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Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics 2nd Edition Plesha Solutions Manual Download

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4K views144 pages

Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics 2nd Edition Plesha Solutions Manual Download

Solutions Manual

Uploaded by

John Durant

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Engineering Mechanics Statics and

Dynamics 2nd Edition by Plesha Gray

Costanzo ISBN 0073380318 9780073380315
Download solution manual at:
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-engineering-
mechanics-statics-and-dynamics-2nd-edition-by-plesha-gray-
costanzo-isbn-0073380318-9780073380315/

Solutions Manual
Engineering Mechanics: Statics
2nd Edition

Michael E. Plesha
University of Wisconsin–Madison

Gary L. Gray
The Pennsylvania State University

Francesco Costanzo
The Pennsylvania State University

With the assistance of:

Chris Punshon
Andrew J.
Miller Justin
High
Chris O’Brien
Chandan Kumar
Joseph Wyne
Jonathan Fleischmann
Version: May 11, 2012

The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Inc.
Copyright © 2002–2012
Michael E. Plesha, Gary L. Gray, and Francesco Costanzo

This solutions manual, in any print or electronic form, remains the property of McGraw-Hill, Inc. It
may be used and/or possessed only by permission of McGraw-Hill, and must be surrendered upon
request of McGraw-Hill. Any duplication or distribution, either in print or electronic form, without
the permission of McGraw-Hill, is prohibited.
4 Solutions Manual

Important Information about

this Solutions
Manual
We encourage you to occasionally visit

http://www.mhhe.com/pgc2e

to obtain the most up-to-date version of this solutions manual.

Contact the Authors

If you find any errors and/or have questions concerning a solution, please do not hesitate to contact the
authors and editors via email at:
[email protected], and
[email protected]

We welcome your input.

This solutions manual, in any print or electronic form, remains the property of McGraw-Hill, Inc. It may be used and/or possessed only by permission May 11, 2012
of McGraw-Hill, and must be surrendered upon request of McGraw-Hill. Any duplication or distribution, either in print or electronic form, without the
permission of McGraw-Hill, is prohibited.
4 Solutions Manual

Accuracy of Numbers in Calculations

Throughout this solutions manual, we will generally assume that the data given for problems is accurate
to 3 significant digits. When calculations are performed, all intermediate numerical results are reported
to 4 significant digits. Final answers are usually reported with 3 or 4 significant digits. If you verify the
calculations in this solutions manual using the rounded intermediate numerical results that are reported, you
should obtain the final answers that are reported to 3 significant digits.

Chapter 9 Solutions
Problem 9.1

A worker applies the force described below to push a box that weighs 40 lb
with center of gravity at point G. The surface between the box and ramp has
coefficient of friction s D k D 0:25. Determine the normal force and friction
force between the box and ramp, and determine if the box will slide up the ramp,
down the ramp, or remain at rest.
The worker applies a 30 lb force parallel to the ramp.

Solution

Assuming that the block will tend to slide up the ramp, the FBD at the right is
drawn, and the equilibrium equations are
X
Fy D 0 W .40 lb/ cos 30ı C N D 0 ) N D 34:64 lb (1)
X
Fx D 0 W 30 lb .40 lb/ sin 30ı F D 0 ) F D 10 lb: (2)

With the value of N found above, Coulomb’s law provides

jF j N D .0:25/ .34:64 lb/ D 8:660 lb: (3)

Thus, the results of Eqs. (1) and (2) do not satisfy Coulomb’s law, we conclude that the box is not in
equilibrium, and

N D 34:6 lb; F D 8:66 lb; and the box slides up the ramp with nonzero acceleration. (4)

Problem 9.2

Solution

Assuming that the block will tend to slide up the ramp, the FBD at the right is
drawn, and the equilibrium equations are
X
Fy D 0 W .35 lb/ sin 30ı .40 lb/ cos 30ı C N D 0 (1)
) N D 52:14 lb (2)
X
Fx D 0 W .35 lb/ cos 30ı .40 lb/ sin 30ı F D0 (3)
) F D 10:31 lb: (4)

With the value of N found above, Coulomb’s law provides

jF j N D .0:25/ .52:14 lb/ D 13:04 lb: (5)

Thus, the results of Eqs. (2) and (4) satisfy Coulomb’s law, we conclude that the box is in equilibrium, and

N D 52:1 lb; F D 10:3 lb; and the box remains at rest on the ramp. (6)

Problem 9.3

A person applies a horizontal force P to a rectangular box that is resting on

a horizontal surface. The box weighs W D 20 N with center of gravity at
point G. The surface has coefficients of static and kinetic friction that are
equal, with value D 0:4. Assume the box does not tip.
(a) An FBD is shown; this FBD has an error. Explain the error and draw
the correct FBD.

(b) If P D 7 N, determine the normal force N and friction force F . Does

the box remain at rest or does it slide? If the box slides, does it do so
with constant speed or does it accelerate?

(c) Repeat Part (b) if P D 9 N.

(d) Determine if the assumption that the box does not tip is correct.

Solution
Part (a) In the FBD shown in the problem statement, the normal force N and friction force F are positioned
such that moment equilibrium cannot be satisfied unless F D 0; since P > 0 and > 0, the friction force F
will be nonzero. To see that moment equilibrium is not satisfied
P for the FBD shown in the problem statement,
consider summing moments about point G to find that MG ¤ 0. The correct FBD is shown below:

W y
P G
x
F

N
d

Part (b) With W D 20 N and P D 7 N, we will assume the box is in static equilibrium. Using the FBD
shown in Part (a), we obtain
X
Fx D 0 W 7 N F D 0 ) F D 7 N; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W 20 N C N D 0 ) N D 20 N. (2)

We may now use Coulomb’s law to check if our assumption of static equilibrium is valid. Coulomb’s law
provides
Fmax D N D 0:4.20 N/ D 8 N. (3)
Since F obtained in Eq. (1) is less than Fmax , our assumption of static equilibrium is valid, and

F D 7 N; N D 20 N; and the box remains at rest. (4)

Part (c) With N D 20 N and P D 9 N, we will assume the box is in static equilibrium. Using the FBD
shown in Part (a), we obtain
X
Fx D 0 W 9 N F D 0 ) F D 9 N, (5)
X
Fy D 0 W 20 N C N D 0 ) N D 20 N. (6)

We may now use Coulomb’s law to check if our assumption of static equilibrium is valid. Coulomb’s law
provides
Fmax D N D 0:4.20 N/ D 8 N: (7)
Since F obtained in Eq. (5) is larger than Fmax , our assumption of static equilibrium is incorrect, and we
rewrite Eq. (5) as
X
Fx D max W 9 N „ƒ‚… F D max ; (8)
DFmax D8 N

1 N D m ax : (9)

Hence, the acceleration ax is nonzero. Thus,

F D 8 N; N D 20 N; and the box slides, while accelerating, to the right. (10)

Part (d) Consider the situation in Part (c) where F D 8 N and N D 20 N. Using the FBD shown in Part
(a), X
MG D 0 W .8 N/.8 cm/ C .20 N/ d D 0 ) d D 3:2 cm (11)
Since d < 10 cm, the box does not tip. Note that if the box does not tip for the forces in Part (c), then it also
does not tip for the forces in Part (b). Hence,

the assumption that the box does not tip is accurate.

Problem 9.4

A cross-sectional view through the wheel of a bicycle is shown, where points A, B,

and C lie in the same plane. The vertical force applied to the axle is W D 300 N,
and the horizontal forces P are applied by the brake to the rim of the wheel (if you
are curious, Prob. 6.96 on p. 423 shows the brake mechanism that applies forces
P ). If the coefficient of friction between the wheel and pavement is 1:1, and the
coefficient of friction between the brake material and wheel rim is 0:4, determine
the value of P that will cause the wheel to skid on the pavement.

Solution

The FBD for the wheel is shown at the right, where we assume that
the wheel rolls in the ´ direction. In this FBD, B´ is the reaction
between the axle and the frame of the bicycle. With W D 300 N, we
obtain
X
Fx D 0 W 300 N C NC D 0 ) NC D 300 N: (1)
If the tire skids on the pavement, then

FC D C NC D .1:1/ 300 N D 330 N: (2)

Assuming the brake material slides on the rim of the wheel,

FA D AP D .0:4/ P; (3)
X
MBy D 0 W 2 FA .28 cm/ FC .32 cm/ D 0: (4)
Thus,
330 N .32 cm/
FA D D 188:6 N: (5)
2 .28 cm/
Using Eq. (3), the force P applied by the brake to the rim of the wheel is

FA
P D D 471:4 N: (6)
0:4

Problem 9.5
P
By writing M D 0 about some convenient point, verify that the distances from the lower left-hand corner
of the box (point D) to points A and B in Example 9.1 on p. 540 are 5:18 in: and 11:2 in:, respectively. In
view of these results, is motion of the box in fact due to sliding (as assumed in Example 9.1) or is it due to
tipping? Explain.

Solution

Figure 2 from Example 9.1, shown again at the right with dimension h added,
and Eqs. (1)–(4) from Example 9.1, provide N D 37:59 lb and P D 24:96 lb.
These results assume that motion is due to sliding of the box up the incline, and
assume that the box does not tip.
Using the FBD shown at the right, we sum moments about point D to
write
X
MD D 0 W N h .40 lb/.cos 20ı /.10 in:/ .40 lb/.sin 20ı /.5 in:/ C P .10 in:/ D 0: (1)
Using N D 37:59 lb and P D 24:96 lb, the above equation is solved to obtain

h D 5:18 in: (2)

Note that for point A to be positioned on the box, the value of h must satisfy 0 h 20 in. Thus, we conclude
that point A is positioned on the box and the assumption of no tipping made in Part (a) of Example 9.1 is valid.

Figure 3 from Example 9.1, shown again at the right with dimension h added,
and Eq. (5) provide N D 37:59 lb and P D 2:404 lb. These results assume that
motion is due to sliding of the box down the incline, and assume that the box
does not tip. P
Using the FBD shown at the right, the MD D 0 expression above [Eq. (1)]
is still valid, and with N D 37:59 lb and P D 2:404 lb, we obtain

h D 11:2 in: (3)

Thus, we conclude that point B is positioned on the box and the assumption of no tipping made in Part (b) of
Example 9.1 is valid.

Problem 9.6

The apparatus shown can be used to experimentally determine the angle of static
friction, and hence the coefficient of static friction, for many combinations of
contacting materials. A block of material C rests on a beam AB. Starting with
D 0ı , point B is slowly lowered until block C begins to slide. Assuming
block C does not tip, show that the value of when sliding starts is equal to
the angle of friction , given by Eq. (9.4) on p. 537.

Solution

The FBD shown at the right assumes that impending motion of the block is to the right. The
equilibrium equations for the block are:
X
Fy D 0 W W cos C N D 0; ) N D W cos (1)
X
Fx D 0 W W sin F D 0; ) F D W sin : (2)

When is large enough that slip begins, F D N . Solving these equations for provides
F Wsin
D D D tan ) D tan 1 , (3)
N W cos
which is identical to Eq. (9.4).

Problem 9.7

A tool chest has 800 N weight that acts through the midpoint of the chest. The
chest is supported by feet at A and rollers at B. The surface has a coefficient
of friction of 0.3. Determine the value of the horizontal force P necessary to
cause motion of the chest to the right, and determine if the motion is sliding or
tipping.

Solution

The FBD shown at the right is drawn assuming the tool chest tends to slide
to the right.

Tipping analysis: When tipping occurs, By D 0.

X
MA D 0 W P .100 cm/ C .800 N/ .50 cm 15 cm/ D 0 (1)
) P D 280:0 N: (2)

Sliding analysis: When sliding occurs, Ax D Ay .

X
MB D 0 W P .100 cm/ .800 N/ .50 cm 15 cm/
C Ay .70 cm/ D 0; (3)
X
Fx D 0 W P Ax D 0: (4)

With Ax D Ay , where D 0:3, Eq. (4) provides Ay D P =0:3, and with this Eq. (3) becomes
70 cm
P. 100 cm C / .800 N/.50 cm 15 cm/ D 0; (5)
0:3
) P D 210:0 N: (6)

Motion is impending when P is the smaller of Eqs. (2) and (6). Hence,

P D 210 N and the motion is sliding. (7)

Problem 9.8

Determine the value of h in Example 9.2 on p. 541 so that sliding and tipping motion of the traffic barrier
are simultaneously impending.

Solution

If motion of the traffic barrier is due to sliding, then Eqs. (1)–(4) of Example 9.2
provide
F D 7:00 kN and P D 7:00 kN: (1)
If motion is due to tipping, then the FBD is shown at the right, and
X
MA D 0 W W .27 cm/ P h D 0; (2)

where W was determined in Example 9.2 as W D 15:55 kN.

If the motion is to simultaneously be sliding and tipping, then P D 7:00 kN and we solve Eq. (2) for

.15:55 kN/.27 cm/

hD D 60:0 cm: (3)
7:000 kN

Problem 9.9

Carry out the alternate solution described in Example 9.3 on p. 543.

Solution

The FBDs shown in Fig. 4 of Example 9.3 are repeated at the right. These FBDs
assume that block B tends to slide to the left and block A tends to slide down. Using
these FBDs, we write and solve the following equations.
X
Block A: Fx D 0 W N2 sin 10ı F2 cos 10ı C N4 D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W N2 cos 10ı C F2 sin 10ı C F4 200 lb D 0: (2)

X
Block B: Fx D 0 W Q C F1 N2 sin 10ı C F2 cos 10ı D 0; (3) B
X
Fy D 0 W N1 N2 cos 10ı F2 sin 10ı D 0: (4)

If sliding is impending, then

F1 D N1 ; F2 D N2 ; and F4 D N4 ; (5)

where D 0:2. While there are seven equations with seven unknowns, these equations are easily solved to
obtain
N1 D 199:1 lb; F1 D 39:82 lb; (6)
N2 D 195:3 lb; F2 D 39:05 lb; (7)
N4 D 4:553 lb; F4 D 0:911 lb; (8)

and
Q D 44:4 lb: (9)

Since N4 > 0, contact is indeed made at guide E rather than guide D (see Fig. 1 in Example 9.3 for the
location of these guides). Since Q > 0, we may infer that block B will not move to the left when Q D 0.

Problem 9.10

The photograph shows two U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers in an ice field, and
a simple model for an ice breaking operation. If the coefficients of static and
kinetic friction for contact between the ship’s bow and ice are 0.08 and 0.06,
respectively, and if the ship produces a thrust of 106 lb, determine the normal
and friction forces acting on each side of the ship’s bow as it moves through
the ice field with constant velocity. Assume the ship makes contact with the ice
only on its bow, and neglect all forces between the ship’s hull and water except
for the thrust.

Solution

The FBD at the right shows only the forces acting in the xy plane.
If the ship moves through the ice with constant velocity, the ship
is in static equilibrium and thus,
X
Fx D 0 W 2N sin 17ı C 2F cos 17ı 106 lb D 0: (1)

The ship slides against the ice, thus

F D kN D .0:06/N: (2)
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) provides

106lb 6 lb and
N D D 1:43 10 (3)
2. sin 17ı C .0:06/ cos 17ı /

106lb .0:06/
F D D 8:58 410 lb: (4)
2. sin 17ı C .0:06/ cos 17ı /

Photo credit: United States Coast Guard.

Problem 9.11

The structure consists of two uniform members AB and BC , each weighing

2 kN. The members are pinned to each other at B, and the structure is sup-
ported by a pin at C and a surface at A having coefficient of static friction 1.2.
Determine the largest positive value P the structure can support.

Solution

The FBDs shown at the right are drawn assuming that point A
tends to slide to the left. Using these FBDs, we write and solve
the following equations.

Member AB:
X
MB D 0 W N.4 m/ C F .3 m/ C .2 kN/.2 m/ D 0: (1)

If motion is impending, then F D N D .1:2/N . Solving these

equations for N and F provides

N D 10:00 kN and F D 12:00 kN: (2)

X
Member BC: MC D 0 W .2 kN/.2:5 m/ C By .5 m/ D 0 ) By D 1:000 kN (3)
X
Member AB: Fy D 0 W N 2 kN P C By D 0 ) P D 7:00 kN. (4)

Problem 9.12

Water ( D 62:4 lb=ft3 ) is retained by a uniform thin semicircular dam having

1 ft radius and 3 ft depth into the plane of the figure. The dam weighs 60 lb and
is supported by a cable AC and by frictional contact with the bottom of the
channel at B. Determine the minimum coefficient of friction so that the dam
does not slip at B.

Solution

The FBD shown at the right is drawn assuming that point B tends to slide
to the left. The fluid pressure at B is

pB D .1 ft/ D 62:40 lb=ft2 : (1)

The resultant force due to the fluid pressure loading is

P D 1
2 .62:4 lb=ft2 /.1 ft/.3 ft/ D 93:60 lb: (2)

The weight of the gate is WAB D 60 lb and the weight of the volume of
water included in the FBD is
Ww D 14 .1 ft/2 .3 ft/ D 147:0 lb: (3)
The equilibrium equations are

X 2.1 ft/ 4.1 ft/ 1ft

MA D 0 W WAB C Ww C Bx .2 ft/ P .2 ft 3/ D0 ) Bx D 27:70 lb; (4)
3
X
Fx D 0 W T 35 P C Bx D 0 ) T D 109:8 lb; (5)
X
Fy D 0 W T 45 WAB Ww C By D 0 ) By D 294:9 lb: (6)

If motion is impending then F D N ) Bx D By . Therefore

0:0939 is needed to prevent slip at point B. (7)

Problem 9.13

A long concrete retaining wall with 2:4 103 kg=m3 density is used to support
a soil embankment. Assuming the soil behaves as a fluid with 1:5 103 kg=m3
density, determine the required coefficient of friction so the wall does not slip
along its base, and determine if the wall is safe from tipping.

