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7 Complex Numbers

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20 views

7 Complex Numbers

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Vijay
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1,» A number of the form x + iy, where x and y rae real numbers and i SYNOPSIS x N-1 is called a complex number. A complex number z is also defined as an ordered pair of real numbers x and y and is written as z = (x, y). (_In the complex number z = x + iy, x is called the real part (Re z) and y is called the imaginary part (Im z) of z. Gi) A complex number is said to be purely imaginary if its real part is zero and is said to be purely real if its imaginary part is zero. Gi) Let x be a real number. This can be treated as a complex number whose imaginary part is zero. We write x = x + i0 (x, 0). (iv) The complex number 0 = 0 + i0 is both purely real and purely imaginary. Set of all complex numbers is denoted by C, That is, C = (x + iyisye R}. Two complex numbers z, = (x,, y,) and z, = (xy y,) are said to be equal if and only if x, =x, and y, = yy ive., 2, = 2 2 Re (z,) = Re (z,) and Im (z,) = Im(z,) In the set of complex numbers, there is no meaning to the phrases : one complex number is greater than or less than another ie, if two complex numbers are not equal, we say they are unequal. If z, = (x, y,) and z, = (x,, y,) then @) 2,42, = &,+x»y,t+y,) (,- XY, > ¥,) = x -¥ YD) FTO) ¥, +X YD) = (Xp y¥) a — Stiyn — Gi tiyi) Go ~iya) _ xx2 +y1¥2 + m4 Xp tiyy (Xp Fiy2)(X2~ Hyg) xy? +yy? xe tye! (vi) 2, +2,=2, +2, andz, 2,=2, 2, If C is a set of complex numbers, then (i) (0, 0) is called the additive identity in C. (ii) (1, 6) is called the multiplicative identity in C. en aan XXXVI HAI IA ADI HOODIA OOOO Tr BON og 7.2 eE000C 8. Ifz=x + iy is a complex number, then : ; (i) additive inverse of 2 = - 2 =~ (x + iy) =-x~iy 1 iy 1 (ii) multiplicative inverse of 2= 7 = eWay 9. (i) Let z =x + iy be a complex number. Then the conjugate of z is denoted by Z and; defined as Z = x ~iy. (ii) The sum and product of two conjugate complex numbers of a real number. (ii) Let z,, 2, € C. Then (a) kl= 12] (b) 22 = [eP © (Z)= (d) 242, = 4% + % 21% =4.% ® (2) -2 er 10. Let z=x + iy be a complex number. Then the absolute or modulus of z is denoted by [z| and is defined as [z]= yx" +y? =|x + iy| WM. Letz,,z, € C. Then @® I2z,41=2, 1131 Gy |2 Gi) Iz, + 2) < lz, + Iz) (iv) lz, - 2,1 < lz, + i) (&) kz, - 221 lz 1- let] (i) lz, - 2,12 Iz, [2] (ii) lz, - 21> lz, + kz) (wii) [2"| = [el 12. Acomplex number z = x + iy is denoted by the point P in the complex plane and let origin. If OP makes an angle 0 with the posit waxis (Real ans) then oe itive direction of x-axis (real axis) then @ is called the argument or amplitude of z and is denoted by arg z or amp z. Also @ = tan-! (2) ale If—x <0 (iv) sin (log i) = -1 17, (i) If Va+ib = +(x + iy) then Ja—ib = + (x — iy) Gi) ; Gi) Itt? Tp (iv) ows ee] (vy Varib + Va-b f20+2Va? +b? (vi) Vavib - Va-ib =i f-2a+2Va? +b? i) De Moiyre’s Theorem + et . a (a) If nis an integer, then (cos 0 + i sin 0)" = cos.n + i sin no (b) If n isa rational number, then (cos nO + i sin n0) is one of thé values of (cos 0 + i sin 0)". an. edn (BE- (ii) (sin 0 + i cos 0)" = cos (2-0) + isin ( an v0) 1+ cos0—isin® = cos né +i sin n@ (iii) al OK XX XQOO POH AAAAI II 7.4 Ox (iv) (TY sind—-icos® (v) (cos 6 + isin 0)" 1 cosnd—isinn® cos nO +i sin nO = wi) 19. (i) Ifz =r [cos (2kx + 0) + i sin [ (=) _ (=)] 11% | cos| +isin 0 n IA AKA XXIII Tr y -10) . sin (-#0) nig = (cos @ — i sin 0)" = cos nO — i sin nO I ind cos nO — i sin n@ = ——~———_ “a cosn@+isinnd (2kn + 0)], the values of 2!" are given 4 eee (=) ie, ris f n where k = 0, I, 2,...,n- 1. _ On (ii) The n® roots of a complex number form a GP. with common ratio cis and is denoted by a. (ii) The product of the n" roots of a complex number z is z (-1)""!. 