Lecture 7 Student
Lecture 7 Student
W ELL H YDRAULICS II
Riddhi Singh Lecture 7
Email: [email protected]
1
Today we will learn about…
2
UNSTEADY STATE WELL HYDRAULICS:
LEAKY CONFINED AQUIFER
3
Flow in a leaky confined aquifer Potentiometric Original potentiometric
surface surface
Q
h 1 h S h q
2
+ = − b '' K ''
r 2
r r T t T
Leaky confining layer b ' K ',S'
Hydraulic head, h [m]
Storativity, S [-]
r h0
Transmissivity, T [m2/day] b
Time, t [days] h K, S
Radial distance from the pumping well, r [m]
Recharge to aquifer, q [m/day] Fully penetrating well in an aquifer overlain by a
semipermeable confining layer
h0 − h
q=K' Vertical hydraulic conductivity of the leaky layer
b' K’ [m/day]
2 h 1 h S h K ' ( h0 − h ) Thickness of the leaky layer, b [m]
→ 2+ = − Drawdown, h0-h [m]
r r r T t Tb '
4
Case 1. Hantush’s (1956) solution for the case
Potentiometric Original potentiometric
when no water drains from the confining layer surface surface
Assumptions:
1. The aquifer is confined on the top by an Q
aquitard
2. The aquitard is overlain by an unconfined b '' K ''
aquifer, known as the source bed
Leaky confining layer b ' K ',S'
3. The water table in the source bed is
initially horizontal r h0
4. The water table in the source bed does b
not fall during pumping of the aquifer h K, S
S ' ( b ')
2
2 h 1 h S h K ' ( h0 − h )
Q
+ = −
r 2
r r T t Tb ' b '' K ''
Leaky confining layer b ' K ',S'
Q
( 0 )
h − h = W ( u, r / B )
4 T r h0
1/2 b
Tb '
2
r S h
u= ,B= K, S
4Tt K'
Fully penetrating well in an aquifer overlain by a
Leaky artesian well function, W(u,r/B) semipermeable confining layer
The rate at which water is being drawn from elastic storage in the confined
aquifer, qs [m3/day] at a specific time, t [days] since pumping began is
determined from:
s (
q = Q exp −Tt / SB 2 )
For a total discharge of Q at time t, the water coming from leakage across
the aquitard is: q =Q−q
L s
6
Hantush’s (1956) solution for the case when
Potentiometric Original potentiometric
no water drains from the confining layer surface surface
Q
( h0 − h ) = W ( u, r / B ) Q
4 T
1/2 b '' K ''
Tb '
2
r S
u= ,B= Leaky confining layer b ' K ',S'
4Tt K '
r h0
b
If the well is pumped for a long time, all h K, S
the water may come from leakage across
the aquitard and none from the elastic Fully penetrating well in an aquifer overlain by a
storage (Hantush & Jacob, 1954), this semipermeable confining layer
occurs when: 8b ' S
t
K'
Q
Drawdown in this case: ( h0 − h ) = K0 ( r / B )
4 T
Where K0 is a zero-order modified Bessel function of the second kind (see
from table) 7
Case 2. Hantush’s (1960) solution for the case when some
water comes from elastic storage in the aquitard Original potentiometric
surface
2 solutions: Potentiometric
S 'b' surface Q
1. Early time condition: t
10 K '
Q b '' K ''
Solution: ( h − h ) = H ( u, )
4 T Leaky confining layer b ' K ',S'
0
1/2 r
r Tb ' h0
= ( S '/ S ) , B =
1/2
b
4B K ' h K, S
r 2S
u= Fully penetrating well in an aquifer overlain by a
4Tt semipermeable confining layer
8
Case 2. Hantush’s (1960) solution for the case when some
water comes from elastic storage in the aquitard Original potentiometric
surface
2 solutions: Potentiometric
surface Q
2. Equilibrium state:
8 S + ( S '/ 3) + S ''
t b '' K ''
( K '/ b ') + ( K ''/ b '' )
1/2
Leaky confining layer b ' K ',S'
Solution:
r h0
Q
(0 )
h − h = K 0 ( r / B ) ; rw / B 0.01 b
4 T h K, S
Fully penetrating well in an aquifer overlain by a
semipermeable confining layer
9
Various solutions for
confined aquifers
Case Solution
No leakage Q
( ho − h ) = W (u )
4 T
Leakage (no
Q
storage from ( h0 − h ) = W ( u, r / B )
aquifer) 4 T
Leakage, Q
storage from ( 0 )
h − h = H ( u, )
aquitard 4 T
Leakage,
Q
storage from
aquitard, ( h0 − h ) = K0 ( r / B )
equilibrium
4 T
11
Flow in an unconfined aquifer (Neuman & Witherspoon, 1969)
Original
Q
h0 − h potentiometric surface
h K r h
2
h 2
h
Kr + + K = S
r 2 r r z 2 t
v s
Potentiometric
surface at time ,t
Saturated thickness of the aquifer, h [m]
Elevation above the base of the aquifer, z [m]
h0 r
Radial hydraulic conductivity, Kr [m/day]
Vertical hydraulic conductivity, Kz [m/day] h
Specific storage, Ss [1/m]
Time, t [days]
Fully penetrating well pumping from a confined
Radial distance from pumping well, r [m] aquifer
14
Recall: A pumping test is an experiment when water is pumped from a well
(stress) at a specified rate and change in water level (response) is measured at
one or more locations surrounding the wells
Assumptions:
1. The pumping well is screened only in the aquifer being tested
2. All observation wells are screened only in the aquifer being tested
3. The pumping well and observation wells are screened throughout the entire
thickness of the aquifer
15
Theis graphical solution
Q r 2S
Theis’s nonequilibrium equation: ho − h = W (u ) , u =
4 T 4Tt
Q 4Tut
Rearranging: T= W (u ) , S = 2
4 ( ho − h ) r
Steps:
1. Plot W(u) vs. (1/u) on log log scale – call this Theis reverse type curve
2. Plot drawdown (s=ho-h) vs. t on log log scale – call this observation curve
3. Overlay the observation curve over the Theis reverse type curve
4. Keeping the axes on both plots parallel, move the observation curve over the Theis
curve until the data points on the observation curves overlap with the Theis curves.