Solution

The FBD is shown at the right. The weight W of the concrete, assuming a
1 m thickness in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the figure, is

WD c gVC (1)
kg m h1 i
D 2:4 103 9:81 2 2 .1:2 m/.3 m/.1 m/ (2)
s 2
m3

D 84,760 N = 84.76 kN. (3)

The soil pressure at point B is

kg m
pB D sg .3 m/ D 1:5 103 9:81 .3 m/ (4)
m3 s2
N kN
D 44,150 D 44:15 : (5)
m2 m2
The force applied by the soil to the retaining wall is
q
1
P D pB .1:2 m/2 C .3 m/2 .1 m/ D 71:32 kN, (6)
2

and the distance h from point B to the line of action of P is

q
1
hD .1:2 m/2 C .3 m/2 D 1:077 m: (7)
3
Sliding analysis: Using the FBD,
1:2
X
Fy D 0 W N WCPp D0 ) N D 58:27 kN; (8)
10:44
X 3
Fx D 0 W F Pp D0 ) F D 66:22 kN: (9)
10:44
To prevent slip at the base of the retaining wall, the minimum coefficient of friction is
F 66:22 kN

Tipping analysis: Using the FBD, D D D 1.136. (10)

N 58:27 kN

X
MB D 0 W N (1.2 m d / C P h D 0; (11)

Ph
d D 1:2 m : (12)
N

Using the values of P; h, and N obtained earlier, Eq. (12) provides

d D 0:118 m: (13)

Since d is negative,

the retaining wall is not safe from tipping.

Problem 9.14

A long concrete gravity dam retains water in a reservoir. The surface between the dam
and earth has coefficients of friction s D 0:8 and k D 0:7. When the reservoir is
completely full (i.e., h D 8 m), determine if the dam is safe from both overturning
(tipping) and sliding along its base. The specific weight of concrete is c D 25 kN=m3
and the density of water is w D 103 kg=m3 .

Solution

The FBD for the dam and a volume of water is shown at the right. The water pressure
at the bottom of the reservoir (i.e., base of the dam) is
kg m N kN
p D w g.8 m/ D 103 3
.9:81 2 /.8 m/ D 7:848 104 2D 78:48 2 : (1)
m s m m

For a 1 m thick section of dam (into the plane of the figure), the resultant force P
due to the fluid pressure loading is
P D 1
2 p.8 m/.1 m/ D 313:9 kN: (2)
The weight of the water and the weight of the concrete in the FBD are, respectively
kg m
Ww D w gVwater D .10 3 3 /.9:81 2 / 12 .6 m/.8 m/.1 m/ D 2:354 105 N D 235:4 kN; (3)
m s
kN
Wc D c Vconcrete D .25 3 / 21 .6 m/.8 m/.1 m/ D 600 kN: (4)
m
Sliding analysis: Using the FBD shown above, the equilibrium equations are
X
Fy D 0 W N Wc Ww D 0 ) N D 835:4 kN; (5)
X
Fx D 0 W F P D 0 ) F D 313:9 kN: (6)
For impending slip, F D s N , and combining this with Eqs. (5) and (6), we obtain the minimum coefficient
of static friction to prevent sliding
F 313:9 kN
. s /min D D D 0:3758: (7)
N 835:4 kN
Since the value of s given in the problem statement exceeds . s /min (i.e., since 0:8 > 0:3758), the dam will
not slide.

Tipping analysis: Using the FBD shown above,

X
MA D 0 W N ` Wc 13 .6 m/ Ww 23 .6 m/ C P 1
3 .8 m/ D 0 (8)
.835:4 kN/` .600 kN/ 13 .6 m/ .235:4 kN/ 23 .6 m/ C .313:9 kN/ 13.8 m/ D 0; (9)
) ` D 1:56 m: (10)
Since 0 < ` 6 m, the dam will not tip.

The dam will not slide or tip when the reservoir is completely full. (11)

Problem 9.15

Repeat Prob. 9.14 if the reservoir is on the left-hand side of the dam.

Solution

The FBD for the dam is shown at the right. The water pressure at the bottom of the
reservoir (i.e., point A) is
kg m N kN
p D w g.8 m/ D 103 3 .9:81 2 /.8 m/ D 7:848 104 2D 78:48 2 : (1)
m s m m

For a 1 m thick section of dam (into the plane of the figure), the resultant force P
due to the fluid pressure loading is

P D 1
2 p.8 m/.1 m/ D 313:9 kN: (2)

The weight of the concrete in the FBD is

kN 1
Wc D c Vconcrete D .25 / .6 m/.8 m/.1 m/ D 600 kN: (3)
m3 2
Sliding analysis: Using the FBD shown above, the equilibrium equations are
X
Fy D 0 W N Wc D 0 ) N D 600 kN; (4)
X
Fx D 0 W P F D 0 ) F D 313:9 kN: (5)

For impending slip, F D s N , and combining this with Eqs. (4) and (5), we obtain the minimum coefficient
of static friction to prevent sliding
F 313:9 kN
. s /min D D D 0:5232: (6)
N 600 kN

Since the value of s given in the problem statement exceeds . s /min (i.e., since 0:8 > 0:5232), the dam will
not slide.

Tipping analysis: Using the FBD shown above,

X
MA D 0 W N ` Wc 13 .6 m/ P 1 .8
3
m/ D 0 (7)
.600 kN/` .600 kN/ m/ 1
3 .6 .313:9 kN/ 1
3 .8 m/ D 0; (8)
) ` D 3:40 m: (9)

Since 0 < ` 6 m, the dam will not tip.

The dam will not slide or tip when the reservoir is completely full. (10)

Problem 9.16

The owner of a small concrete gravity dam is considering attaching steel plate to the
face of the dam so that a greater depth of water can be retained. The surface between
the dam and earth has coefficients of friction s D 0:6 and k D 0:55. Determine
if the dam is safe from both overturning (tipping) and sliding along its base. The
specific weights of concrete and water are c D 150 lb=ft3 and w D 62:4 lb=ft3 ,
respectively. Neglect the weight of the steel plate.

Solution

The FBD for the dam is shown at the right. The water pressure at the bottom of
the reservoir is
lb lb
p D w .3 ft/ D 62:4 3 .3 ft/ D 187:2 2 : (1)
ft ft
For a 1 ft thick section of dam (into the plane of the figure), the resultant force P
due to the fluid pressure loading is
P D 1
2 p.3 ft/.1 ft/ D 280:8 lb: (2)
The weight of the concrete dam is W1 C W2 where W1 and W2 are
W1 D c .1 ft/.2 ft/.1 ft/ D 300 lb; and W2 D 1
c 2 .1 ft/.2 ft/.1 ft/ D 150 lb: (3)
Sliding analysis: Using the FBD shown above, the equilibrium equations are
X
Fy D 0 W N W1 W2 D 0 ) N D 450 lb; (4)
X
Fx D 0 W P F D 0 ) F D 280:8 lb: (5)

For impending slip, F D s N , and combining this with Eqs. (4) and (5), we obtain the minimum coefficient
of static friction to prevent sliding
F 280:8 lb
. s /min D D D 0:624: (6)
N 450 lb

Since . s /min exceeds the value of s given in the problem statement (i.e., since 0:624 > 0:6),

the dam will fail by sliding.

Note that the dam may also fail by tipping, thus we carry out the following analysis.

Tipping analysis: Using the FBD shown above,

X
MA D 0 W P .1 ft/ C W1 .1:5 ft/ C W2 23 .1 ft/ N` D 0 (7)
.280:8 lb/.1 ft/ C .300 lb/.1:5 ft/ C .150 lb/ 23 .1 ft/ .450 lb/` D 0; (8)
) ` D 0:598 ft: (9)
Since 0 ` 2 ft,
the dam will not tip.

Problem 9.17

A wedge is used to level a structure. All contact surfaces have coefficients

of static and kinetic friction of 0.3 and 0.25, respectively, and W D 500 N.
Assume the dimensions of the wedge are small. Determine the value of P to
cause impending motion of the wedge:
(a) To the left.

(b) To the right.

Solution

Part (a) Wedge C slides to the left, which allows the the FBDs shown
at the right to be drawn.
X
Beam AB: MA D 0 W .500 N/.300 mm/
C N2 cos 15ı .600 mm/ N2 sin 15ı .80 mm/
F2 cos 15ı .80 mm/ F2 sin 15ı .600 mm/ D 0: (1)

If motion is impending, then

F1 D s N1 D .0:30/N1 and F2 D s N2 D .0:3/N2 : (2)

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) for N2 and F2 provides

N2 D 306:7 N; F2 D 92:01 N: (3)

X
Wedge C: Fy D 0 W N1 N2 cos 15ı C F2 sin 15ı D 0; (4)
X
Fx D 0 W F1 C N2 sin 15ı C F2 cos 15ı P D 0: (5)

Using Eqs. (2) and (3), Eq. (4) is solved to obtain

N1 D 272:4 N; F1 D 81:73 N: (6)

and Eq. (5) is solved to obtain
P D 250 N: (7)

Part (b) Wedge C slides to the right, which allows the the FBDs shown
at the right to be drawn. Note that these FBDs are identical to those in
Part (a), except that the directions of the friction forces F1 , F2 , and F3
are opposite.
X
Beam AB: MA D 0 W .500 N/.300 mm/
C N2 cos 15ı .600 mm/ N2 sin 15ı .80 mm/
C F2 cos 15ı .80 mm/ C F2 sin 15ı .600 mm/ D 0: (8)

If motion is impending, then

F1 D s N1 D .0:30/N1 and F2 D s N2 D .0:3/N2 : (9)

Solving Eqs. (8) and (9) for N2 and F2 provides

N2 D 238:6 N; F2 D 71:59 N: (10)

X
Wedge C: Fy D 0 W N1 N2 cos 15ı F2 sin 15ı D 0; (11)
X
Fx D 0 W F1 C N2 sin 15ı F2 cos 15ı P D 0: (12)

Using Eqs. (9) and (10), Eq. (11) is solved to obtain

N1 D 249:0 N; F1 D 74:70 N: (13)

and Eq. (12) is solved to obtain
P D 82:1 N: (14)
The negative result for P means that the force needed to move wedge C to the right must be applied to the
right.

Problem 9.18

Blocks A and B each have 2 kg mass. All contact surfaces have the same coefficient
of friction. Determine the force P needed to cause impending motion of block B to
the left if the coefficient of static friction is
0.4.

Solution

Each block has weight W D .2 kg/ .9:81 m=s2 / D 19:62 N. With block B
sliding to the left and block A sliding upward, the FBDs are shown at the right.
X
Block A: Fy D 0 W N2 cos 20ı F2 sin 20ı F3 W D 0; (1)
X
Fx D 0 W N2 sin 20ı F2 cos 20ı C N3 D 0: (2)

X
Block B: Fy D 0 W N1 N2 cos 20ı C F2 sin 20ı W D 0; (3)
X
Fx D 0 W F1 C N2 sin 20ı C F2 cos 20ı P D 0: (4)

If motion is impending, then

F1 D s N1 D .0:4/N1 ; F2 D s N2 D .0:4/N2 ; and F3 D s N3 D .0:4/N3 : (5)

While there are seven equations with seven unknowns, these are easily solved, as follows. Using Eq. (5),
Eqs. (1) and (2) become, respectively,

N2 cos 20ı .0:4/N2 sin 20ı .0:4/N3 W D 0; (6)

N2 sin 20ı .0:4/N2 cos 20ı C N3 D 0: (7)

Multiplying Eq. (7) by 0.4 and adding this to Eq. (6) provides one equation where N2 is the only unknown,
and solving for this provides N2 D 38:04 N. Substituting N2 into the other equations then provides the
remaining unknowns, with the results

N1 D 50:16 N; F1 D 20:07 N; (8)

N2 D 38:04 N; F2 D 15:22 N; (9)
N3 D 27:31 N; F3 D 10:92 N; (10)

P D 47:4 N: (11)

Problem 9.19

Solution

X
Block B: Fy D 0 W N1 N2 cos 20ı C F2 sin 20ı W D 0; (3)
X
Fx D 0 W F1 C N2 sin 20ı C F2 cos 20ı P D 0: (4)

If motion is impending, then

F1 D s N1 D .0:3/N1 ; F2 D s N2 D .0:3/N2 ; and F3 D s N3 D .0:3/N3 : (5)

While there are seven equations with seven unknowns, these are easily solved, as follows. Using Eq. (5),
Eqs. (1) and (2) become, respectively,

N2 cos 20ı .0:3/N2 sin 20ı .0:3/N3 W D 0; (6)

N2 sin 20ı .0:3/N2 cos 20ı C N3 D 0: (7)

Multiplying Eq. (7) by 0.3 and adding this to Eq. (6) provides one equation where N2 is the only unknown,
and solving for this provides N2 D 30:19 N. Substituting N2 into the other equations then provides the
remaining unknowns, with the results

N1 D 44:89 N; F1 D 13:47 N; (8)

N2 D 30:19 N; F2 D 9:057 N; (9)
N3 D 18:84 N; F3 D 5:651 N; (10)

P D 32:3 N: (11)

Problem 9.20

A roll of paper weighs 5 N with center of gravity at point A. The roll is

supported by a steel bar AB that has negligible weight, and the roll rests against
a vertical wall with equal coefficients of static and kinetic friction of 0.5. If the
paper tears when angle reaches 20ı , determine the strength of the sheet of
paper.

Solution

The FBD is shown at the right, and the equilibrium equations are

X
MA D 0 W T .60 mm/ .0:5/ R .60 mm/ D 0; (1)
) R D 2T; (2)

X 60
Fx D 0 W T cos 20ı C TAB R D 0; (3)
100
X 80
Fy D 0 W T sin 20ı C TAB .0:5/ R 5 N D 0: (4)
100

Using Eq. (2), Eqs. (3) and (4) become

60
T cos 20ı C TAB 2 T D 0; (5)
100
80
T sin 20ı C TAB .0:5/ 2 T 5 N D 0: (6)
100
Equations (5) and (6) may be solved a variety of ways to obtain T , and we use the following approach.
Multiply Eq. (5) by 80, and multiply Eq. (6) by 60, and add the results, thus canceling TAB , to obtain the
strength of the paper as
h i
T 80 .cos 20ı C 2/ C 60 .sin 20ı C 1/ C 60 .5 N/ D 0; (7)

60.5N/
T D D 1.940 N. (8)
80 .cos 20ı C 2/ C 60 .sin 20ı C 1/

Problem 9.21

In Prob. 9.20, let the strength of the paper be 4 N. Determine the largest value
of angle so that paper may be pulled off the roll without tearing. Hint: The
equilibrium equations are difficult to solve analytically. Thus, a solution using
software such as Mathematica or Maple is helpful, or an approximate solution
(i.e., graphical or by trial and error) to obtain with two-digit accuracy is also
acceptable.

Solution

The FBD is shown at the right, and the equilibrium equations are
X
MA D0 W .4 N/.60 mm/ .0:5/ R .60 mm/ D 0; (1)
) R D 8 N; (2)
X 60
Fx D0 W 4 N cos C TAB R D 0; (3)
100
X 80
Fy D0 W 4 N sin C TAB .0:5/ R 5 N D 0: (4)
100

Equations (2)–(4) could be solved simultaneously using software such as Mathematica or Maple to obtain
TAB and , but we elect to first simplify these equations slightly. Using Eq. (2), Eqs. (3) and (4) become
60
4 N cos C TAB 8 N D 0; (5)
100
80
4 N sin C TAB 9 N D 0: (6)
100
We combine Eqs. (5) and (6) to eliminate TAB as follows. Multiply Eq. (5) by 80, multiply Eq. (6) by 60,
and add the results to obtain

.80/. 4 N/ cos .80/.8 N/ C .60/.4 N/ sin C .60/.9 N/ D 0; (7)

which is simplified to obtain

16 cos 12 sin C 5 D 0: (8)
We use Mathematica to solve Eq. (8) as follows.

The negative solution for is discarded because it is physically impossible, and hence the angle at which
the paper will tear is
180ı
D 1:17998 radian D 67:61ı . (9)
radian

Rather than using software to obtain the solution, an approximate solution with acceptable accuracy can
be obtained using trial and error. In the following table, we guess for a value of , and then evaluate the
left-hand side of Eq. (8), with the following results
16cos 12sin C5
65ı 0:8862
66ı 0:5452
67ı 0:2056
68ı 0:1325
69ı 0:4691
70ı 0:8040
Clearly, the solution for is between 67ı and 68ı , and with a little more experimentation, the solution is
found to be closer to 68ı . Thus, to two digit accuracy, the angle at which the paper will tear is

Š 68ı : (10)

Alternate solution An analytic solution may be found as follows. Squaring each of Eqs. (5) and (6) and
adding the results provides
.16 N2 /.sin2 C cos2 / D TAB
2
.24 N/TAB C 145 N2 D 0: (11)

Noting that sin2 C cos2 D 1, Eq. (11) becomes

2
TAB .24 N/TAB C 129 N2 D 0: (12)
Using the quadratic formula, the two solutions to Eq. (12) are

TAB D 8:127 N and TAB D 15:87 N: (13)

Determining the values of that correspond to these solutions is somewhat subtle. To this end, Eqs. (5) and
(6) may be rearranged to obtain, respectively,
1h 60 i
D cos 1 TAB 8N ; (14)
4N 100

1h 80 i
D sin 1
T 9N (15)
AB :
4N 100
For the first solution in Eq. (13), Eqs. (14) and (15) provide
for TAB D 8:127 N; Eq. (14) ) D 141:3ı ; and (16)
Eq. (15) ) D 38:65ı : (17)
Since these values of are different, we conclude that TAB D 8:127 N is not a solution to this problem. For
the second solution in Eq. (13), Eqs. (14) and (15) provide
for TAB D 15:87 N; Eq. (14) ) D 67:61ı ; and (18)
Eq. (15) ) D 67:61ı : (19)

Since these values of agree, we conclude that the paper will tear when

D 67:61ı : (20)

Problem 9.22

The bicycle shown has a brake for each wheel. The rider and bicycle
weigh 120 lb with center of gravity at point C , and the bicycle descends a
straight slope with D 15ı . For each of the braking situations given below,
determine the minimum coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires and
pavement so that the bicycle will descend the slope at a uniform speed, and
determine if the bicycle is safe from tipping.
(a) Only the rear brake is applied, causing the rear wheel to skid on the
pavement.

(b) Only the front brake is applied, causing the front wheel to skid on the
pavement.

