to 6 mts DEEP . 8 2 HOLE OF 2 emmn 8 oir SALTLAvER x bh s re FarthingELECTRICAL ESTINATING AND COSTING At the top, a cen work is made for the production of earth pipe from mechanical damge And also to faciliate water pouring arrangments for provision of dampness. A funnel shis provided in the concrete work so that water is put through that funnel in order to have an eccective earth, when ever Gr geeded, 3 to 4 buckets of water should be put into the funnel connected to the main G.l. pipe. The pipe 40 which funnel is connected is futher connected to main earthing pipe ‘Another Gil pipe is taken from the funnel towards outerside for its conn th wire. According GX to LST specifieaions, a GL. wire of size not less than & S.W.G, should be used for earthing in case of ‘Pie stall installations. The eat wie from the Gi. pipe of 19 mim dia, shouldbe carried in Gl. pipe of ameter 12.7 mm at a depth of about 60 cm below the ground. of continuous earth wire used with cables in domestic installation eed ‘any case. Itis important to mention thatthe earth wire must be elec joints should be made properly after re st ete. What is plate earthing and how it is done ? « ~ Tis is also one ofthe common systems of carting. In this cas, the earthing is done by embedding Gor copper pate in the earth sufficiently deep, The sizeof pate used should not be less than {60m x 60. a eee ee Tee at GI. (Galvanised iron) plate and 60 cm x 60 em x 3.18 mm in case of cOpPet_ plate, The copper, on account of its high cost is not used now a days. Aptis dug bout 4 metes deep (depending upon oil conditions in regard to dempness) nd he earth, elec ote sazed in suc & Way Thais face is verical. The space around that ple i filled with ajo, fof charcoal and salt for a minimum 15 em. The electrode or plate is connected to GL. pipe ion o earth electrode. The earth wire is securely “of 12-7 mm diameter for carrying GJ; cath wr for carrying GI. earth wire for connection rode: Corea rareer plate with te help of bal, nut, washer and GL. thimble, the detail of which is shown Pele diagram, Tt should be remembered thai the nut and bolls, thimble and washers. must be of COpPSt fee reer tate and should be of Gal. for galvanised earth pate or electrode. The pit filled with charegal tied salt is also connected with a pipe for carrying water from concrete work fo thet area for the purpose easing dampness and moisture which ultimately reduces earth resistance. The cement work is covered ould not be less than ly continuous. The gh hi K shih of eme ‘vith iron plate for periodic opening. The gas pipe should not be used forthe purpose of earthing of electrical SIGS Ae regards water pipe, cannot be used for larger installations in any exe. In case of domestic So eons eee it can be used for earthing purpose withthe consent ofthe owner ofthe water mains (tisber escent lst eo Miaticns, The Giagram is given showing details of plate earthing wi'h dimensions. aly Isit necessary that earth wire connected to an earfif Glecirodets made to tun along the whole wiring system ? : er No, the earth wires running along various sub circuits shall terminate at the main board. The earth ssire whieh nuns along sub circuits to connect cath terminals of sockets and main switch and distribution Fae raat house wiring shall be of lower rating but the wire that is led to earth pit is of higher rating From main board, the earth wire shall run to the main earth electrode. What is Earth Electrode ? How many clactrodes are required for any installation ? ILis' GL. or copper plate placed inthe earth ata sufficient depth which makes an effective electrical connection with the general mass of earth, The earth wire is connected to that plate through a pipe. Charcoal ‘ea salt filled around iti the pit in layers. For small installations i.e residential buiklings etc, one electrode issuficient For large installation including sub-station, factoris, ec. several earth electrodes may be required which ave connected together in parallel In even larger installations, nets of earth electrodes separated by 1210 15 Mis are provided and al are interconnected together to form a common easthing system. The main aim isto reduce the esistance to earth (0 as low a value as possible. Where full depth of burial of electrode {s'not possible or the resistance of earth electrode is ore than 5 ohnis, the nurnber of earth electrodes shall be increased and connected in parallel tll the desired level of resistance is achieved. The electrode used shall be situated outside the resistance area of earth, Where zero resistance is required ic. for computer ete then copper pate earth electrodes shall be used. Incase, the resistance is stil not ero, the number of copper plate earth electrode shall be increased and connected in parallel tl the desired level of resistance is achieved. ‘The electrodes used shall be situated outside the resistance area of each other ie. 2 metres apart