5. When the overlap occurs, identify any point on the Theis curve, preferably pick the
point where W(u) = 1 and 1/u = 1. This point is called the ‘match’ point.
6. For this point, read the x and y axis values on the observation curves.
7. You have W(u), u, (s=ho-h), and t, these can be substituted in the above equations to find
T and S.
16
Theis reverse non equilibrium type curve
(for fully confined aquifer)
17
Matching field data to Theis curve to obtain aquifer
parameters
18
Cooper-Jacob straight line time-drawdown method
r 2S
After long time: u= 0.05
4Tt
Q
Ignore higher order terms in well T= −0.5772 − ln u
function: 4 ( ho − h )
2.3Q 2.25Tt
→T = log 2
4 ( ho − h ) r S
Steps:
1. Plot drawdown vs. time on semi-log scale (time on log, drawdown on natural scale)
2. Extrapolate the line joining observation points to intersect the drawdown axis at s = 0
3. Read the value of time for this, call this to
4. The slope of the line gives the drawdown per log cycle of time: Δh-ho
5. Estimate transmissivity and storativity as: 2.3Q
T=
4 ( ho − h )
2.25Tto
S=
r2
19
Recovery test:
Q r 2S r 2S
Theis’s residual drawdown s' = W ( u ) − W ( u ') , u = &u'=
estimate: 4 T 4Tt 4Tt '
2.3Q t
s' = log
4 T t'
Steps:
1. Plot residual drawdown, s’ vs.
logarithm of t/t’
2. Estimate the slope of the
line, or the residual
drawdown, Δs, per log cycle
of t/t’
3. Estimate transmissivity as:
2.3Q
T=
4s '
20
What if the pumping well does not go through the full
aquifer width?
• 3D flow, vertical flow components
• Both vertical and horizontal hydraulic
conductivity values important
• Effects can be neglected for confined
aquifers if:
1. Observation wells are fully
penetrating
2. Observation wells are located more
than the following distance from the
pumped well: 1.5b K / K
h v A partially penetrating well in a confined aquifer.
3D flow due to vertical flow components.
2. Time drawdown curve for observation wells with following distances and time criteria
can be used to approximate the early time Theis curve
robs 0.03b K h / K v , tobs S / r 2T 21
AQUIFERS IN NON-IDEAL
CONDITIONS
22
Effect of well interference: wells placed close to each
other
Composite pumping cone for three wells, pumping at different rates, tapping
the same aquifer.
24
Effect of hydrogeologic boundaries: barriers
Barriers are simulated by locating a discharging well at an equivalent distance away from
the boundary on the opposite side.
25
Effect of hydrogeologic
boundaries: comparison
26
Aquifer test design:
1. Where should I drill the pumping well?
– Use information on geology, geophysical surveys, aerial photos, including presence
of nearby wells
– Engineering and economic factors may play a greater role in determining the
location
– If possible, start by drilling a test/production well, after which the permanent well
is installed.
2. Make a borewell log for the well being drilled: a borewell log lists all the geologic
formations found at various depths during drilling
3. If possible, also note down the water levels in the well as the well is drilled
4. Use borewell log to determine potential aquifer zones, select one for testing
5. Install pump in the well and a device to measure flow rates (water meter within the
pipe line for small rates, orifice weir on discharge pipe for larger rates)
6. Make adequate arrangements to take water away from the test site
7. Maintain constant discharge during pumping, allow variations only within 10% (well
development helps here)
8. Account for any other source of water level changes (tidal, recharge sources, etc.)
27