Solution

The FBD for the bicycle is shown at the right, where either or both
of the wheels may have their brakes applied.
X
MA D 0 W NB .36 in./ .120 lb/ cos 15ı .16 in./
.120 lb/ sin 15ı .42 in./ D 0; (1)
X
ı
Fx D 0 W FA FB C .120 lb/ sin 15 D 0; (2)
X
Fy D 0 W NA C NB .120 lb/ cos 15ı D 0: (3)
Part (a) If only the rear brake is applied, causing the rear wheel
to skid on the pavement, then
FA D NA and FB D 0: (4)

Equations (1)–(4) are easily solved to obtain

D 1:103; (5)

NA D 28:16 lb, and NB D 87:75 lb. (6)

Since NA is positive, the bicycle is safe from tipping.

Part (b) If only the front brake is applied, causing the front wheel to skid on the pavement, then
FA D 0 and FB D NB : (7)
Equations (1)–(3) and Eq. (7) are easily solved to obtain

D 0:3540; (8)

NA D 28:16 lb, and NB D 87:75 lb: (9)

Since NA is positive, the bicycle is safe from tipping.

Part (c) If both brakes are applied, causing both wheels to skid on the pavement, then

FA D NA and FB D NB : (10)

Equations (1)–(3) and Eq. (10) are easily solved to obtain

D 0:2680; (11)

NA D 28:16 lb, and NB D 87:75 lb. (12)

Since NA is positive, the bicycle is safe from tipping.

Remark It is perhaps unexpected that the normal forces at each wheel, NA and NB , are the same for all
three braking situations. That this is true can be seen from Eq. (1), which yields NB , and Eq. (3), which then
yields NA .

Problem 9.23

The machine shown is used to move boxes. Bar ABC slides horizontally in the
bearing of the fixed machine housing. Points B, C , and D are pins, and point
C has a frictionless roller. The flywheel E rotates clockwise under the action of
moment ME . The horizontal surface on which the box rests has coefficients of
friction s D 0:3 and k D 0:25, and all other contact surfaces are frictionless.
If the box weighs 900 N, determine the moment ME that must be applied to
the flywheel to initiate motion of the box, and determine if the motion is sliding
or tipping.

Solution

Sliding analysis: The FBDs for the various members of the

machine are shown at the right.
Box:
X
Fy D 0 W N 900 N D 0 ) N D 900 N; (1)
X
Fx D 0 W Cx F D0 ) Cx D F: (2)
If sliding of the box is impending, then
F D sN D .0:3/.900 N/ D 270 N; (3)
and from Eq. (2),
Cx D 270 N: (4)

Tipping analysis: For tipping, the FBD of the box is shown at the right, and
X
Box: MO D 0 W .900 N/.0:3 m/ Cx .0:5 m/ D 0; (5)
) Cx D 540 N: (6)
Motion of the box will occur when Cx reaches the smaller of Eqs. (4) and (6). Thus,
Cx D 270 N, the box will slide rather than tip, and using this value of Cx , we carry
out the remainder of the solution.

X
Member ABC: Fx D 0 W FBD cos 20ı Cx D 0; (7)
270 N
D 287:3 N:
) (8)
FBD D
cos 20ı
An expanded view of the FBD for the flywheel is shown at the right, and using this,
X
Flywheel E: ME D 0 W FBD .cos 20ı /.0:2 m/.sin 45ı /
FBD .sin 20ı /.0:2 m/.cos 45ı / ME D 0: (9)
With FBD D 287:3 N, solving the above for ME provides

ME D 24:3 N m; and the box will slide rather than tip: (10)

Problem 9.24

An 8 ft long ladder has seven rungs. The rungs are spaced 1 ft apart, and the top and
bottom rungs are 1 ft from their respective ends of the ladder. The top of the ladder
has a roller. Neglect the weight of the ladder and assume the worker’s hand applies no
force to the ladder.
(a) If the worker weighs 140 lb and stands on the middle rung, determine the mini-
mum value of the coefficient of friction so that the ladder does not slide.

(b) If the worker weighs 140 lb and stands on a different rung, does your answer to
Part (a) change? Explain.

Solution

Part (a) Using the FBD shown at the right, the equilibrium equations are
X
MA D 0 W W .4 ft/ cos 60ı C Bx .8 ft/ sin 60ı D 0; (1)
) Bx D 40:41 lb; (2)
X
Fy D 0 W N WD0 ) N D 140 lb: (3)
X
Fx D 0 W F Bx D 0 ) F D 40:41 lb: (4)

If motion is impending, F D sN . Therefore, the minimum coefficient of static

friction to prevent slip is
F 40:41 lb
min D D D 0:289: (5)
N 140 lb

Part (b) If the worker moves to a different rung, the answer to Part (a) will change, as follows. Regardless
of the worker’s position, N does not change. If the worker moves to a higher rung, from Eq. (1), Bx will
increase, hence from Eq. (4), F will increase. Thus, from Eq. (5), the value of to prevent slip will also
increase. If the worker moves to a lower rung, Bx and F will decrease, hence the value of to prevent slip
will also decrease.

Part (c) If the worker’s weight increases, both F and N in Part (a) increase in proportion. However, the
ratio F=N remains the same, so the value min D 0:289 does not change.

Problem 9.25

In Prob. 9.24, the roller at B is removed and the surfaces at A and B both have the
same coefficient of friction. If the worker weighs 140 lb and stands on the middle rung,
determine the minimum value of the coefficient of friction so that the ladder does not
slide. Hint: The use of mathematical software is helpful, but is not required.

Solution

The equilibrium equations are:

X
MA D 0 W W .4 ft/ cos 60ı C N2 .8 ft/ sin 60ı C F2 .8 ft/ cos 60ı D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W N1 C F2 W D 0; (2)
X
Fx D 0 W F1 N2 D 0: (3)

When slip is impending

F1 D N1 ; (4)
F2 D N2 ; (5)

where is the coefficient of static friction. Equations (1)–(5) are five equations in
five unknowns (N1 , F1 , N2 , F2 , and ). Using computer software, the solution for
the coefficient of friction for impending slip, and hence the minimum value of to
prevent slip, is easily obtained as

D cos 60ı C sin 60ı 1 tan 60ı D 0:268: (6)

Alternate solution Rather than use computer software to solve Eqs. (1)–(5), they can be solved by hand,
as follows. Combine Eqs. (1) and (5), and divide by 4 ft to obtain

W C 2N2 .tan 60ı C / D 0: (7)

Equation (7) is easily solved to obtain N2 , and with Eq. (5), F2 is also obtained, with the results
W W
N2 D and F2 D : (8)
2.tan 60ı C / 2.tan 60ı C /

Equation (3) provides F1 D N2 , and Eq. (4) provides N1 D .1= /F1 . Since N2 is known, we obtain

1 W W
N1 D and F1 D : (9)
2.tan 60ı C / 2.tan 60ı C /

Using the above result for N1 , Eq. (2) becomes

h 1 1 i
F2 D W 1 : (10)
2.tan 60ı C /
The expressions for F2 given in Eqs. (8) and (10) must be equal, thus
W h 1 1 i
W 1 : (11)
D
2.tan 60ı C / 2.tan 60ı C /

W cancels in the above equation, and we multiply both sides by 2.tan 60ı C / to obtain
1
D 2.tan 60ı C / : (12)

Multiplying both sides of Eq. (12) by and rearranging gives the quadratic eqation
2
C 2.tan 60ı / 1 D 0: (13)

Solving Eq. (13) provides

D tan 60ı ˙ 2 D 3:73; 0:268: (14)
The negative solution is physically meaningless, thus the coefficient of friction for impending slip, and
hence the minimum value of to prevent slip, is

D 0:268: (15)

Problem 9.26

The mechanism for a gumball machine is shown in Figs. P9.26 and P9.27. To
begin dispensing a gumball, as shown in Fig. P9.26, a horizontal force P1 is
applied to block A to cause it to begin sliding to the right while member CD
simultaneously begins to lift door B. After the door B is fully open, as shown in
Fig. P9.27, the gumball drops out of the machine. Blocks A and B weigh 0:3 lb
and 0:2 lb, respectively, and the weights of member CD and the gumballs may
be neglected. The pins at points C and D are frictionless, blocks A and B are a
loose fit in their tracks, and all contact surfaces have a coefficient of friction of
0.3. The motion of the blocks is slow enough so that static equilibrium may be
assumed.
Determine the value of P1 that will cause block A to begin moving to the
right.

Solution
The tracks ensure that neither block can tip. Since the gumballs have negligible weight, we may assume that
they apply no forces to block A. Noting that member CD is a two-force member, the FBDs are

If block A slides, then block B must also slide, and

FA D NA D 0:3 NA ; and FB D NB D 0:3 NB : (1)

Block B:
X 4
Fx D 0 W FCD NB D 0; (2)
5
3
X
Fy D 0 W FCD 0:3 NB 0:2 lb D 0; (3)
5

) FCD D 0:5555 lb and NB D 0:4444 lb. (4)

Block A:
X 3
Fy D 0 W NA FCD 0:3 lb D 0; (5)
5
X 4
Fx D 0 W P1 FCD 0:3 NA D 0; (6)
5

) P1 D 0:6344 lb and NA D 0:6333 lb. (7)

Problem 9.27

The mechanism for a gumball machine is shown in Figs. P9.26 and P9.27. To
begin dispensing a gumball, as shown in Fig. P9.26, a horizontal force P1 is
applied to block A to cause it to begin sliding to the right while member CD
simultaneously begins to lift door B. After the door B is fully open, as shown in
Fig. P9.27, the gumball drops out of the machine. Blocks A and B weigh 0:3 lb
and 0:2 lb, respectively, and the weights of member CD and the gumballs may
be neglected. The pins at points C and D are frictionless, blocks A and B are a
loose fit in their tracks, and all contact surfaces have a coefficient of friction of
0.3. The motion of the blocks is slow enough so that static equilibrium may be
assumed.
Just before the door B is fully opened, as shown in Fig. P9.27, determine
the value of P2 .

If block A slides, then block B must also slide, and

FA D NA D 0:3 NA ; and FB D NB D 0:3 NB : (1)
Block B:
X 1:4
Fx D 0 W FCD NB D 0; (2)
5
4:8
X
Fy D 0 W FCD 5 0:3 NB 0:2 lb D 0; (3)

) FCD D 0:2283 lb and NB D 0:06393 lb. (4)

Block A:
X 4:8
Fy D 0 W NA FCD 5
5
X 1:4
Fx D 0 W P2 FCD

0:3 lb D 0; (5) 0:3 NA D 0; (6)

) P2 D 0:2197 lb and NA D 0:5192 lb. (7)

Problem 9.28

The mechanism for a gumball machine is shown in Figs. P9.26 and P9.27. To begin dispensing a gumball,
as shown in Fig. P9.26, a horizontal force P1 is applied to block A to cause it to begin sliding to the right
while member CD simultaneously begins to lift door B. After the door B is fully open, as shown in
Fig. P9.27, the gumball drops out of the machine. Blocks A and B weigh 0:3 lb and 0:2 lb, respectively,
and the weights of member CD and the gumballs may be neglected. The pins at points C and D are
frictionless, blocks A and B are a loose fit in their tracks, and all contact surfaces have a coefficient of
friction of 0.3. The motion of the blocks is slow enough so that static equilibrium may be assumed.
In Fig. P9.27, where the door is fully open, replace the force P2 with a force Q in the opposite direction.
Determine the value of Q so that block A will begin moving to the left.

If block A slides, then block B must also slide, and

FA D NA D 0:3 NA ; and FB D NB D 0:3 NB : (1)

Block B:
X 1:4
Fx D 0 W FCD NB D 0; (2)
5
4:8
X
Fy D 0 W FCD 5 C 0:3 NB 0:2 lb D 0; (3)

) FCD D 0:1916 lb and NB D 0.0537 lb. (4)

Block A:
X 4:8
Fy D 0 W NA FCD 0:3 lb D 0; (5)
5
X 1:4
Fx D 0 W Q FCD C 0:3 NA D 0; (6)
5

) Q D 0:0915 lb and NA D 0.4839 lb. (7)

Problem 9.29

The tool shown is used by a person to carry a large sheet of plywood. The
tool consists of aluminum clamps A and B, and steel member CDE, with
frictionless pins at points C and D. The weights of all members are negligible,
except for the weight of the plywood. If the coefficient of friction between
aluminum and plywood is 0.2, determine the largest value of h so that the
plywood does not slip out of the tool. Assume that the person rests the plywood
on their hip so that the sheet of plywood is vertical.

Solution
The FBDs are shown below. By considering equilibrium of the tool and plywood together, equilibrium of
forces in the vertical direction gives Ey D W where W is the weight of the plywood. On the FBD of the
plywood, the horizontal force P is due to the plywood resting on the person’s hip; this force is necessary if
the plywood is to be vertical while it is being carried.

We assume slip is impending on both clamping surfaces. Thus,

FA D NA D 0:2 NA ; and FB D NB D 0:2 NB ; (1)

and these forces are shown on the FBDs.

Clamp A:
X
Fx D 0 W NA C Dx D 0 ) Dx D NA ; (2)
X
Fy D 0 W 0:2 NA C Dy D 0 ) Dy D 0:2 NA : (3)

Clamp B:
X
Fx D 0 W NB Cx D 0 ) Cx D NB ; (4)

Member CDE:
X
MC D 0 W W .8 in./ C Dx h D 0; (6)
X
Fx D 0 W Dx C Cx D 0; (7)
X
Fy D 0 W Cy Dy C W D 0: (8)

Using Eqs. (2)–(5), Eqs. (6)–(8) become

W .8 in./ C NA h D 0; (9)
NA C NB D 0; (10)
0:2 NB 0:2 NA C W D 0: (11)

Equation (9) provides

8 in.
NA D W ; (12)
h
and then Eq. (10) provides
8 in.
NB D W h ; (13)

and then Eq. (11) becomes

8 in. 8 in.
0:2 W 0:2 W C W D 0: (14)
h h
Canceling W and solving for h provides

h D 2 .0:2/ 8 in. D 3.2 in. (15)

Problem 9.30

A table saw for cutting wood is shown. The blade rotates counterclockwise,
and the operator pushes the wood into the blade using a stick to help keep his
or her hand away from the blade. Despite this safety precaution, it is possible
for the wood to be propelled by the blade with great force and speed into the
operator, causing injury. To help prevent this accident, the saw is outfitted with
an antikickback device, which weighs 0:3 lb with center of gravity at point B.
Neglecting friction between the wood and saw table, determine the minimum
coefficient of friction between the wood and the antikickback device that will
prevent the wood workpiece from kicking back.

Solution

The FBD shown at the right is drawn assuming that the board slips to the left.
X
MA D 0 W N.1:5 in:/ F .2 in:/ .0:3 lb/.1 in:/ D 0: (1)

If slip is impending, then

F D s N: (2)
Solving these equations for N provides
0:3in: lb
N D : (3)
1:5 in: s .2 in:/

By examining Eq. (3), we see that N becomes large, and hence F becomes large, when
1:5
1:5 in: s .2 in:/ D 0 ) s D D 0:75. (4)
2

Problem 9.31

Bar ABC has square cross section and can slide in the square hole that is in
collar D. Collar D is supported by fixed vertical post E that is built in at its
base. The collar D can translate in the ´ direction and rotate about the ´ axis
without friction; other translations and rotations are constrained. End C of
the square cross section bar rests on a horizontal surface having coefficients of
friction s D 0:6 and k D 0:5. If bar ABC is initially motionless, determine
the positive value of P that will cause impending motion. For this value of P ,
also determine the reactions between bar ABC and the collar D.

Solution

The FBD shown at the right is drawn assuming that point C will tend
to slide in the positive x and positive y directions.
X
Fy D 0 W P Fy D 0; (1)
X
F´ D 0 W N 100 lb D 0; (2)
X
M´ D 0 W Fx .10 in:/ Fy .5 in:/ .30 lb/.10 in:/ D 0; (3)
X
Fx D 0 W Dx C 30 lb Fx D 0; (4)
X
My D 0 W MDy N.5 in:/ D 0; (5)
X
Mx D 0 W MDx C N.10 in:/ .100 lb/.10 in:/ D 0: (6)

Equations (2), (5), and (6) may be immediately solved to obtain three of our answers,

N D 100 lb; MDy D 500 in: lb; and MDx D 0: (7)

Equation (1) provides
Fy D P; (8)
and with this result, Eq. (3) provides
P
Fx D 30 lb C : (9)
2
With the above result for Fx , Eq. (4) becomes

P
Dx D : (10)
2
Sliding is impending when
q
Fx2 C Fy2 D s N: (11)
Using Eqs. (8) and (9), and with s D 0:6 and N D 100 lb, Eq. (11) becomes, after squaring both sides,
P 2
30 lb C C P 2 D .0:6/2 .100 lb/2 : (12)
2

After rearrangement, Eq. (12) becomes

P 2 C .24 lb/P 2160 lb2 D 0: (13)

Solving this quadratic equation provides two solutions

P D 60:0 lb; 36:0 lb: (14)

The negative solution is physically meaningless, thus P D 36:0 lb. With this result, Eqs. (8)–(10) provide the
remaining reactions, with the results

P D 36:0 lb; Fy D 36:0 lb; Fx D 48:0 lb; Dx D 18:0 lb: (15)

Problem 9.32

Three books rest on a table. Books A, B, and C weigh 2, 3, and 4 lb, respec-
tively. Determine the horizontal force applied to book A that causes impending
motion of any of the books to the right, and determine which books move.

Solution

Using the FBD shown at the right, the equilibrium equations for book A are:
X
Fy D 0 W 2 lb C N1 D 0 ) N1 D 2 lb; (1)
X
Fx D 0 W P F1 D 0 ) P D F1 : (2)

If slip is impending, F1 D 1 N1 . Therefore the value of P required to cause slip

between books A and B is
P D .0:6/.2 lb/ D 1:20 lb: (3)

Using the FBD shown at the right, the equilibrium equations for books A and B together
are:
X
Fy D 0 W 5 lb C N2 D 0 ) N2 D 5 lb; (4)
X
Fx D 0 W P F2 D 0 ) P D F2 : (5)

If slip is impending, F2 D 2 N2 . Therefore the value of P required to cause slip

between books B and C is
P D .0:3/.5 lb/ D 1:50 lb: (6)

Using the FBD shown at the right, the equilibrium equations for books A, B, and C
together are:
X
Fy D 0 W 9 lb C N1 D 0 ) N3 D 9 lb; (7)
X
Fx D 0 W P F3 D 0 ) P D F3 : (8)

If slip is impending, F3 D 3 N3 . Therefore the value of P required to cause slip

between book C and the table is
P D .0:1/.9 lb/ D 0:900 lb: (9)
Slip will be impending when P reaches the smallest of the above values. Therefore,

P D 0:900 lb will cause all books to slide together on the table.