20. Letn € N. The values of x for which x" -1 = 0 are called n® roots of unity. The n" roots k of unity are (1, @, 0%, ..., 0} or {cis a k=0,1,2 @ The sum of n™ roots’ of unity is zero, (a-1} (i) The product of n® roots of unity is (-1 yet 21. S.No. Complex Number Cube Roots ie ry 1 2. -1 4 “i Lo= =i |g Note: 1+ o+ @ -1, -@, -0 V3+i 7 -y¥3+i -i, = (i). ©, @? are the roots of the equation x?+x+1=0 Gi) The fourth roots of unity are +1, ++i Gi) The fourth roots of -1 are £1i WB 23. If x = cos 0 +i sin 0, then = 1 @ x+ 2 =20050,x~ + <5 sing x 1 (ii) x84 2.€05 n0, x" I ~ = =2isinno x 24, Lot z be a complex number. Then nin Pe (ii) cos z= = A (iv) cot z= ‘ane, ae i pele () sez= oS (vi) cosee 2 = Sz 25. (i) sin(ix)=isinhx (ii) cos (ix) = cosh x Gi) tan (ix) = i tanh x (iv) cot (ix) = = i coth x (v) sec (ix) = sech x (vi) cosec (ix) = - i cosech x 26. Some Important Results (i) Modulus - amplitude form of (a) 1 = cos 0 +i sin 0 (b) -1 = cos n+ i sin x (©) i = cos +i sin = (a) 1+i= V2 (cos +isin® 2 2 4 4 (&) 1+i V3 =2 (cosE-+isin3) () V3 +i=2 (cos$-isin?) Gi) The cube roots of a real number x are x!3, x3, x!3 «2 x Gii) (2) Ifthe amplitude of a complex number is 5, its real part is zero. ik . (b) If the amplitude of a complex number is {> its real part is equal to its imaginary part. (iv) The points representing the cube roots of a complex number z in the Argand diagram form an equilateral triangle. (v)_ The points representing the fourth roots of a complex number z in the Argand diagram form a square. (vi) If 1, , @, ...., @" "are the nth roots of unity, then (1-0) (1-0) (1-@).... (1-0!) = 0. (vil) (2, +2, lz,| + lz, is possible if arg (z,) = arg (z,) (este = cis nO (= cos nO +i sin nO) Compe Mombess Ro are Heol em romba gf to bor ariy chore @ ord y Ae Numb and ft=f-1 i& lated % Comypleee numbet- Zeaegty= oid p> Seal part- 1? braginasy pot: x Sh zexriy is a Compleae number. Hen. VW) aautetve twene ¢ Zs =Z-- (Bry) i ¢ zie 2 eld 2) enutiplécadive joveng cz = ayy * X Zp) = 12 i)1% Arye lay [<1 4) = 111%) al j = = ( 7) oe Xe &tiy = IZIF we Jeray ; = B= tant /¥ . ag x = O= tad (4) * Ge Z= tly Ren Ze ye l@ wealled Euler form, 4 De movived!s theéem Th on & on integer , then ( 004 TSin6)* C0041 simo- Ze Rtiy D {z= Jeeay. ieee => Jz- ease eee) race? lame a 2 x22 Acd- & Comple number : 4 QZ an (2 )- n argz, Wr . 4y 62,3.) 3 avy Z) +009 %,_| ory a O2X® : ag Zs! N04. 4 (2) cng (7 Remo BE moivve 1s Thecem - * FF on tz ao Ferbeges | FOC G50-+:5ina cesmpsiSine BO 4 TSH n * (AA SBO + i8t09 YY BOI Sang I+ (B&O i Sine * eet hen. oR. Value $ 2 tor keh x2” Called n'R certs ¥ Cole The nth gods of voity M57. amy D the 20m co no goots Cotty t% Zero, WD Te proctuct- B ol scot f Goidy iA Gq) 1, * Tb | B= CBO+TSING] hoo f) R45 =2cKR0, w-L= 215nQ i wet ) ae a ae : % a 11) 25, 92 cine, ce" 21Stane. TG 1 0,8, 2" 080 Hho oth Sorts $ onity Hen G2) Cro) (1-09) (ho Jeo,

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