Problem 9.33

To glue blocks B and C to one another, the blocks are temporarily held together
until after a force P D 6 lb is applied. Both blocks weigh 2 lb. During the gluing
operation, the glue between blocks B and C acts as a lubricant, hence this surface
is frictionless. Using the coefficients of friction given in the figure, determine if
this gluing operation can be performed without either block sliding, and if sliding
does occur, determine which of the blocks will slide.

Solution

The FBDs for blocks B and C , and for blocks B and C together, are
shown at the right. We proceed with our solution, assuming the system
is in static equilibrium.

Blocks B and C together:

X
Fy D 0 W NA 6 lb 2 lb 2 lb D 0 ) NA D 10 lb, (1)
X
Fx D 0 W FC C FA D 0 ) FA D FC : (2)

Block C:
X
Fy D 0 W NB cos 15ı 6 lb 2 lb D 0 ) NB D 8:282 lb, (3)
X
Fx D 0 W FC C NB sin 15ı D 0 ) FC D 2:144 lb. (4)

Using Eq. (1),

FA D 2:144 lb. (5)

The largest the friction force FC may be is

2 .6 lb/ D .0:4/.6 lb/ D 2:4 lb; (6)

and since FC < 2:4 lb, slip does not occur at the top surface of block C . The largest the friction force FA
may be is
1 NA D .0:2/.10 lb/ D 2 lb: (7)
Since the value of FA given by Eq. (5), which is required if static equilibrium exists, is larger than Eq. (7),

the gluing operation cannot be performed because block B will slide.

Problem 9.34

A portion of a machine that is used to lift an egg is shown. The clamps at A and B apply horizontal forces
P to the egg, and the egg can have any of the three positions shown. If P D 0:5 N and an egg has 60 g
mass, determine the smallest value for the coefficient of friction at clamps A and B that will prevent the
egg from slipping.

Solution

The FBD for scenario (a) is shown at the right, where the weight of the egg y
is x
kg m FA FB
W D mg D .60 g/ 3 9:81 2 D 0:5886 N. (1)
10 g s 0.5 N 0.5 N
X
MA D 0 W .0:5886 N/.35 mm/ FB .60 mm/ D 0; (2)
W
) FB D 0:3434 N, (3)
35 mm 25 mm
X
MB D 0 W .0:5886 N/.25 mm/ FA .60 mm/ D 0; (4)
) FA D 0:2453 N. (5)

The coefficients of friction needed at points A and B for slip to be impending are
FA 0:2453 N
A D D D 0:4905; (6)
0:5 N 0:5 N
FB 0:3434 N
B D D D 0:6867: (7)
0:5 N 0.5 N

For scenario (b), by inspection of the results for scenario (a), the coefficients of friction needed for slip to be
impending are

A D 0:6867; (8)
B D 0:4905: (9)
The FBD for scenario (c) is shown at the right. y
x FA FB
X
MA D 0 W .0:5886 N/.20 mm/ C FB .40 mm/ D 0 (10) 0.5 N 0.5 N

) FB D 0:2943 N (11)
X W
Fy D 0 W FA C FB 0:5886 N D 0 (12)
20 mm 20 mm

) FA D 0:2943 N (13)

The coefficients of friction needed at points A and B for slip to be impending are
FA 0:2943 N
A D D D 0:5886; (14)
0:5 N 0:5 N
FB 0:2943 N
B D D D 0:5886: (15)
0:5 N 0:5 N

Thus, for impending slip, the coefficient of friction at point A must be the largest of the values obtained in
Eqs. (6), (8), and (14). Hence,
A D 0:6867: (16)

Similarly, the coefficient of friction at point B must be the largest of the values obtained in Eqs. (7), (9), and
(15). Hence,
B D 0:6867: (17)

Problem 9.35

A portion of a machine that is used to lift a stack of four identical books in

a printing factory is shown. The clamps at A and B apply horizontal forces
P to the books. The coefficient of friction between a clamp and book is 0.6,
and the coefficient of friction between two books is 0.4. If each book weighs
8 N, determine the smallest value of P that will enable the stack of books to be
lifted.

Solution
If slip occurs, it will be between a clamp and book, or between the two left-most books (i.e., books 1 and 2),
or between the two right-most books (i.e., books 3 and 4). Because of the symmetry of the problem, there
is no friction force between books 2 and 3, and hence there is no slip between these books (an alternative
justification is given later.)

P P
Using the FBD of all four books together, M D 0 and Fy D 0 requires (or by using symmetry)
FA D FB D 16 N. (1)
For impending slip at clamps A and B, the clamping force P must be
FA F 16 N
P D D B D D 26:67 N. (2)
A B 0.6

Using the FBD of book 1 (alternatively, the FBD for book 4 could be drawn and used instead),
X
Fx D 0 W P N12 D 0 ) N12 D P; (3)
X
„ƒA‚… F12 8 N D 0 ) F12 D 8 N. (4)
Fy D 0 W F
16 N

For impending slip between books 1 and 2, the clamping force must be
F12 8N
N12 D P D D D 20 N. (5)
12 0:4

As stated earlier, there is no slip between books 2 and 3. If this assertion is not FA
clear, then drawing an appropriate FBD, such as for books 1 and 2 as shown at the
P N23
right, and noting that FA is given by Eq. (1), shows that F23 D 0.
Thus, to prevent slip, or for impending slip, the clamping force P must be the F23
larger of Eqs. (2) and (5). Hence,

P D 26:67 N: (6) 8N 8N

Problem 9.36

In Prob. 9.35, if P D 75 N, determine how many books may be lifted.

Solution
Let n be the number of books. Shown below is the FBD for all n books together, the FBD for book 1, and the
FBD for books 1 and 2.
y
FA FB x FA FA

P P P N12 P N23
n
F12 F23

n (8 N) 8N 2 (8 N)

P P
Using the FBD of all n books, M D 0 and Fy D 0 provides

FA D FB D n.4 N/: (1)

Noting that P D 75 N and the coefficient of friction for clamps A and B is 0.6, Coulomb’s law provides

FA D FB D AP (2)
n.4 N/ D .0:6/ 75 N ) n D 11:25: (3)

Since n must be an integer number, the largest number of books that may be lifted without slipping at clamps
A and B is n D 11.
Using the FBD of book 1 and Eq. (1), we obtain
X
Fx D 0 W P N12 D 0 ) N12 D P D 75 N, (4)
X
Fy D 0 W FA F12 8 N D 0 ) F12 D n.4 N/ 8 N. (5)

Noting that the coefficient of friction between two books is 0.4, Coulomb’s law provides

F12 D 12 N12 (6)

n.4 N/ 8 N D .0:4/ 75 N ) n D 9:5: (7)

Since n must be an integer, the largest number of books that may be lifted without slipping between books 1
and 2 is n D 9.
Using the FBD of books l and 2 and Eq. (1), we obtain
X
Fx D 0 W P N23 D 0 ) N23 D P D 75 N, (8)
X
Fy D 0 W FA F23 2.8 N/ D 0 ) F23 D n.4 N/ 16 N. (9)

Noting that the coefficient of friction between two books is 0.4, Coulomb’s law provides

F23 D 23 N23 (10)

n.4 N/ 16 N D .0:4/ 75 N ) n D 11:5: (11)

Since n must be an integer, the largest number of books that may be lifted without slipping between books 2
and 3 is n D 11.
Using induction, we see that the friction force between subsequent combinations of books decreases
further until the midpoint of the stack of books is reached. Thus, the largest number of books that may be
lifted is the smallest integer value among Eqs. (3), (7), and (11). Hence,

nine books may be lifted.

Problem 9.37

Block A and spool B weigh 8 and 6 lb, respectively. The spool has a string
wrapped around it to which a force P is applied. The coefficient of static friction
between the spool and the contact surfaces at A and C is 0.25. Determine the
value of P that causes impending motion, and determine if slip occurs at A, or C ,
or both locations simultaneously.

Solution

Using the FBDs shown at the right, we write and solve the following equilibrium
equations
X
Block A: Fy D 0 W N2 8 lb D 0 ) N2 D 8 lb; (1)
X
Spool B: Fy D 0 W N1 N2 6 lb D 0 ) N1 D 14 lb: (2)

Slip at C: If slip occurs at C , then

F1 D N1 D .0:25/.14 lb/ D 3:5 lb: (3)

X
Spool B: MA D 0 W P .9 in:/ C F1 .12 in:/ D 0; (4)
) P D 4:667 lb: (5)

Slip at A: If slip occurs at A, then

F2 D N2 D .0:25/.8 lb/ D 2 lb: (6)

X
Spool B: MC D 0 W P .3 in:/ F2 .12 in:/ D 0; (7)
) P D 8:000 lb: (8)

Slip will be impending when P reaches the smaller of the above two values. Therefore,

motion is impending when P D 4:67 lb and slip will occur at C:

Problem 9.38

Bars AB and CD are uniform and each weighs 7 lb. The coefficient of static
friction at surfaces A and B is the same.
If P D Q D 0, determine the minimum coefficient of static friction so that the
system has no motion.

Solution

The FBDs are shown at the right where the direction of F1 opposes sliding of point
A to the right, and the direction of F2 opposes sliding of point B to the left. In
the solution that follows, we assume that bar CD is thin so that F2 has negligible
moment about point C . Using these FBDs, we write the following equations.
X
Bar CD: MC D 0 W N2 .2 in:/ 7 lb.4 in:/ D 0 ) N2 D 14 lb; (1)
X
Bar AB: Fy D 0 W N1 N2 7 lb D 0 ) N1 D 21 lb: (2)

Slip at A: If slip is impending at A, then

F1 D s N1 ; (3)
X
Bar AB: MB D 0 W N1 .2 in:/ F1 .6 in:/ .7 lb/.1 in:/ D 0; (4)
.21 lb/.2 in:/ s .21 lb/.6 in:/ .7 lb/.1 in:/ D 0; (5)
) s D 0:278: (6)

Slip at B: If slip is impending at B, then

F2 D s N2 ; (7)
X
Bar AB: MA D 0 W N2 .2 in:/ F2 .6 in:/ C .7 lb/.1 in:/ D 0; (8)
.14 lb/.2 in:/ s .14 lb/.6 in:/ C .7 lb/.1 in:/ D 0; (9)
) s D 0:417: (10)

Since the coefficient of friction for both surfaces must be the same, the minimum coefficient of friction to
prevent slip on both surfaces is the larger of the two values, hence

s D 0:417: (11)

Problem 9.39

Bars AB and CD are uniform and each weighs 7 lb. The coefficient of static
friction at surfaces A and B is the same.
If Q D 0 and the coefficient of static friction for all surfaces is 0.6, determine
the value of P that causes impending motion of bar AB to the right.

Solution

The FBDs are shown at the right where the direction of F1 opposes sliding of point
A to the right, and the direction of F2 opposes sliding of point B to the right. In
the solution that follows, we assume that bar CD is thin so that F2 has negligible
moment about point C . Using these FBDs, we write the following equations.
X
Bar CD: MC D 0 W N2 .2 in:/ 7 lb.4 in:/ D 0 ) N2 D 14 lb; (1)
X
Bar AB: Fy D 0 W N1 N2 7 lb D 0 ) N1 D 21 lb: (2)

Slip at A: If slip is impending at A, then

F1 D s N1 D .0:6/N1 ; (3)
Bar AB:
X
MB D 0 W N1 .2 in:/ F1 .6 in:/ .7 lb/.1 in:/ C P .2 in:/ D 0; (4)
.21 lb/.2 in:/ .0:6/.21 lb/.6 in:/ .7 lb/.1 in:/ C P .2 in:/ D 0; (5)
) P D 20:3 lb: (6)

Slip at B: If slip is impending at B, then

F2 D s N2 D .0:6/N2 ; (7)
X
Bar AB: MA D 0 W N2 .2 in:/ C F2 .6 in:/ C .7 lb/.1 in:/ P .4 in:/ D 0; (8)
.14 lb/.2 in:/ C .0:6/.14 lb/.6 in:/ C .7 lb/.1 in:/ P .4 in:/ D 0; (9)
) P D 21:4 lb: (10)

Slip will be impending when P reaches the smaller of the above two values, hence

P D 20:3 lb: (11)

Problem 9.40

Bars AB and CD are uniform and each weighs 7 lb. The coefficient of static
friction at surfaces A and B is the same.
If P D 0 and the coefficient of static friction for all surfaces is 0.6, determine
the value of Q that causes impending motion of bar AB to the left.

Solution

The FBDs are shown at the right where the direction of F1 opposes sliding of point
A to the left, and the direction of F2 opposes sliding of point B to the left. In the
solution that follows, we assume that bar CD is thin so that F2 has negligible moment
about point C . Using these FBDs, we write the following equations.
X
Bar CD: MC D 0 W N2 .2 in:/ 7 lb.4 in:/ D 0 ) N2 D 14 lb; (1)
X
Bar AB: Fy D 0 W N1 N2 7 lb D 0 ) N1 D 21 lb: (2)

Slip at A: If slip is impending at A, then

F1 D s N1 D .0:6/N1 ; (3)
Bar AB:
X
MB D 0 W N1 .2 in:/ C F1 .6 in:/ .7 lb/.1 in:/ Q.4 in:/ D 0; (4)
.21 lb/.2 in:/ C .0:6/.21 lb/.6 in:/ .7 lb/.1 in:/ Q.4 in:/ D 0; (5)
) P D 27:7 lb: (6)

Slip at B: If slip is impending at B, then

F2 D s N2 D .0:6/N2 ; (7)
X
Bar AB: MA D 0 W N2 .2 in:/ F2 .6 in:/ C .7 lb/.1 in:/ C Q.2 in:/ D 0; (8)
.14 lb/.2 in:/ .0:6/.14 lb/.6 in:/ C .7 lb/.1 in:/ C Q.2 in:/ D 0; (9)
) P D 7:70 lb: (10)

Slip will be impending when P reaches the smaller of the above two values, hence

P D 7:70 lb: (11)

Problem 9.41

Blocks A and B each have 2 kg mass. All contact surfaces have the same coefficient
of friction. Determine the force P needed to cause impending motion of block B to
the right if the coefficient of static friction is 0.4.

Solution

Block B will slide to the right. Block A will do one of the following: it will either
stick to block B, or it will slide on Block B while it maintains contact with the wall
to the left of it. The FBD shown at the right assumes that block A sticks to block
B, in which case there are no contact forces between block A and the wall to the
left of it. Using these FBDs, with m D 2 kg and g D 9:81 m=s2 ,
X
Block A: Fy D 0 W F2 sin 20ı C N2 cos 20ı mg D 0; (1)
X
Fx D 0 W F2 cos 20ı N2 sin 20ı D 0; (2)
) N2 D 18:44 N F2 D 6:710 N: (3)

If slip is impending between blocks A and B, then F2 D s2 N2 , and we solve for

the coefficient of friction s2 needed at this surface for slip to be impending,
F2 6:710 N
. s2 / D D D 0:364: (4)
N2 18:44 N

Since the coefficient of static friction given in the problem statement (0.4) exceeds the above value, we
conclude that Block A sticks to block B as the two slide together to the right.

The FBD for blocks A and B together is shown at the right.

X
Blocks A & B: Fy D 0 W N1 2mg D 0; ) N1 D 39:24 N (5)
X
Fx D 0 W P F1 D 0; ) F1 D P: (6)

If slip is impending between block B and the surface below it, then

F1 D s N1 (7)
P D .0:4/.39:24 N/ (8)

P D 15:7 N: (9)

Problem 9.42

Solution

If slip is impending between blocks A and B, then F2 D s2 N2 , and we solve for

the coefficient of friction s2 needed at this surface for slip to be impending,
F2 6:710 N
. s2 / D D D 0:364: (4)
N2 18:44 N

Since the coefficient of static friction given in the problem statement (0.3) is less than the above value, we
conclude that Block A will slide on Block B while it maintains contact with the wall to the left of it.

The FBDs for blocks A and B are shown at the right where the contact forces
between block A and the wall to the left of it are included.
X
Block A: Fy D 0 W F3 C N2 cos 20ı C F2 sin 20ı mg D 0; (5)
X
Fx D 0 W N3 C F2 cos 20ı N2 sin 20ı D 0; (6)
X
Block B: Fy D 0 W N1 N2 cos 20ı F2 sin 20ı mg D 0; (7)
X
Fx D 0 W P F1 F2 cos 20ı C N2 sin 20ı D 0: (8)

If motion is impending, then slip occurs on all three contact surfaces and

F1 D s N1 D .0:3/N1 ; F2 D s N2 D .0:3/N2 ; F3 D s N3 D .0:3/N3 : (9)

While there are seven equations with seven unknowns, they are easily solved as follows. Substitute Eq. (9)
into Eqs. (5) and (6), multiply Eq. (6) by 0:3 and add to Eq. (5) to obtain a single equation where N2 is the
only unknown. Once N2 is determined, the remaining unknowns are easily found using the reaming equation.
Thus, the solutions are

N1 D 38:91 N; F1 D 11:67 N; (10)

N2 D 18:50 N; F2 D 5:551 N; (11)
N3 D 1:112 N; F3 D 0:3337 N; (12)

P D 10:6 N: (13)

Problem 9.43

A truck with 1500 kg mass and center of gravity at point C is used to

pull a dumpster with 1700 kg mass and center of gravity at point G. The
coefficient of static friction between the tires and pavement is 1.1, and
between the dumpster and pavement is 0.5. Assume the truck’s engine
has sufficient power and the dumpster does not tip. Hint: The use of
mathematical software is helpful, but not required. Determine if the truck
can pull the dumpster if:
The truck has rear-wheel drive.

Solution

The weights of the truck and dumpster are

m
Wtruck D .1500 kg/.9:81 / D 14;720 N D 14:72 kN; (1)
s2
m
Wdumpster D .1700 kg/.9:81 2 / D 16;680 N D 16:68 kN: (2)
s
The FBDs for the truck and dumpster are shown at the right. Our
strategy will be to determine T assuming the truck’s wheels slip,
and determine T assuming the dumpster slips. The lower value of T corresponds to when slip will occur.
X
Truck: MA D 0 W N2 .2:8 m/ .14:72 kN/.1:3 m/ T .0:5 m/ D 0; (3)
X
Fx D 0 W T F2 D 0; (4)
X
Dumpster: Fx D 0 W F3 T D 0; (5)
X
Fy D 0 W N3 16:68 kN D 0: (6)

If the truck’s wheels slip, then F2 D 2 N2 D .1:1/N2 . Using this, we solve Eqs. (3)–(6) to obtain T with
the result
T D 9:352 kN: (7)
If the dumpster slips, then F3 D 3 N3 D .0:5/N3 . Using this, we solve Eqs. (5) and (6) to obtain T with
the result
T D 8:338 kN: (8)
Because the value of T needed to cause the tires to slip is larger than the value of T needed to cause the
dumpster to slip, we conclude that

the truck is capable of pulling the dumpster.

Problem 9.44

A truck with 1500 kg mass and center of gravity at point C is used to

Solution

The weights of the truck and dumpster are

m
Wtruck D .1500 kg/.9:81 / D 14;720 N D 14:72 kN;
s2
(1)
m
Wdumpster D .1700 kg/.9:81 2 / D 16;680 N D 16:68 kN:
s
(2)

The FBDs for the truck and dumpster are shown at the right. Our
strategy will be to determine T assuming the truck’s wheels slip,
and determine T assuming the dumpster slips. The lower value of T corresponds to when slip will occur.
X 1:5 0:8
Truck: MA D 0 W N2 .2:8 m/ .14:72 kN/.1:3 m/ T .0:5 m/ C T .4 m/ D 0; (3)
1:7 1:7
X 0:8
Fy D 0 W N1 C N2 C T 14:72 kN D 0; (4)
1:7
X 1:5
Fx D 0 W F1 F2 C T D 0; (5)
1:7
1:5
X
Dumpster: Fx D 0 W F3 T D 0; (6)
1:7
X 0:8
Fy D 0 W N3 16:68 kN T D 0: (7)
1:7

If the trucks wheels slip, then F1 D 1 N1 D .1:1/N1 and F2 D 2 N2 D .1:1/N2 . Using these, we solve
Eqs. (3)–(7) to obtain T with the result
T D 11:56 kN: (8)
If the dumpster slips, then F3 D 3 N3 D .0:5/N3 . Using this, we solve Eqs. (6) and (7) to obtain T with
the result
T D 12:89 kN: (9)

Because the value of T needed to cause the tires to slip is smaller than the value of T needed to cause the
dumpster to slip, we conclude that

the truck is not capable of pulling the dumpster.

Problem 9.45

Blocks A and B weigh 10 and 15 N, respectively. Point C is at the midpoint

of member BD, and both members AC and BD have negligible weight. The
coefficient of static friction for all contact surfaces is 0.3. Determine the positive
value of P that causes impending motion, and determine which of blocks A or
B slides and the direction of motion.

Solution

In the FBDs shown at the right, the direction of F1 opposes slip of block A
to the left, and the direction of F2 opposes slip of block B to the right. For
convenience, we let bar BCD have length 10`.

Bar BCD:
X
MB D 0 W P .8`/ 5
13FAC .4`/ 12
FAC .3`/
13 D 0; (1)
X
Fx D 0 W 5
13 FAC Bx P D 0; (2)
X
Fy D 0 W 12
13 FAC By D 0; (3)
13 2 12
) FAC D P; Bx D P; By D P: (4)
7 7 7

The negative result for Bx is unexpected. The consequence of this is that if

block B were to slide, it would slide to the left. Thus, the direction of F2 in
the above FBDs is incorrect, and must be changed, which gives the revised
FBDs shown at the right, where forces FAC , Bx , and By are shown in their
actual directions. Using the revised FBDs, we write the following equilibrium
equations.
X
Block A: Fx D 0 W F1 513. 13 7P / D 0; (5)
X
Fy D 0 W N1 12 13
13 . 7 P / 10 N D 0; (6)
) N1 D 10 N C 12
7 P; F1 D 5
7 P: (7)

If block A slips, then

F1 D N1 (8)
5 12
7P D .0:3/ 10 N C 7 P ) P D 15 N: (9)

X
Block B: Fx D 0 W 2
7P C F2 D 0; (10)
X
Fy D 0 W N2 C 12
7P 15 N D 0; (11)
) N2 D 15 N 12
P; F2 D 2
P: (12)
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Statics 2e
1404 Solutions Manual
1404
7 7

If block B slips, then

F2 D N2 (13)
2
7P D .0:3/ 15 N 12
7 P ) P D 5:625 N: (14)

Slip will be impending when P reaches the smaller of Eqs. (9) and (14). Thus

block B will have impending motion to the left when P D 5:63 N:

Problem 9.46

The structure consists of two uniform members AB and BC, each weighing 2 kN.
The members are pinned to one another at B, and the structure is supported
by surfaces at A and C having coefficients of static friction of 1.2 and 0.5,
respectively. Determine the largest positive value P the structure can support.

Solution

The FBDs shown at the right assume that point A tends to

slide to the left and point C tends to slide downward.

X
Member AB: MB D 0 W N1 .4 m/ C F1 .3 m/ C .2 kN/.2 m/ D 0; (1)
X
Fx D 0 W F1 C Bx D 0; (2)
X
Fy D 0 W N1 C By 2 kN P D 0; (3)
X
Member BC: MB D 0 W .2 kN/.2:5 m/ C F2 .5 m/ D 0; (4)
X
Fx D 0 W N2 Bx D 0; (5)
X
Fy D 0 W F2 2 kN By D 0: (6)

Solving the above equations provides

Bx D .8 kN C 4P /=3; By D 1 kN; (7)

N1 D 3 kN C P; F1 D .8 kN C 4P /=3; (8)
N2 D .8 kN C 4P /=3; F2 D 1 kN: (9)

Slip at A: If slip is impending at A then

F1 D A N1 (10)
8kN C 4P
D .1:2/.3 kN C P / ) P D 7:000 kN: (11)
3
Slip at C: If slip is impending at C then

F2 D N2 C (12)
8kN C 4P
1 kN D .0:5/ ) P D 0:5000 kN: (13)
3

Since we are only considering positive values of P only,

P D 7:00 kN will cause impending motion at A: (14)

Problem 9.47

The structure consists of two uniform members AB and BC, each weighing
2 kN and P 0. Determine the minimum coefficient of static friction needed
at surface A and the minimum coefficient of static friction needed at surface C
so that neither surface slips for any value of P (this is called self-locking).

Solution

The FBDs shown at the right assume that point A tends to

slide to the left and point C tends to slide downward.

Solving the above equations provides

Bx D .8 kN C 4P /=3; By D 1 kN; (7)

N1 D 3 kN C P; F1 D .8 kN C 4P /=3; (8)
N2 D .8 kN C 4P /=3; F2 D 1 kN: (9)

Slip at A: If slip is impending at A then F1 D A N1 , which we rearrange for

F1 .8kN C 4P/=3
A D D : (10)
N1 3 kN C P

Slip at C: If slip is impending at C then F2 D C N2 , which we rearrange for

F2 1 kN
C D D : (11)
N2 .8 kN C 4P /=3

Plots of Eqs. (10) and (11) are shown at the right where the largest value of A
needed to prevent slip for any positive value of P is seen to occur for P ! 1
and the largest value of C needed to prevent slip for any positive value of
P is seen to occur for P D 0. Thus, we take the limit of Eq. (10) as P ! 1
to obtain
4
A D D 1:33; (12)
3
and we evaluate Eq. (11) with P D 0 to obtain

3
C D D 0:375: (13)
8

Note that if A and C have the above values, or are larger, then slip will not occur for any positive value of
P , thus the structure is self-locking.

Problem 9.48

A wrench is used to twist a pipe C . The wrench consists of jaw BD and handle-
jaw ADE, with a pin at D. The coefficient of static friction s for all contact
surfaces is the same. Determine the minimum value of s so that there is no
slip at A or B regardless of the value of force P (this is called self-locking).

Solution

The FBDs shown at the right have the directions of friction forces F1 and
F2 such that if slip occurs at point A, then point A will move downward
relative to the fixed pipe, and if slip occurs at point B, then point B will
move upward relative to the fixed pipe.
X
Jaw BD: MD D 0 W N2 .5 cm/ F2 .4 cm/ D 0; (1)
X
Fx D 0 W Dx C N2 D 0; (2)
X
Fy D 0 W Dy F2 D 0; (3)
) F2 D 5
4 N2 ; Dx D N2 ; Dy D F2 : (4)
If slip is impending at B, then F2 D s N2 , which we rearrange for s D F2 =N2 . Using Eq. (4), we
conclude that slip will not occur at B if
F2 5
s D D 1:25: (5)
N2 4

X
Handle ADE: ME D 0 W Dy .20 cm/ C F1 .18 cm/ N1 .5 cm/ D 0; (6)
X
Fx D 0 W Dx N1 D 0; (7)
X
Fy D 0 W Dy C F1 P D 0: (8)
We wish to solve the above equilibrium equations to obtain an expression where N1 and F1 are the only
unknowns. From Eq. (7), N1 DP Dx , and from Eq. (4), Dx D N2 , hence N1 D N2 (we could have
also determined this by writing Fx D 0 for the FBD of the pipe). From Eq. (4) and Dy D F2 , and
F2 D 45 N2 , and N1 D N2 , hence Dy D 45 N1 . Thus, Eq. (6) becomes
5
4 N1 .20 cm/ C F1 .18 cm/ N1 .5 cm/ D 0 (9)
5
4 .20/ C 5
) F1 D N1 : (10)
18

If slip is impending at A, then F1 D s N1 , which we rearrange for s D F1 =N1 . Using Eq. (10), we
conclude that slip will not occur at A if
5
F1 .20/ C 5
s D 4 D 1:67: (11)
N1 18

To satisfy both of Eqs. (5) and (11), and hence to prevent slip at both surfaces A and B, we must have

s 1:67: (12)

Problem 9.49

A small lamp is clamped on a fixed circular bar C . The lamp assembly weighs
4 lb with center of gravity at point G, and the weights of all other members are
negligible. Determine the minimum moment the torsional spring at D must
produce so the lamp does not slip on the bar. The contact surfaces at A and B
have coefficients of static friction of A D 0:25 and B D 0:35.

Solution

The FBDs shown at the right have the direction of friction

forces FA and FB such that if slip occurs at point A, then
point A will move to the right, and if slip occurs at point
B, then point B will move to the left. We begin by putting
the FBDs of members AD and BDG together, as shown
below.

Members AD and BDG:

X
Fx D 0W FA C FB D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0W NA C NB 4 lb D 0; (2)
X
Mk D 0 W .4 lb/ .3:5 in./ FB .1:6 in./ D 0: (3)

Equation (3) yields FB and then Eq. (1) yields FA , so that

FA D FB D 8:75 lb. (4)

Slip at A will be impending if

FA 8:75 lb
NA D D D 35 lb. (5)
A 0.25

Member AD:
X
MD D 0 W MD NA .1:5 in./ FA .0:8 in./ D 0; (6)
) MD D 35 lb (1.5 in.) C 8:75 lb .0.8 in.) D 59:5 in. lb. (7)

Slip at B will be impending if

FB 8:75 lb
NB D D D 25 lb. (8)
B 0.35

Member BDG:
X
MD D 0 W MD C .4 lb/ .2 in./ C NB .1:5 in./ C FB .0:8 in./ D 0; (9)
) MD D .4 lb/ .2 in./ C .25 lb/ .1:5 in./ C .8:75 lb/ .0:8 in./ D 52:5 in. lb. (10)

To prevent slip at both A and B requires the torsional spring to have a moment of at least the larger of Eqs.
(7) and (10). Hence,

the minimum moment the torsional spring must produce is 59:5 in. lb.

Problem 9.50

A bracket ABCDEF is clamped to a fixed circular bar. The bracket consists

of a horizontal member ABC that is pinned at C to member CDEF , and a
vertical bolt BD. The force P at point F is vertical, and the bracket makes
contact with the fixed bar at points A, G, and E. If all contact surfaces have the
same coefficient of static friction of 0.4, and if P D 50 lb, determine the force
that bolt BD must support to prevent slip.

Solution
Two slipping scenarios must be considered. In the first, slip occurs simultaneously at points A, G, and E. In
the second, there is no slip at E, point A on member ABC moves to the left, and contact is broken at G.

All contact surfaces slide: The FBD for all members taken together
is shown at the right, where point H is the center of the shaft. If slip
occurs simultaneously at all three contact surfaces, then

FA D .0:4/ NA ; FG D .0:4/ NG ; and FE D .0:4/ NE ; (1)

X
MH D 0 W FA .1:2 in./ C FG .1:2 in./ C FE .1:2 in./ 50 lb (7 in.) D 0; (2)

50 lb .7 in./
) NA C NG C NE D ; (3)
.0:4/ .1:2 in./

X
Fx D 0 W FA NG FE D 0; (4)
.0:4/NA NG .0:4/NE D 0; (5)
X
Fy D 0 W NA FG C NE 50 lb D 0; (6)
NA .0:4/NG C NE 50 lb D 0: (7)

Solving Eqs. (3), (5), and (7) provides

NA D 351:7 lb, NG D 17:24 lb, and NE D 394:8 lb. (8)

Note that NG is negative, which is physically impossible. Thus, we conclude that slipping by the first scenario
does not occur.

Surface A slides: If sliding occurs at surface A, then

FA D .0:4/ NA : (9)

Using the FBD drawn earlier, with FG D 0 and NG D 0 since contact does not occur at that location for this
sliding scenario, we write
X
ME D 0 W FA .2:4 in./ 50 lb .7 in./ D 0; (10)

) FA D 145:8 lb. (11)

Using Eq. (9), we obtain

NA D 364:6 lb. (12)
The FBDs for members ABC, CDEF, BD, and the shaft are shown below, although the FBD for only member
ABC is needed to complete our solution.

Member ABC: X
MC D 0 W TBD .1:2 in./ NA .2:6 in./ D 0; (13)

) TBD D 789:9 lb. (14)

Problem 9.51

Two objects are connected by a weightless cord that is wrapped around a fixed cylindrical
surface. The coefficient of static friction between the cord and surface is 0.3. One of the
objects weighs 100 lb, and the other has weight W . If the system is initially at rest, determine
the range of values for W for which there is no motion.

Solution
If downward motion of W is impending, then T1 D 100 lb and T2 D W , and
ˇ
T2 D T1 e (1)
W D .100 lb/ e 0:3
) W D 257 lb: (2)

If upward motion of W is impending, then T2 D 100 lb and T1 D W , and

ˇ
T2 D T1 e (3)
100 lb D W e 0:3 ) W D 39:0 lb: (4)

Slip will not occur if 39:0 lb W 257 lb: (5)

Problem 9.52

A 10 N weight is supported by a weightless cable where portion AB of the cable is

horizontal. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction are 0.5.
(a) Determine the value of P so that downward motion of the 10 N weight is impend-
ing.

(b) If P D 3 N, determine the force in portion CD of the cable. Is the system in

equilibrium or is there motion? Explain.

Solution
Part (a) For impending downward motion of D, T1 D P and T2 D 10 N. Hence,
ˇ
T2 D T1 e (1)
10 N D P e .0:5/ =2
) P D 4:56 N. (2)

Part (b) If P D 3 N, in view of the results of Part (a), the weight at D will move down. Thus, T1 D 3 N
and T2 D TCD .
ˇ
T2 D T1 e (3)
TCD D .3 N/e .0:5/ =2
) TCD D 6:58 N. (4)

The FBD for block D, with TCD D 6:58 N, is shown at the right. Newton’s law for
forces and motion in the y direction is
X
Fy D may W 6:58 N 10 N D may ) ay ¤ 0: (5)

Thus,

the weight at D will not be in static equilibrium and it will accelerate in the downward direction.

Problem 9.53

A 10 N weight is supported by a weightless cable where portion AB of the cable is

horizontal. A test is conducted where it is found that P D 4 N will cause impending
motion of the 10 N weight at D.
(a) Determine the coefficient of static friction between the cable and cylindrical
surface.

(b) Determine the tension in portion BC of the cable as a function of angular position
. Plot this function.

Solution
Part (a) If motion of D is impending, its motion will be downward, T1 D 4 N and T2 D 10 N.
ˇ
T2 D T1 e (1)

ln .10N=4N/
10 N D .4 N/e =2
) D D 0:583. (2)
=2
Part (b) Equation (9.8) from the text is
dT
D T; (3)
d
which we rearrange to obtain
1
dT D d : (4)
T
Integrating both sides of Eq. (4) provides

Z T Z
1
dT D d : (5)
T1 T 0

Assuming is uniform over the contact surface, we carry out the integrations and evaluations of limits in
Eq. (5) to obtain
T
ln D (6)
T1
) T D T1 e : (7)

Equation (7) provides the cable tension T for any value of where 0 ˇ.
If D ˇ, then T D T2 , and our familiar expression T2 D T1 e ˇ is obtained. For
application to this problem, T1 D 4 N and D 0:583, hence Eq. (7) becomes

T D .4 N/e .0:583/ : (8)

Equation (8) is plotted at the right. Observe that this plot povides the expected
results at points B and C , namely T D 4 N at D 0 (point B), and T D 10 N
at D =2 rad D 90ı (point C ).

Problem 9.54

A hoist for lifting lightweight building materials is shown. The pulley at B

is frictionless, and the pulley at C is driven by an electric motor rotating
counterclockwise at a speed high enough to always cause slip between the
cable and pulley C . The cable makes contact with one-fourth of the surface
of pulley C , and the coefficients of static and kinetic friction are 0.25 and 0.2,
respectively. If the cable has negligible weight and the building materials and
platform at D have a combined weight of 100 lb, determine the force the worker
must apply to the cable to
(a) Raise the building materials at a uniform speed.

(b) Lower the building materials at a uniform speed.

(c) Hold the building materials in a fixed, suspended position.

Solution
Parts (a), (b), and (c) If the weight at D is raised at uniform speed, lowered at uniform speed, or held in a
fixed position, its acceleration is zero and hence it is in static equilibrium. Thus, provided the pulley at C
slips against the cable for all three of these cases, the solution for Parts (a), (b), and (c) is the same. Let T1 be
the force applied by the worker, T2 D 100 lb, k D 0:2, and ˇ D =2. Hence,
kˇ
T2 D T1 e (1)
100 lb D T1 e .0:2/. =2/
(2)
) T1 D 73:0 lb: (3)
Hence,
the worker must apply 73:0 lb to the cable.

Problem 9.55

In Prob. 9.54, if the cable were given an additional full wrap around the pulley
at C and if the worker can apply a force of 50 lb to the cable, determine the
largest weight that may be lifted at D.

Solution
The force applied by the worker is T1 D 50 lb, T2 is equal to the weight of the platform and materials at D,
k D 0:2, and ˇ D 2 C =2 D 5 =2.

kˇ
T2 D T1 e (1)
D .50 lb/e .0:2/5 =2 (2)
) T2 D 241 lb: (3)

Hence,
the largest weight that may be lifted is 241 lb.

Problem 9.56

The machine shown is used to slowly lower and raise the object at point D.
Cable BCD is wrapped around the drum at B a large number of turns, and
cable segment BC is horizontal. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction
are 0.22 and 0.18, respectively. Let P be the force the operator applies to
point A of the machine, where this force is perpendicular to the crank AB. If
W D 20 lb, determine the range of values for P so that there is no motion of
the object at D.

Solution

Shown at the right is a FBD of pulley B, and a sketch of the cable forces at
C . The force applied by the operator at point A is designated by P , where
this force is perpendicular to the crank AB.

To lower the object at D: For this case, TBC < W (i.e., W D 20 lb is

the high-tension force and TBC is the low-tension force for surface C ),
and
ˇ
20 lb D TBC e : (1)
To initiate the lowering motion of D from at-rest (i.e., impending motion), the coefficient of static friction is
used in Eq. (1) and we obtain
20 lb
TBC D .0:22/. =2/ D 14:16 lb: (2)
e
Using the FBD for pulley B,
X
MB D 0 W P .15 in./ TBC .9 in./ D 0: (3)

Using Eq. (2), we solve Eq. (3) to obtain

9 in.
P D 14:16 lb D 8:494 lb: (4)
15 in.
To raise the object at D: For this case, TBC > W (i.e., TBC is the high-tension force and W D 20 lb is
the low-tension force for surface C ), and
ˇ
TBC D 20 lb e : (5)

To initiate upward motion from rest, the coefficient of static friction is used and we obtain

TBC D 20 lb e .0:22/. =2/ D 28:26 lb: (6)

Equation (3) is still valid (in fact, it is always valid if there is static equilibrium), and we obtain
9 in.
P D 28:26 lb D 16:95 lb: (7)
15 in.
Conclusion: Using the results in Eqs. (4) and (7), there will be no motion if

8:494 lb P 16:95 lb: (8)

Problem 9.57

In Prob. 9.56, if the person operating the machine can apply a maximum force
of 25 lb to the handle A of the machine, where this force is perpendicular to the
crank AB, and if the cable has 50 lb strength, determine the largest value of
W that may be lowered, and the largest value of W that may be raised. Hint:
Lowering and raising motions will be initiated from at-rest conditions.

Solution

Shown at the right is a FBD of pulley B, and a sketch of the cable forces at
C . The force applied by the operator at point A is designated by P , where
this force is perpendicular to the crank AB. Obviously, W may not exceed
the strength of the cable, or portion CD of the cable will break. Thus,

W < 50 lb: (1)

To lower the object at D: For this case, TBC < W (i.e., W is the high-tension force and TBC is the
low-tension force for surface C ), and
W D TBC e ˇ : (2)
In Eq. (2), TBC will be the lower of the cable strength, which is 50 lb, or the largest force the operator may
produce. Using the FBD of drum B,
X
MB D 0 W P .15 in./ TBC .9 in./ D 0: (3)
With P D 25 lb, Eq. (3) provides TBC D 41:67 lb. Hence, we conclude that

TBC D 41:67 lb (4)

is the largest value that portion BC of the cable may experience, and from Eq. (2), we obtain
ˇ
W D 41:67 lb e : (5)

To initiate the lowering motion from rest (i.e., impending motion), the coefficient of static friction is used in
Eq. (5) and we obtain
W D 41:67 lb e .0:22/. =2/ D 58:87 lb: (6)
Equation (6) exceeds Eq. (1), so we conclude that Eq. (1) still governs, and

the largest value of W that may be lowered is W D 50 lb:

To raise the object at D: For this case, TBC > W (i.e., TBC is the high-tension force and W is the
low-tension force for surface C ), and
TBC D W e ˇ : (7)
Equations (3) and (4) still apply and we obtain
41:67 lb

To initiate upward motion from rest, the coefficient of static friction is used, and we obtain
41:67 lb
WD D 29:49 lb: (9)
e .0:22/. =2/
Comparing Eqs. (1) and (9), we conclude that

the largest value of W that may be lifted is W D 29:49 lb:

Problem 9.58

A brake for reducing the speed of a rotating drum is shown. The braking
moment is defined as the resultant moment the belt produces about the drum’s
bearing, point A. Determine the braking moment if the coefficient of kinetic
friction is 0.35 and: The drum rotates clockwise and P D 90 N.

Solution

The FBDs for drum A and lever ABC are shown at the right. If the drum
rotates clockwise then the high tension (T2 ) and low tension (T1 ) sides of
the belt are as shown. Ex and Ey are the reactions the drum applies to the
bearing at A, and Ax and Ay are the reactions the lever ABC applies to
the bearing at A.
X
Lever ABC: MA D 0 W T1 .20 cm/ .90 N/.35 cm/ D 0; (1)
) T1 D 157:5 N: (2)
Assuming the belt slips on the drum,
ˇ
T2 D T1 e (3)
D .157:5 N/e .0:35/ =2
(4)
D 272:9 N: (5)

Let MA be the braking moment produced by the belt forces T1 and T2 , with positive being in the direction
opposite the rotation.

MA D T2 .20 cm/ T1 .20 cm/ (6)

D .272:9 N/.20 cm/ .157:5 N/.20 cm/ (7)

D 2310 N cm D 23:1 N m. (8)

Problem 9.59

Solution

The FBDs for drum A and lever ABC are shown at the right. If the drum
rotates counterclockwise then the high tension (T2 ) and low tension (T1 )
sides of the belt are as shown. Ex and Ey are the reactions the drum
applies to the bearing at A, and Ax and Ay are the reactions the lever
ABC applies to the bearing at A.
X
Lever ABC: MA D 0 W T2 .20 cm/ .90 N/.35 cm/ D 0; (1)
) T2 D 157:5 N: (2)
Assuming the belt slips on the drum,
ˇ
T2 D T1 e (3)
157:5 N D T1 e .0:35/ =2 (4)
) T1 D 90:89 N: (5)

Let MA be the braking moment produced by the belt forces T1 and T2 , with positive being in the direction
opposite the rotation.

MA D T2 .20 cm/ T1 .20 cm/ (6)

D .157:5 N/.20 cm/ .90:89 N/.20 cm/ (7)

D 1330 N cm D 13:3 N m. (8)

Problem 9.60

A brake for reducing the speed of a rotating drum is shown. The braking moment
is defined as the resultant moment the belt produces about the drum’s bearing,
point A. Determine the braking moment if the coefficient of kinetic friction is
0.35 and: The drum rotates clockwise and P D 20 lb.

Solution

The FBDs for drum A and lever DBC are shown at the right. If the drum
rotates clockwise then the high tension (T2 ) and low tension (T1 ) sides
of the belt are as shown.

Lever DBC:
X
MD D 0 W .20 lb/.30 in:/ .T1 C T2 / cos 45ı .10 in:/ D 0; (1)
.20 lb/.30 in:/
) T2 D T1 : (2)
.cos 45ı /.10 in:/
Assuming the belt slips on the drum,
ˇ
T2 D T1 e (3)
.20lb/.30in:/ .0:35/3 =2
T1 D T1 e : (4)
.cos 45ı /.10 in:/

We solve Eq. (4) to obtain T1 and then evaluate Eq. (3) to obtain T2 with the results

T1 D 13:68 lb; (5)

T2 D T1 e .0:35/3 =2
D 71:17 lb: (6)

Let MA be the braking moment produced by the belt forces T1 and T2 , with positive being in the direction
opposite the rotation.

MA D T2 .10 in:/ T1 .10 in:/ (7)

D .71:17 lb/.10 in:/ .13:68 lb/.10 in:/ (8)

D 575 in lb. (9)

Problem 9.61

A brake for reducing the speed of a rotating drum is shown. The braking moment
is defined as the resultant moment the belt produces about the drum’s bearing,
point A. Determine the braking moment if the coefficient of kinetic friction is
0.35 and: The drum rotates counterclockwise and P D 20 lb.

Solution

The FBDs for drum A and lever DBC are shown at the right. If the drum
rotates counterclockwise then the high tension (T2 ) and low tension (T1 )
sides of the belt are as shown.

We solve Eq. (4) to obtain T1 and then evaluate Eq. (3) to obtain T2 with the results

T1 D 13:68 lb; (5)

T2 D T1 e .0:35/3 =2
D 71:17 lb: (6)

Let MA be the braking moment produced by the belt forces T1 and T2 , with positive being in the direction
opposite the rotation.

MA D T2 .10 in:/ T1 .10 in:/ (7)

D .71:17 lb/.10 in:/ .13:68 lb/.10 in:/ (8)

D 575 in lb. (9)

Problem 9.62

A spring AB with 2 N=mm stiffness is attached to a cable at B. The cable

wraps around two cylindrical surfaces, and cable segments BC, DE, and GH are
horizontal. All contact surfaces have coefficients of static and kinetic friction of
0.1 and 0.09, respectively. The spring is initially unstretched.
(a) Determine the value of P needed to stretch the spring by 4 mm.

(b) Once the spring is stretched by 4 mm, determine the value to which P
must be reduced so that the spring begins to contract.

Solution

Part (a) Sketches of the two cylinders and spring showing the forces in
portions of the cable are shown at the right. Note that these sketches are
not FBDs because the support reactions for the cylinders and spring are not
shown. The force FBC needed to cause point B to begin moving to the right,
and hence for motion of the cable to be impending, is zero. Thus, using
T2 D T1 e s ˇ , FDE D 0 and P D 0 for impending motion. Thus, for the solution to Part (a), the cable slides
against the cylinders and the coefficient of kinetic friction is used.
The force needed to stretch the spring by 4 mm is

FBC D kı D .2 N=mm/.4 mm/ D 8 N: (1)

For cylinder CD, side D is the high tension side. Using T2 D T1 e kˇ , we write

FDE D FBC e .0:09/ (2)

D .8 N/ e .0:09/ D 10:61 N: (3)

For cylinder EG, side G is the high tension side. Using T2 D T1 e kˇ , we write

P D FDE e .0:09/ (4)

D .10:61 N/ e .0:09/
(5)
D 14:1 N. (6)

Part (b) The spring force remains the same, hence FB C D 8 N. For the solution to Part (b), the force P is
reduced from the value found in Part (a) until motion of point B to the left is impending. Thus, the coefficient
of static friction is used. For cylinder CD, side C is the high tension side. Using T2 D T1 e s ˇ , we write

FBC D FDE e .0:1/ (7)

8 N D FDE e .0:1/
) FDE D 5:843 N: (8)
sˇ
For cylinder EG, side E is the high tension side. Using T2 D T1 e , we write

FDE D P e .0:1/ (9)

5:843 N D P e .0:1/ ) P D 4:27 N. (10)

Problem 9.63

Pulley A of the treadmill is driven by a motor that can supply a moment MA D

200 in: lb. Pulley B is frictionless, and its bearing slides in a frictionless slot
where force P tensions the belt. Both pulleys A and B have 1:5 in: radius, and
the coefficient of static friction between pulley A and the belt is 0.3. Determine
the smallest value of P needed to prevent slip between pulley A and the belt.

Solution
The FBDs for the pulleys and a segment of the belt are shown below where the high tension (T2 ) and low
tension (T1 ) portions of the belt are identified.

Noting that the pulleys have 1:5 in: radius and MA D 200 in: lb,
X
Pulley A: MA D 0 W T1 .1:5 in:/ C 200 in: lb T2 .1:5 in:/ D 0; (1)
200in: lb
) T2 D T1 C : (2)
1:5 in:
If slip is impending at A, then

T2 D T1 e ˇ (3)
200in: lb
T1 C D T1 e .0:3/ (4)
1:5 in:

Solving Eq. (4) for T1 , and then evaluating Eq. (3) for T2 results in

T1 D 85:12 lb and T2 D 218:5 lb: (5)

X
Pulley B: Fx D 0 W P C 2T2 D 0; (6)
hence,
P D 437 lb: (7)

Problem 9.64

The winch is driven by an electric motor at A. The motor weighs 50 lb with

center of gravity at the center of pulley A. The platform supporting the motor
has negligible weight and is hinged at D. The motor turns the pulley at B via
a belt between A and B. Pulley B has a spool upon which the rope BCG is
wrapped. The coefficient of static friction at A is 0.3 and at B is 0.2. Assuming
the motor has sufficient power, determine the largest weight W that may be
lifted if there is no slip between the belt and pulleys A and B. Hint: The use of
mathematical software is helpful, but not required.

Solution

Shown at the right are FBDs for pulley B, pulley A (removed from the motor), and the
motor/platform assembly (member AED). Using these FBDs, we write the following
equilibrium equations.
X
Pulley B: MB D 0 W T2 .8 in:/ T1 .8 in:/ W .4 in:/ D 0; (1)
X
Pulley A: MA D 0 W MA C T1 .3 in:/ T2 .3 in:/ D 0; (2)
X
Fx D 0 W T1 sin 15ı T2 sin 15ı C Ax D 0; (3)
X
Fy D 0 W Ay C T1 cos 15ı C T2 cos 15ı D 0; (4)
X
Member AED: MD D 0 W .50 lb/.12 in:/ C Ax .8 in:/
Ay .12 in:/ MA D 0: (5)

Slip at pulley A: If the belt slips on pulley A, then we use T2 D T1 e A ˇA to write

ı /. =180ı /
T2 D T1 e .0:3/.150 : (6)
Solving Eqs. (1)–(6) for W provides
W D 37:6 lb: (7)

Slip at pulley B: If the belt slips on pulley B, then we use T2 D T1 e B ˇB to write

ı /. =180ı /
T2 D T1 e .0:2/.210 : (8)

Solving Eqs. (1)–(5) and Eq. (8) for W provides

W D 35:3 lb: (9)

The largest weight W that may be lifted without slip is the smaller of the above two values. Thus,

W D 35:3 lb: (10)

Alternate solution In the FBDs shown at the right, pulley A is left on the motor.
The merit of this approach is that the forces and moment between pulley A and the
motor (i.e., Ax , Ay , and MA ) do not enter the solution. Using these FBDs, we write
the following equilibrium equations.
X
Pulley B: MB D 0 W T2 .8 in:/ T1 .8 in:/ W .4 in:/ D 0; (11)
X
Member AED: MA D 0 W T1 .3 in:/ T2 .3 in:/
C Dx .8 in:/ C Dy .12 in:/ D 0; (12)
X
Fx D 0 W T1 sin 15ı T2 sin 15ı C Dx D 0; (13)
X
Fy D 0 W T1 cos 15ı C T2 cos 15ı
50 lb C Dy D 0 (14)
P
Note: A common error with this approach is to write the equation MD D 0 where the moment arms for
T1 and T2 are incorrect. Note that to write this equilibrium equation, it is necessary to determine the location
of a point on the line of action of T1 , and the same for T2 , and this is tedious.

Considering slip at pulley A gives Eq. (6), and aolving this with Eqs. (11)–(14) gives the same answer as
obtained in the earlier solution, namely W D 37:6 lb. Considering slip at pulley B gives Eq. (8), and aolving
this with Eqs. (11)–(14) gives the same answer as obtained in the earlier solution, namely W D 35:3 lb.

Problem 9.65

Surfaces A, B, and C are cylindrical with the coefficients of static friction

shown. Object B can undergo vertical motion only. Determine the weight
of object B that causes it to have impending downward motion, and describe
which of surfaces A, B, and/or C will have impending slip.

Solution

Shown at the right is the FBD for object B, and sketches of the cable forces
for objects A and C . The sketches of A and C are not FBDs because the
support reactions for these are not shown. Using the FBD for object B, we
write the following equilibrium equation
X
Fy D 0 W TAB C TBC WB D 0: (1)
There are three slipping scenarios to be considered:

Stick at A, slip at B and C: For this case, TAB > TBC > 60 N. We have
Surface B: TAB D TBC e .0:1/ ; (2)
Surface C: TBC D .60 N/ e .0:12/ : (3)
Solving Eqs. (1)–(3) for WB provides

WB D e .0:12/ 1 C e .0:1/ .60 N/ D 207:2 lb: (4)

Stick at B, slip at A and C: For this case, TAB > 40 N and TBC > 60 N. We have
Surface A: TAB D .40 N/ e .0:08/ ; (5)
Surface C: TBC D .60 N/ e .0:12/ : (6)
Solving Eqs. (1), (5), and (6) for WB provides
WB D .40 N/ e .0:08 / C .60 N/ e .0:12/ D 138:9 lb: (7)
Stick at C, slip at A and B: For this case, TBC > TAB > 40 N. We have
Surface B: TBC D TAB e .0:1/ ; (8)
Surface A: TAB D .40 N/ e .0:08/
: (9)
Solving Eqs. (1), (8), and (9) for WB provides

WB D e .0:08/ 1 C e .0:1/ .40 N/ D 121:8 lb: (10)

Downward motion of object B is impending when WB is the smallest of the above results. Thus,

downward motion of object B is impending when WB D 122 lb; and

impending slip occurs at surfaces A and B while stick occurs at surface C .

Problem 9.66

In Prob. 9.65, determine the weight of object B that causes it to have impending
upward motion, and describe which of surfaces A, B, and/or C will have
impending slip.

Solution

Stick at A, slip at B and C: For this case, 60 N > TBC > TAB . We have
Surface B: TBC D TAB e .0:1/ ; (2)
Surface C: 60 N D TBC e .0:12/ : (3)
Solving Eqs. (1)–(3) for WB provides

WB D e .0:1C0:12/
1 C e .0:1/ .60 N/ D 71:22 lb: (4)

Stick at B, slip at A and C: For this case, 40 N > TAB and 60 N > TBC . We have
Surface A: 40 N D TAB e .0:08/ ; (5)
Surface C: 60 N D TBC e .0:12/ : (6)
Solving Eqs. (1), (5), and (6) for WB provides
WB D .40 N/e .0:08/
C .60 N/e .0:12/
D 72:27 lb: (7)
Stick at C, slip at A and B: For this case, 40 N > TAB > TBC . We have
Surface B: TAB D TBC e .0:1/ ; (8)
Surface A: 40 N D TAB e .0:08/
: (9)
Solving Eqs. (1), (8), and (9) for WB provides

WB D e .0:08C0:1/
1 C e .0:1/ .40 N/ D 53:83 lb: (10)

Upward motion of object B is impending when WB is the smallest of the above results. Thus,

upward motion of object B is impending when WB D 53:8 lb; and

impending slip occurs at surfaces A and B while stick occurs at surface C .

Problem 9.67

An accessory belt for an engine is shown. Pulley A is attached to the engine’s

crankshaft and rotates clockwise. The belt tensioner consists of a frictionless
pulley at B that is mounted to a horizontal bar G that slides in a frictionless track
with a horizontal force P . Pulley C operates an alternator that requires 100 N m,
and pulley D operates a hydraulic pump that requires 300 N m. Pulley E is
frictionless. The coefficients of static friction for pulleys A, C , and D are 0.5,
and the radii of the pulleys are shown. Determine the minimum value of P
that prevents the belt from slipping. Hint: The use of mathematical software is
helpful, but not required.

Solution
In the first sketch below, regions of the belt having uniform values of belt tension TABC , TCD , and TAED are
identified. The second set of sketches show FBDs for the pulleys in the system.

X
Pulley B: Fx D 0 W P C TABC cos 60ı C TABC cos 45ı D 0; (1)
X
Pulley A: MA D 0 W TAED .100 mm/ TABC .100 mm/ MA D 0; (2)
X
Pulley C: MC D 0 W TABC .40 mm/ TCD .40 mm/ C 100 N m D 0; (3)
X
Pulley D: MD D 0 W TCD .60 mm/ TAED .60 mm/ C 300 N m D 0: (4)

The above system of four equations contains five unknowns (TABC , TCD , TAED , P , and MA ). An additional
equation is obtained by considering belt slip, where impending slip may occur at pulley A, C , or D, and we
consider each of these possibilities below.

Slip at pulley A: The angle of wrap for pulley A is ˇA D 180ı D rad. If slip occurs at pulley A, then
we use T2 D T1 e ˇA to write
TAED D TABC e .0:5/ : (5)
Solving Eqs. (1)–(5) for P provides
P D 2376 N: (6)

Slip at pulley C: The angle of wrap for pulley C is ˇC D 80ı D 4 =9 rad. If slip occurs at pulley C , then
we use T2 D T1 e ˇC to write
TCD D TABC e .0:5/.4 =9/ : (7)
Solving Eqs. (1)–(4) and (7) for P provides

P D 2988 N: (8)

Slip at pulley D: The angle of wrap for pulley D is ˇD D 205ı D 41 =36 rad. If slip occurs at pulley D,
then we use T2 D T1 e ˇD to write

TAED D TCD e .0:5/.41 =36/ : (9)

Solving Eqs. (1)–(4) and (9) for P provides

P D 1807 N: (10)

The negative result for P is perhaps unexpected. Since P < 0 is physically unrealistic (it implies from Eq. (1)
that the belt force TABC is compressive, which is not possible), we conclude that slip at pulley D does not
occur.

To prevent impending slip at all pulleys, the force P must be equal to or greater than all of the results
obtained above. Thus, the minimum value of P to prevent slip is

P D 2990 N: (11)

Problem 9.68

The portable winch shown consists of a rotating motor-powered drum that is

attached to a skid. Winches such as this were once used in logging operations
to move logs and to lift them onto trucks and railcars. To move the winch to a
new location, a worker stands on the skid and wraps a rope ABCD around the
drum. End A of the rope is attached to a fixed object, portion AB of the rope
is horizontal, and the rope makes less than one full turn around the drum. The
skid, drum, and worker weigh 800 lb with center of gravity at point G, and the
drum has 10 in: radius.
(a) Assuming the skid does not tip, determine the smallest force the worker
must apply to portion CD of the rope so that the skid will slide.
(b) Determine if the assumption in Part (a) that the skid does not tip is correct.

Solution

Part (a) The FBD is shown at the right.

X
Fy D 0 W N 800 lb D 0; (1)
) N D 800 lb; (2)
X
Fx D 0 W TAB C F D 0; (3)
) TAB D F: (4)

Assuming the skid slips on the ground,

F D N D .0:6/.800 lb/ D 480 lb: (5)

Therefore, from Eq. (4),
TAB D 480 lb: (6)

The sketch at the right shows the rope forces; TAB is the high-tension force and
TCD is the low-tension force. Noting that the angle of wrap is 360ı 40ı D
320ı , if slip is impending between the cable and drum, then
ˇ
TAB D TCD e ; (7)
480 lb
TCD D D 89:86 lb: (8)
e .0:3/.320ı / rad=180ı

Part (b) We use the FBD from part (a) with the contact forces F and N repositioned to point E. We sum
moments about point E to determine the value of TAB that will cause tipping, to obtain
X
ME D 0 W TAB .3 ft/ .800 lb/.2:5 ft/ D 0; (9)

) TAB D 666:7 lb: (10)

Since the value of TAB needed to cause slip (i.e., TAB D 480 lb, as given by Eq. (6)) is lower than Eq. (10),
we conclude that
the assumption of no tipping is correct.

Problem 9.69

The schematic for a precision diamond wire saw that is used in a laboratory for
cutting very hard, brittle materials is shown. It consists of a wire with diamond
particles bonded to its entire surface. The wire wraps around a motor-driven
pulley at A that rotates counterclockwise, and frictionless pulleys at B and D.
At C is a fixed table where a workpiece is cut. Due to cutting, the workpiece
applies a 2 N vertical force to the wire in the direction shown. The wire is
tensioned by weight W . Portions AB and BCD of the wire are horizontal
and vertical, respectively. The angle of wrap at the motor is 150ı , and the
coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the motor pulley and the wire
are both 0.7. Neglecting all weight except W , determine the value of W so that
the wire does not slip on the pulley at A.

Solution

The FBD of the wire at point C (where cutting is performed) is shown at the
right, and a sketch of the wire forces at motor A is also shown. Using the
FBD,
X
Fy D 0 W TABC C 2 N TCDA D 0 ) TCDA D TABC C 2 N: (1)

From the sketch of the motor at A, or from the results in Eq. (1), TCDA is
the high-tension force and TCDA is the low-tension force. Thus, if slip is
impending at the motor pulley, then
ı /. rad=180ı /
TCDA D TABC e .0:7/.150 (2)
D TABC .6:250/: (3)

Combining Eqs. (1) and (3) provides

TABC .6:250/ D TABC C 2N; (4)

) TABC D 0:3809 N: (5)

With this result, Eq. (1) or Eq. (3) provides

TCDA D 2:381 N: (6)

The FBD for member DEF is shown at the right, where the wire
forces at pulley D are shifted to the bearing of that pulley. Using
this FBD,
X
MF D 0 W .2:381 N/.48 cm/ .2:381 N/ sin 30ı .48 cm/
C W .24 cm/ D 0; (7)
) W D 7:143 N. (8)

Problem 9.70

A simple bracket for supporting a can of paint or other items used during
construction consists of a member ABC and two short bars that are rigidly
connected to it. The bracket is slipped onto a wooden post and is held in place
by friction. Determine the minimum coefficient of static friction that prevents
the bracket from slipping regardless of the weight supported (this is called
self-locking).

Solution

In the FBD shown at the right, the directions of F1 and F2 oppose downward motion of
points A and B. The weight of the item being held at C (e.g., can of paint) is P and the
weight of member ABC is assumed to be negligible.
X
Fx D 0 W N1 C N2 D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W F1 C F2 P D 0; (2)
X
MA D 0 W N2 .1 in:/ C F2 .3:5 in:/ P .8:5 in:/ D 0: (3)

If slip occurs at points A and B, then

F1 D N1 and F2 D N2 : (4)

Combining Eqs. (1)–(4) and solving for P provides

1 3:5
P C 8:5 D 0: (5)
2 2
i
h 3:5
This equation has two solutions: P D 0 and 1
2 C 2 8:5 D 0. Using the second of these, we solve for

to obtain
D 0:0741: (6)

If is equal to or larger than this value, then sliding does not occur for any value of P .

Problem 9.71

Member CD is used to apply a horizontal force P to a uniform cylinder having

radius r and weight W . The contact surfaces at A and B have the same coefficient
of static friction s . Neglecting the weight of member CD, determine the force P
necessary to cause impending motion of the cylinder. Express your answer in terms
of parameters such as W , r, s .

Solution

The equilibrium equations are:

X
Fx D 0 W P C F1 N2 D 0; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W N1 C F2 W D 0; (2)
X
MA D 0 W F2 r C N2 r P . 32 r / D 0: (3)

If motion is impending, then

F1 D s N1 and F2 D s N2 : (4)

The remainder of this solution is algebra to determine P . Using Eq. (4), Eqs. (1)–(3) become

P C s N1 N2 D 0; (5)
N1 C s N2 W D 0; (6)
C N2 s N2 P 3
2 D 0: (7)
Multiply Eq. (5) by s and add to Eq. (6) to obtain
W sP
N1 D : (8)
1 C 2s
Combine Eqs. (6) and (8) and solve for N2 to obtain

sW C P
N2 D : (9)
1 C 2s
Combine Eqs. (7) and (9) and solve for P to obtain

2 sW.1C s/
P D (10)
1 2 s C 3 2s

Problem 9.72

For a 3 m thick section of dam and water, determine the normal force and friction force
between the dam and foundation, specify the distance from point A to the location of
this force system, and determine the minimum value of the coefficient of friction so the
dam does not slide. The density of the dam is 2400 kg=m3 , and the density of water is
1000 kg=m3 .

Solution

The water pressure at the base of the dam is

p D w gd D .1000 kg=m3 /.9:81 m=s2 /.1 m/ D 9810 N=m2 D 9:810 kN=m2 : (1)

Noting that the dam is 3 m thick (into the plane of the figure), the resultant force due to
the water pressure loading is
P D 1 p.1 m/.3 m/ D 14:72 kN: (2)
2
The weight of the concrete dam is

W1 D c gVc D .2400 kg=m3 /.9:81 m=s2 / 12 .2 m/.2 m/.3 m/ D 141:3 kN: (3)

The weight of the water in the FBD is

W2 D w gVw D .1000 kg=m3 /.9:81 m=s2 / 12 .1 m/.1 m/.3 m/ D 14:72 kN: (4)

The equilibrium equations are

X
Fy D 0 W W1 W2 C N D 0; ) N D 156:0 kN, (5)
X
Fx D 0 W P F D 0; ) F D 14:72 kN. (6)

To prevent slip, the minimum coefficient of friction is

F 14:72 kN
D D D 0:0943: (7)
N 156:0 kN

Summing moments about point A provides

X
MA D 0 W P . 13 m/ C W2 .2 m 1 m/
3
C W1 . 23m/ N h D 0; ) h D 0:730 m. (8)

Problem 9.73

A tool chest has 1000 N weight that acts through the midpoint of the chest. The
chest is supported by wheels at A and B that may be locked to prevent rotation.
The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the wheels and floor are 0.28
and 0.26, respectively. Determine the value of the horizontal force P necessary to
cause motion of the chest, and determine if the motion is sliding or tipping, if:
(a) All wheels are locked.
(b) The wheels at A are locked and the wheels at B can rotate.
(c) The wheels at A can rotate and the wheels at B are locked.

Solution

Part (a) The FBD for the chest is shown at the right, where all wheels are
locked to prevent their rotation.

Tipping analysis: When tipping occurs, By D Bx D 0, and

X
MA D 0 W P .140 cm/ .1000 N/.35 cm/ D 0 ) P D 250 N: (1)

Sliding analysis: When sliding occurs, Coulomb’s law F D N , where the

coefficient of static friction is used, provides

Ax D .0:28/Ay and Bx D .0:28/By : (2)

Using Eq. (2), the equilibrium equations are:

X
MA D 0 W P .140 cm/ .1000 N/.35 cm/ C By .70 cm/ D 0; (3)
X
Fx D 0 W P C .0:28/Ay C .0:28/By D 0; (4)
X
Fy D 0 W Ay C By 1000 N D 0: (5)

Solving Eqs. (3)–(5) provides

P D 280 N; Ay D 1060 N; and By D 60 N: (6)

The negative result for By indicates that the reaction between the wheels at B and the floor is tensile. Since
this is physically impossible, we conclude that the tool chest does not slide, and therefore the results in Eq. (1)
apply, and
P D 250 N and the motion is tipping. (7)

Part (b) The FBD is shown at the right, where the wheels at A are locked
and the wheels at B can rotate.

Tipping analysis: When tipping occurs, By D 0 and

X
MA D 0 W P .140 cm/ .1000 N/.35 cm/ D 0 ) P D 250 N: (8)

Sliding analysis: When sliding occurs, Coulomb’s law F D N , where the

coefficient of static friction is used, provides

Ax D .0:28/Ay : (9)

Using Eq. (9), the equilibrium equations are

X
MA D 0 W P .140 cm/ .1000 N/.35 cm/ C By .70 cm/ D 0; (10)
X
Fx D 0 W P C .0:28/Ay D 0; (11)
X
Fy D 0 W Ay C By 1000 N D 0: (12)

Solving Eqs. (10)–(12) provides

P D 318:2 N, Ay D 1136 N; and By D 136:4 N. (13)

The negative result for By indicates that the reaction between the wheels at B and the floor is tensile. Since
this is physically impossible, we conclude that the tool chest does not slide, and therefore the results in Eq. (8)
apply, and
P D 250 N and the motion is tipping. (14)

Part (c) The FBD is shown at the right, where the wheels at A can rotate and
the wheels at B are locked.

Tipping analysis: When tipping occurs, By D Bx D 0, and

X
MA D 0 W P .140 cm/ .1000 N/.35 cm/ D 0 ) P D 250 N: (15)
Summing forces in the x direction (with Bx D 0) provides
X
Fx D 0 W P D 0 ) P D 0: (16)

The result in Eq. (16) indicates that static equilibrium requires P D 0. We

conclude that it is impossible for tipping to occur, and that By and Bx are not
zero, and that Eq. (15) is not valid because it is based on the incorrect assumption that the chest will tip.

Sliding analysis: When sliding occurs, Coulomb’s law F D N , where the coefficient of static friction is
used, provides
Bx D .0:28/By : (17)
Using Eq. (17), the equilibrium equations are
X
MA D 0 W P .140 cm/ .1000 N/.35 cm/ C By .70 cm/ D 0; (18)
X
Fx D 0 W P C .0:28/By D 0; (19)
X
Fy D 0 W Ay C By 1000 N D 0: (20)

Solving Eqs. (18)–(20) provides

P D 89:74 N; Ay D 679:4 N; and By D 320:5 N: (21)

Thus, motion is impending when

P D 89:74 N and the motion is sliding. (22)

Problem 9.74

The cross section through a unidirectional clutch is shown. Member ABC is

attached to the input shaft, and when this shaft applies power to the output shaft,
the two shafts are locked together by members AD and CE. Both the input
and output shafts rotate clockwise. When the input shaft does not apply power
to the output shaft, members AD and CE disengage, allowing the output shaft
to rotate faster than the input shaft. If the coefficient of friction at D and E is
0.3, determine the largest value of h that prevents slip between the shafts when
power is transmitted. Assume the masses of members are small so that static
equilibrium may be assumed.

Solution

The FBD for member AD is shown at the right, where member AD is a two-force Dx D
y
member (although it is not important that this be recognized). Note that the FBD x
h Dy
for member CE could be used instead. Using the FBD shown,
A FAD
X
MA D 0 W Dx h C Dy .30 mm/ D 0: (1) 30 mm

If slip is impending at D, then

Dy D Dx D .0:3/Dx : (2)

Combining Eqs. (1) and (2) provides

Dx h C .0:3/Dx .30 mm/ D 0: (3)

Canceling Dx and solving for h provides the largest value h may have as

h D .0:3/.30 mm/ D 9 mm: (4)

Problem 9.75

A roll of paper C with 8 N weight is supported by edges A and B. A horizontal force

P is applied to pull a sheet of paper from the roll. Determine the value of P that
causes motion, and determine if the motion is rolling or tipping. The coefficient of
static friction between the roll of paper and edges A and B is: 0.1.

Solution

Tipping analysis: When tipping begins, contact at point A is broken and

NA D FA D 0.
X
MB D 0 W .8 N/.50 mm/ P .130 mm C 120 mm/ D 0; (1)
) P D 1:600 N: (2)

Sliding analysis: If slip is impending, then

FA D s NA D .0:1/NA ; FB D s NB D .0:1/NB : (3)

The equilibrium equations are

X 50 120 50 120
Fx D 0 W NA C FA NB C FB C P D 0; (4)
130 130 130 130
X 120 50 120 50
Fy D 0 W NA FA C NB C FB 8 N D 0; (5)
130 130 130 130
X
MD D 0 W P .130 mm/ C FA .130 mm/ C FB .130 mm/ D 0: (6)

Using Eq. (3), Eqs. (4)–(6) become

62 38
NA NB C P D 0; (7)
130 130
115 125
NA C NB 8 N D 0; (8)
130 130
P C .0:1/NA C .0:1/NB D 0: (9)

Equations (7)–(9) contain three unknowns which are easily found to be

NA D 2:122 N; (10)
NB D 6:367 N; (11)
P D 0:8490 N: (12)

Impending motion occurs when P is the smaller of the above two results. Thus,

motion is impending when P D 0:849 N and the paper will roll: (13)

Problem 9.76

A roll of paper C with 8 N weight is supported by edges A and B. A horizontal force

Solution

Tipping analysis: When tipping begins, contact at point A is broken and

NA D FA D 0.
X
MB D 0 W .8 N/.50 mm/ P .130 mm C 120 mm/ D 0; (1)
) P D 1:600 N: (2)

Sliding analysis: If slip is impending, then

FA D s NA D .0:3/NA ; FB D s NB D .0:3/NB : (3)

The equilibrium equations are

X 50 120 50 120
Fx D 0 W NA C FA NB C FB C P D 0; (4)
130 130 130 130
X 120 50 120 50
Fy D 0 W NA FA C NB C FB 8 N D 0; (5)
130 130 130 130
X
MD D 0 W P .130 mm/ C FA .130 mm/ C FB .130 mm/ D 0: (6)

Using Eq. (3), Eqs. (4)–(6) become

86 14
NA NB C P D 0; (7)
130 130
105 135
NA C NB 8 N D 0; (8)
130 130
P C .0:3/NA C .0:3/NB D 0: (9)

Equations (7)–(9) contain three unknowns which are easily found to be

NA D 1:825 N; (10)
NB D 9:123 N; (11)
P D 2:189 N: (12)

The negative result for NA is physically impossible, thus we conclude that motion due to sliding (i.e., rolling)
is not possible. Thus,

motion is impending when P D 1:60 N and the paper will tip: (13)

Problem 9.77

A car weighing 4000 lb rests on a slope with coefficient of static friction of 0.4.
The car is disabled with its parking brake applied so that none of its wheels will
turn or roll. A tow truck applies a y direction force P to the car. Determine
the value of P that causes impending motion of the car, and determine the unit
vector that describes the direction in which the car will begin to slide.

Solution

We model the car as a particle with the FBD shown at the right. ˇ represents a
vector out of the plane of the figure and ˝ represents a vector into the plane of
the figure. The equilibrium equations are
X
Fn D 0 W .4000 lb/ cos 20ı C N D 0; ) N D 3759 lb; (1)
X
Ft D 0 W .4000 lb/ sin 20ı C F1 D 0; ) F1 D 1368 lb; (2)
X
Fy D 0 W P F2 D 0 ) F2 D P: (3)

If motion is impending then q

F 12 C F22 D N: (4)
With D 0:4 and using Eqs. (1)–Eqs. (3), we square both side of Eq. (4) to obtain

.1368 lb/2 C P 2 D .0:4/2 .3759 lb/2 ; (5)

which provides
P D 623:6 lb: (6)
The direction of slip uO is opposite the direction of the resultant friction force. Hence,

FE1CFE2
uO D ˇ ˇ: (7)
ˇFE1 C FE2 ˇ

Using the xy´ coordinate system given in the problem description and noting that F2 D P D 623:6 lb, we
have
FE1 D .1368 lb/ cos 20ı {O C sin 20ı kO and FE2 D .623:6 lb/. |O/: (8)
Combining Eqs. (7) and (8) provides the direction of slip as

uO D 0:855 {O C 0:415 |O 0:311 kO : (9)

Problem 9.78

A bicyclist descends a steep hill having uniform slope.

She does not pedal and she applies only the rear brake.
The rider and bicycle weigh 120 lb with center of gravity
at point C . Is it possible to descend the hill with uniform
speed, and if so, what brake force Q is needed? The
coefficient of friction between the tire and pavement is
1.1, and between the brake pad and wheel rim is 0.7.
(a) ˛ D 20ı .

(b) ˛ D 10ı .

Solution

Part (a) The FBD for the bicycle and rider is shown at the right. If
the bicycle is in static equilibrium (i.e., it descends a uniform slope at
a uniform speed), then
X
Fx D 0 W FA C .120 lb/ sin 20ı D 0 ) FA D 41:04 lb; (1)

X
MB D0 W NA .36 in./ C .120 lb/ cos 20ı .20 in./
.120 lb/ sin 20ı .42 in./ D 0 ) NA D 14:76 lb: (2)
Now we check if the results for FA and NA obtained in Eqs. (1) and (2)
satisfy Coulomb’s law. Coulomb’s law requires
FA NA : (3)
With D 1:1 and NA given by Eq. (2), Eq. (3) becomes
FA .1:1/.14:76 lb/ D 16:24 lb. (4)

The value of FA obtained in Eq. (1) does not satisfy Eq. (4). Therefore, we conclude

it is not possible for the bicycle to descend the hill with uniform speed.

Part (b) The FBD from part (a) and the equilibrium equations in Eqs. (1) and (2) are valid with the 20ı
angles replaced by 10ı . Resolving these equations provides
FA D 20:84 lb and NA D 41:34 lb. (5)
Coulomb’s law, Eq. (3), becomes
FA .1:1/.41:34 lb/ D 45:48 lb. (6)
The value of FA given in Eq. (5) satisfies Eq. (6). Therefore,

it is possible for the bicycle to descend the hill with uniform speed.

To determine the brake force Q the rider must apply, we draw the FBD of the
rear wheel, as shown at the right, where we assume the brake pad slips on the
wheel rim. Note from the figure provided in the problem statement that Q is
the normal force between a brake pad and the wheel rim. Thus, (0.7) Q is the
friction force if the brake pad and wheel slip, and the factor of 2 shown in the
FBD is because the brake has two pads.
X
MD D 0 W .20:84 lb/.14 in./ C 2.0:7/Q.13 in./ D 0; (7)

) Q D 16:03 lb: (8)

Problem 9.79

A model is shown for the nanotractor microelectromechanical machine pro-

duced at Sandia National Laboratory. This machine is very small (note that the
diameter of a human hair is about 100 m). The forces PA , PC , and PE are
produced electronically, and the machine creeps (or inches) to the right along a
surface by alternately increasing and decreasing these forces in a synchronized
pattern, thus producing a force Q that can pull something. The weights of
all members are negligible, the coefficient of friction between the substrate
and blocks A and E is 0.35, and you may assume the blocks do not tip. If
PA D 20 N, PE D 100 N, and Q D 25 N, determine the value of PC that
will cause slip, and determine which of the blocks will slip.

Solution

The FBDs for the two blocks and for point C are shown at
the right.
Point C:
X 400 400
Fx D 0 W TAC C TCE D 0; (1)
410 410
) TAC D TCE ; (2)
X 90 90
Fy D 0 W TAC C TCE PC D 0; (3)
410 410

41
) TAC D TCE D PC : (4)
18

Block A:
X 400
Fx D 0 W FA 25 N C TAC D 0; (5)
410
X 90
Fy D 0 W NA 20 N TAC D 0: (6)
410

Using Eq. (4), Eqs. (5) and (6) provide

1 20
NA D 20 N C PC ; and FA D 25 N C PC : (7)
2 9
Block E:
400
X
Fx D 0 W TCE C FE D 0; (8)
410
90
X
Fy D 0 W TCE 100 N C NE D 0: (9)
410
Using Eq. (4), Eqs. (8) and (9) provide

1 20
NE D 100 N C PC ; and FE D P : (10)
2 9 C
Using the above results, we now apply Coulomb’s law.

If block A slides
FA D NA (11)
20 1
25 N C PC D 0:35 20 N C PC ; (12)
9 2

) PC D 15:63 N: (13)

If block E slides
FE D NE (14)
20 1
PC D 0:35 100 N C PC ; (15)
9 2

) PC D 17:10 N: (16)
Sliding will occur when PC reaches the smaller of Eqs. (13) and (16). Hence,

PC D 15:63 N and sliding of block A is impending: (17)

Problem 9.80

To move a lathe weighing 1200 lb with center of gravity at point D, a

machinist uses a steel pry bar as shown. The legs of the lathe are iron and
the floor is concrete. The coefficient of static friction for steel on iron is 0.3,
and for steel or iron on concrete is 0.35. If the force P applied to the pry
bar at A is vertical, determine the value of P necessary to cause impending
motion and describe the motion.

Solution

Free body diagrams of the pry bar and lathe are shown at the
right, where the pry bar is shown at a larger scale for clarity.
The coefficient of friction for steel on iron is si D 0:3, for
steel on concrete is sc D 0:35, and for iron on concrete is
i c D 0:35. There are three possible slipping scenarios, and
we consider each of these, as follows.

Slip at B, no slip at C and E: Is slip is impending at point

B, then
F1 D sc N1 D .0:35/N1 : (1)
X
Pry bar: MC D 0I P .19 in:/ N1 .1 in:/ F1 .1:5 in:/ D 0: (2)
Using the FBD of the pry bar and lathe together we have
X
Pry bar & lathe: ME D 0I P .79 in:/ N1 .61 in:/ C .1200 lb/.40 in:/ D 0: (3)
Solving Eqs. (1)–(3) for N1 , F1 , and P we obtain

N1 D 878:2 lb; F1 D 307:4 lb; and P D 70:48 lb: (4)

Slip at C, no slip at B and E: Is slip is impending at point C , then

F2 D si N2 D .0:3/N2 : (5)

X
Lathe: ME D 0I N2 .60 in:/ C F2 .1:5 in:/ C .1200 lb/.40 in:/ D 0; (6)
X
Pry bar: MB D 0I P .18 in:/ N2 .1 in:/ F2 .1:5 in:/ D 0: (7)

Solving Eqs. (5)–(7) for N2 , F2 , and P we obtain

N2 D 806:0 lb; F2 D 241:8 lb; and P D 64:93 lb: (8)

Slip at E, no slip at B and C: Is slip is impending at point E, then

F3 D i c N3 D .0:35/N3 : (9)

X
Lathe: MC D 0I .1200 lb/.20 in:/ C N3 .60 in:/ C F3 .1:5 in:/ D 0; (10)

X
Pry bar & lathe: MB D 0I P .18 in:/ .1200 lb/.21 in:/ C N3 .61 in:/ D 0: (11)

Solving Eqs. (9)–(11) for N3 , F3 , and P we obtain

N3 D 396:5 lb; F3 D 138:8 lb; and P D 56:20 lb: (12)

Slip will be impending when P reaches the smallest of the above three results. Thus,

impending motion occurs when P D 56:2 lb, slip is impending at E and there is no slip at B or C:

Problem 9.81

The wrench shown is used to twist a brass pipe. The wrench consists of a steel
handle ABC with a reinforced rubber belt that is pinned to the handle at points
A and B. The steel handle makes contact with the brass pipe at point A, and
the coefficient of friction between steel and brass is 0.3. If a vertical force
P D 50 lb is applied at point C , determine the minimum coefficient of friction
needed between the rubber belt and brass pipe if the wrench is not to slip.

Solution

The FBD for the steel handle ABC is shown at the right. In this FBD,
NA and FA are the normal and friction forces due to contact between the
steel handle and brass pipe, and TA and TB are the forces in the rubber
belt.

X
MA D 0 W TB cos 55ı .2 in./ .50 lb/.12 in./ D 0 ) TB D 523:0 lb; (1)
X
Fy D 0 W TB sin 55ı C NA .50 lb/ D 0 ) NA D 478:4 lb; (2)
X
Fx D 0 W TB cos 55ı C FA C TA D 0: (3)

If the wrench slips on the pipe, then there is slip at both the steel-brass contact at point A, and between the
rubber belt and the brass pipe. Thus,

FA D A NA D .0:3/.478:4 lb/ D 143:5 lb. (4)

With this value of FA , Eq. (3) provides

TA D TB cos 55ı FA D 156:5 lb: (5)

Noting that TB and TA are the high-tension and low-tension forces in the belt, respectively,
ˇ
TB D TA e ; (6)
TB
e ˇD : (7)
TA
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides and solving for the coefficient of friction that will give impending
slip provides, with ˇ D 360ı 55ı D 305ı ,
1 TB 1 523:0 lb
D ln D rad
ln D 0:2267 . (8)
ˇ TA 305ı 180 ı 156:5 lb

Problem 9.82

A conveyor belt for moving crushed rock is shown. The belt slides on a
straight roller bed with a coefficient of friction of 0.09. The belt is wrapped
around five pulleys where the pulley at A is powered by a motor that applies
a counterclockwise moment MA , and the other pulleys are frictionless. The
coefficient of friction between the belt and pulleys is 0.4. The belt is tensioned
by the weight W at point G, where cable segments CD and DE are vertical. If
the crushed stone weighs 4000 N=m, determine the moment MA that the motor
must produce and the value of W needed so the belt does not slip.

Solution

The FBDs for pulleys A, B, and D,

and a 4 m segment of belt on the up-
per portion of the machine are shown,
where T2 and T1 are the high-tension
and low-tension forces in the belt, re-
spectively.

Pulley D:
X W
Fy D 0 W T1 C T1 WD0 ) T1 D : (1)
2
Belt AB:
X
Ft D 0 W T2 C F C T1 C .16,000 N/ sin 15ı D 0; (2)
X
Fn D 0 W N .16,000 N/ cos 15ı D 0 ) N D 15,455 N: (3)

Since the belt slips on the roller bed between pulleys A and B,
F D AB N D .0:09/.15,455 N/ D 1391 N: (4)
If slip between the belt and pulley A is impending, then
T2 D T1 e A ˇ (5)
W .0:4/
D e D 1:757 W: (6)
2

Using Eqs. (1), (4), and (6), we use Eq. (2) to obtain
W
.1:757/W C 1391 N C C .16,000 N/ sin 15ı D 0; (7)
2

1391N C .16,000 N/sin 15ı

) WD D 4402 N: (8)
1:757 12

Problem 9.83

The device shown allows for easy elevation adjustments of block A on the fixed ramp
E. When the user applies a sufficient upward vertical force to the cable at C , block A
is lowered. When the user applies a sufficient downward vertical force to the cable at
C , block A is raised. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between block A
and the ramp, and between the cable and cylindrical surface at B, are 0.1. Block A has
40 N weight, the cable has negligible weight, cable segment AB is parallel to the ramp,
segment BCD is vertical, and assume block A does not tip. Determine the weight WD
of the counterweight at D so that the value of the upward force the user must apply
to cause motion is the same as the value of the downward force the user must apply
to cause motion. Also, determine the value of the force the user must apply to cause
motion.

Solution

We consider two slipping scenarios.

Lowering of block A: In the FBDs shown at the right, the direction of friction force
F opposes lowering of block A, and the force P applied by the user at point C is
upward.
X
Block A: Fn D 0 W .40 N/ cos 10ı C N D 0; ) N D 39:39 N; (1)
X
F t D 0 W TAB C F .40 N/ sin 10ı D 0; (2)
X
Weight D: Fy D 0 W TBC C P WD D 0: (3)

If slip is impending, then F D N and T2 D T1 e ˇ are used to obtain

ı /. =180ı /
F D .0:1/N and TAB D TBC e .0:1/.100 : (4)

Equations (1)–(4) are five equations with six unknowns. Nonetheless, in addition to the solution for N
given in Eq. (1), using Eq. (4) the result F D 3:939 N is easily determined, and using Eq. (2) the result
TAB D 3:007 N is easily determined. With these results, Eqs. (3) and (4) are combined for
ı
/. =180 ı/
3:007 N D .Wd P / e .0:1/.100 : (5)

Raising of block A: In the FBDs shown at the right, the direction of friction force
F opposes raising of block A, and the force P applied by the user at point C is
downward.
X
Block A: Fn D 0 W .40 N/ cos 10ı C N D 0; ) N D 39:39 N; (6)
X
F t D 0 W TAB F .40 N/ sin 10ı D 0; (7)
X
Weight D: Fy D 0 W TBC P WD D 0: (8)

If slip is impending, then F D N and T2 D T1 e ˇ are used to obtain

ı /. =180ı /
F D .0:1/N and TBC D TAB e .0:1/.100 : (9)

With the result for N in Eq. (6), we easily obtain F D 3:939 N and TAB D 10:89 N. Equations (8) and (9)
are combined to obtain ı ı
P C WD D .10:89 N/ e .0:1/.100 /. =180 / : (10)
Equations (5) and (10) contain the two unknowns P and WD . Solving these equations provides

P D 5:22 N and WD D 7:74 N: (11)

Problem 9.84

An electric motor at A is used to power an air compressor that requires a

200 in: lb moment at pulley B to operate. When the motor is turned off, the
entire belt is at a uniform tensile force T0 . When the motor is turned on, pulley
A rotates clockwise, and the tensile forces in the upper and lower portions of
the belt change to T0 T and T0 C T , respectively. The lower portion of
the belt is horizontal, and the pulley radii and coefficients of static friction are
shown. Determine the initial belt tension T0 so that neither pulley slips.

Solution

The FBDs for the two pulleys are shown at the right. Two slipping scenarios
are considered.
X
Pulley B: MB D 0 W .T0 T / .3 in:/ .T0 C T / .3 in:/
C 200 in: lb D 0; (1)
) T D 33:33 lb: (2)

Pulley A slips: For pulley A, the angle of wrap is ˇA D 170ı D 17 =18 rad. If pulley A slips, then we use
T2 D T1 e A ˇA to write
T0 C T D .T0 T / e .0:5/.17 =18/ : (3)
Using Eq. (2), Eq. (3) is solved for
T0 D 52:89 lb: (4)

Pulley B slips: For pulley B, the angle of wrap is ˇB D 190ı D 19 =18 rad. If pulley B slips, then we
use T2 D T1 e B ˇB to write
T0 C T D .T0 T / e .0:4/.19 =18/ : (5)
Using Eq. (2), Eq. (5) is solved for
T0 D 57:42 lb: (6)
To prevent slip at both pulleys, the initial belt tension must be equal to or greater than the larger of the above
two values, thus the minimum initial belt tension is

T0 D 57:4 lb: (7)

Problem 9.85

In Prob. 9.84, it was stated that when the motor is off, the tensile force in the belt is T0 , and when the
motor is on, the tensile forces in the upper and lower portions of the belt change to T0 T and T0 C T ,
respectively. Offer justification for why the increase in force in the high-tension portion of the belt is equal
to the decrease in force in the low-tension portion of the belt. Hint: Idealize the upper and lower portions
of the belt as springs, and consider the deformations they undergo when the motor is on.

Solution

Idealize the upper and lower portions of the belt as springs. Because the length
of the belt from point C to D is the same as the length from E to F , the springs
have the same stiffness k. Imagine that pulley B is fixed and pulley A rotates
clockwise a small amount. The lower spring elongates and hence the force it
supports increases. The upper spring contracts and hence the force it supports decreases. Furthermore, the
amount of elongation and contraction is the same, so the changes in force are the same.

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